岩石压胀特性及压胀松动增产技术研究
摘要
压胀松动增产技术是国际上七十年代开始研究的一项油气井增产、增注新技术,其基本原理是通过爆炸波的叠加,使储层岩石产生压胀,利用岩石压胀后孔隙度和渗透率显著增加的特性进行油气井增产。本文对砂岩和碳酸盐岩这两种主要的含油气储层岩性产生压胀的条件和压胀后其渗透率、抗压强度及声速特性等进行了室内实验,为压胀松动增产技术的应用提供基础理论;另外,本论文还对岩石中爆炸波的传播和叠加规律进行了理论和实验研究,并进行了压胀松动增产技术装置、施工工艺设计和现场试验。
本文完成的主要工作及结论:
(1)建立了落锤式加载岩石动态压胀松动实验系统,并对该系统各传感器和系统误差进行了标定,对系统的可靠性进行了检验,与理论或其它成熟仪器所测数据相比,误差不超过5%。
(2)进行了岩石产生压胀的条件实验,得出了储层岩石产生压胀的两个基本条件:一是加载不均匀系数ζ的范围在0-0.3之间,当加载不均匀系数大于0.3时,岩石很难发生压胀;二是岩石压胀出现在最大主应力为其相同应力状态下的强度的1/2-2/3处,当最大主应力小于抗压强度的1/2-2/3时,岩石整体表现为体积缩小、被压实,只有当最大主应力超过这一值时,岩石才出现体积增加。
(3)对岩石压胀后力学特性进行了实验。岩石压胀后其渗透率有显著增加,有的甚至增加了3倍。渗透率增加与不均匀加载系数有关,随不均匀加载系数的增加,渗透率减小,渗透率的比值与不均匀加载系数之间成指数关系,不同岩性的岩石指数不同。
(4)对岩石压胀前后弹性模量、声波传播速度进行了实验。岩石压胀后其弹性模量、声波传播速度都有不同程度地降低。
(5)从理论上对压胀对水力裂缝参数的影响进行了研究。水力压裂时,裂缝尖端岩石会产生压胀,这样会使裂缝缝宽增加、缝长减小。
(6)对岩石中爆炸波叠加规律及方法进行了研究,得出两个药包及三个药包延时爆炸的爆炸波叠加规律。
(7)设计了井内压胀松动增产技术装置,并对装药结构、炸药选择、药量等进行理论推导和计算。
(8)设计了井下压胀松动增产技术套管保护装置,主要对套管及井下工具进行保护。
(9)制定了井下压胀松动增产技术的电缆传输和油管传输的施工工艺方案。
(10)进行了大庆油田67-P147井压胀松动增产技术现场试验,对试验井储层岩石力学参数进行测试,计算了试验用药量直径、药量及延迟时间,并对试验结果进行了分析。
To loosen rock by the dilatancy with explosive wave is a new technology used since 1970s for the oil and gas well stimulation, and its basic principle is that through the supperposition of explosive wave the formation emerges dilatancy, then its porosity and permeability get a significant increase. Based on the laboratory work of sandstone and carbonate the two major reservoir rocks,paper looked for the conditions occurring dilatancy and it's influence to permeability, compressive strength and sonic velocity characteristics, in order to provide the basis theory to loosen rock by the dilatancy with explosive wave. In addition, the paper also conducted the research of explosion wave propagation and superposition in rock, designed the devices and construction process and testing.
In this paper, the major works include:
(1) A drop hammer loading experimental system to produce dynamic dilatancy has been developed, the sensors of the system has been calibrated. Experimental error is 5%.
(2) The conditions occurring dilatancy had been discovered, the two basic conditions is : First, the nonuniform loading coefficientζis in the range of 0 to 0.3,when the nonuniform loading coefficient greater than 0.3, the rock cannot generate dilatancy; Second, the maximum principal stress is in the range of 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of rock strength, when the maximum principal stress is less than the compressive strength of 1 / 2 to 2 / 3, the rock's volume cannot increase.
(3) The mechanical properties after dilatancy had been tested,The permeability after dilatancy gets a significant increase , and some even increased three times. Permeability's increasing relates to nonuniform loading coefficient, with nonuniform loading coefficient increasing permeability decreases, the permeability increaseing ratio and nonuniform loading coefficient shows exponential relation., different rock has different index.
(4) The elastic modulus and sonic velocity after dilatancy had been experimentalized ,The elastic modulus and acoustic propagation velocity both becomes lower.
(5) The effect of dilatancy to hydraulic fracture parameters had been studied, at the tip end of fracture there is very high stress and dilatancy occurs during hydraulic fracturing, this can increase width and decrease length.
(6) The superposition of the explosive wave and the method of superposition i rock had been researched, the delayed explosion wave superposition law of two an three points of burst had been done.
(7) The devices and construction process had been designed , the charging structure, explosives choice had been derivated and computed.
(8) Paper designed casing and downhole protection device.
(9)The operating technology To loossen rock by dilatancy was formulated.
(10)To stimulate by this method in 67 - P147 well of DaQing oil field ,the reservoir rock mechanics parameters were determined, the diameter of the charge and delay time were calculated , the experimental result was analyzed.
本文完成的主要工作及结论:
(1)建立了落锤式加载岩石动态压胀松动实验系统,并对该系统各传感器和系统误差进行了标定,对系统的可靠性进行了检验,与理论或其它成熟仪器所测数据相比,误差不超过5%。
(2)进行了岩石产生压胀的条件实验,得出了储层岩石产生压胀的两个基本条件:一是加载不均匀系数ζ的范围在0-0.3之间,当加载不均匀系数大于0.3时,岩石很难发生压胀;二是岩石压胀出现在最大主应力为其相同应力状态下的强度的1/2-2/3处,当最大主应力小于抗压强度的1/2-2/3时,岩石整体表现为体积缩小、被压实,只有当最大主应力超过这一值时,岩石才出现体积增加。
(3)对岩石压胀后力学特性进行了实验。岩石压胀后其渗透率有显著增加,有的甚至增加了3倍。渗透率增加与不均匀加载系数有关,随不均匀加载系数的增加,渗透率减小,渗透率的比值与不均匀加载系数之间成指数关系,不同岩性的岩石指数不同。
(4)对岩石压胀前后弹性模量、声波传播速度进行了实验。岩石压胀后其弹性模量、声波传播速度都有不同程度地降低。
(5)从理论上对压胀对水力裂缝参数的影响进行了研究。水力压裂时,裂缝尖端岩石会产生压胀,这样会使裂缝缝宽增加、缝长减小。
(6)对岩石中爆炸波叠加规律及方法进行了研究,得出两个药包及三个药包延时爆炸的爆炸波叠加规律。
(7)设计了井内压胀松动增产技术装置,并对装药结构、炸药选择、药量等进行理论推导和计算。
(8)设计了井下压胀松动增产技术套管保护装置,主要对套管及井下工具进行保护。
(9)制定了井下压胀松动增产技术的电缆传输和油管传输的施工工艺方案。
(10)进行了大庆油田67-P147井压胀松动增产技术现场试验,对试验井储层岩石力学参数进行测试,计算了试验用药量直径、药量及延迟时间,并对试验结果进行了分析。
To loosen rock by the dilatancy with explosive wave is a new technology used since 1970s for the oil and gas well stimulation, and its basic principle is that through the supperposition of explosive wave the formation emerges dilatancy, then its porosity and permeability get a significant increase. Based on the laboratory work of sandstone and carbonate the two major reservoir rocks,paper looked for the conditions occurring dilatancy and it's influence to permeability, compressive strength and sonic velocity characteristics, in order to provide the basis theory to loosen rock by the dilatancy with explosive wave. In addition, the paper also conducted the research of explosion wave propagation and superposition in rock, designed the devices and construction process and testing.
In this paper, the major works include:
(1) A drop hammer loading experimental system to produce dynamic dilatancy has been developed, the sensors of the system has been calibrated. Experimental error is 5%.
(2) The conditions occurring dilatancy had been discovered, the two basic conditions is : First, the nonuniform loading coefficientζis in the range of 0 to 0.3,when the nonuniform loading coefficient greater than 0.3, the rock cannot generate dilatancy; Second, the maximum principal stress is in the range of 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of rock strength, when the maximum principal stress is less than the compressive strength of 1 / 2 to 2 / 3, the rock's volume cannot increase.
(3) The mechanical properties after dilatancy had been tested,The permeability after dilatancy gets a significant increase , and some even increased three times. Permeability's increasing relates to nonuniform loading coefficient, with nonuniform loading coefficient increasing permeability decreases, the permeability increaseing ratio and nonuniform loading coefficient shows exponential relation., different rock has different index.
(4) The elastic modulus and sonic velocity after dilatancy had been experimentalized ,The elastic modulus and acoustic propagation velocity both becomes lower.
(5) The effect of dilatancy to hydraulic fracture parameters had been studied, at the tip end of fracture there is very high stress and dilatancy occurs during hydraulic fracturing, this can increase width and decrease length.
(6) The superposition of the explosive wave and the method of superposition i rock had been researched, the delayed explosion wave superposition law of two an three points of burst had been done.
(7) The devices and construction process had been designed , the charging structure, explosives choice had been derivated and computed.
(8) Paper designed casing and downhole protection device.
(9)The operating technology To loossen rock by dilatancy was formulated.
(10)To stimulate by this method in 67 - P147 well of DaQing oil field ,the reservoir rock mechanics parameters were determined, the diameter of the charge and delay time were calculated , the experimental result was analyzed.
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2、Dennis Denney,Well Stimulation/Completion Using High Explosives,JPT,2006.2,22
3、陈宗基等,在岩石破坏和地震之前与时间有关的扩容,岩石力学与工程学报,1983.2,Vol.13,No.4,11-21
4、陈宗基等,用8000KN多功能三轴仪测量脆性岩石的扩容、蠕变及松弛,岩石力学与工程学报,1989.2,Vol.8,No.2,97-118
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