岛屿生态系统中强干扰廊道建设的生态控制理论与方法
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摘要
科技进步和社会生产力的提高在促进社会高速发展的同时,也带来了人口剧增、资源短缺、环境污染、生态破坏等全球性生态问题威胁着人类未来生存与发展,生态环境安全作为国家安全的重要组成成分,已经成为一个全球关注的问题,人类必须努力寻求一条人口、资源、环境和经济协调的可持续发展道路。而生态控制是保证可持续发展的有效途径,以往关于生态控制的研究仅仅出现在种群和群落的研究中利用它们的生活习性等特征进行控制如对昆虫、害虫等的控制。生态环境规划与建设中的生态控制目前还处于探索和尝试阶段,缺乏明确的概念界定,也没有形成系统化的理论、方法和技术体系,因此,对生态环境规划与建设的生态控制理论方法开展研究迫切而必要。
世界经济迅速发展和快速城市化使得人地矛盾日趋尖锐,资源已经成为经济发展的制约。因此远离大陆的岛屿资源的开发利用受到各国政府广泛的重视。与大陆相比,岛屿通常极易受到周围水域的威胁,自然灾害频繁,生态系统具有较高的脆弱性,对自然和人类干扰高度敏感;由于地理位置的孤立性和资源的有限性使得全球大部分岛屿都处于经济相对欠发达状态。然而盲目的开发建设极易使本就脆弱的岛屿生态系统退化并威胁到生态环境安全,目前关于岛屿生态环境的研究,主要集中于岛屿资源的调查和分析方面,对开发建设中的人为干扰与岛屿生态环境安全的研究较少。对外联系的交通廊道系统是岛屿经济发展的“瓶颈”。而交通廊道系统作为一种长距离、大范围的人工景观,在切割生态环境的同时,也对系统周边的生态环境产生了不可逆的深远影响,严重威胁着生态环境的安全。高速公路作为一种强干扰型人工廊道系统,是经济发展的最佳运输廊道,同时由于其速度快,距离长,流量大,强度高,辐射远,因此对生态环境安全影响巨大。以往的研究大多关注廊道系统本身的物理构成以及环境因子的监测、影响和评价,但常常是局部的不具有系统性,或者采取大宏观的生态规划但大多局限于理想状态,可操作性低。
对处于快速城市化过程中对资源需求巨大的我国而言,如何根据岛屿的区域生态环境安全特点,研究强干扰型人工廊道建设的生态控制理论与方法显得尤为迫切,对岛屿生态系统的开发建设、海岸带的保护与利用以及丰富岛屿生态系统理论具有重要的理论与实践意义。
本研究突出了“区域背景、战略安全、生态控制”:即研究岛屿生态系统的区域背景中,强干扰人工廊道建设的生态环境安全战略下的生态控制理论方法与技术工程。主要成果包括理论和案例研究两个部分,具体如下:
(1)界定了生态环境建设的生态控制的内涵与特征属性,建立生态控制的概念模型;
(2)提出了岛屿生态系统中人工强干扰廊道建设的生态控制理论:即生态目标控制、战略背景控制、整体系统控制、规划设计控制、内容过程控制、技术与工程控制等理论,从生态环境建设的生命周期与工程技术构建系统化的理论;
(3)构建了岛屿生态系统中人工强干扰廊道建设的生态控制技术与工程体系:信息叠加与缓冲分析的现代地理空间控制技术;岛屿生态脆弱安全性评价的目标与战略控制技术;生态节点识别与选择的规划与系统控制技术;人工湿地与微生物系统污染与风险事故处理技术、岛屿生态安全背景下的景观规划技术、边坡修复等综合集成技术的内容与过程控制;评价指标体系与预警的管理与决策控制技术;方案设计与实施的理论与实践结合的控制技术。
(4)创造性地提出生态节点辨识选择与控制的技术:节点的界定、辨识、选择、控制。
(5)提出了强干扰廊道系统边界界定的方法;运用“目标因果控制”模型构建了岛屿生态系统中廊道建设的生态安全评价指标体系(DPSRC)。
(6)以穿越上海崇明岛的崇启高速公路廊道系统的建设为案例进行研究,构建岛屿生态环境脆弱性评价指标体系利用GIS软件Arcmap9.1对廊道系统建设的区域背景——崇明岛的环境安全进行评价,结果表明崇明岛生态系统类型的生态环境脆弱度从高到低依次是林地＞滩涂湿地＞水体＞农田＞城镇建设区。
(7)在评价结果的基础上对崇启廊道的干扰机理进行解析,界定了崇启廊道路域生态系统的边界,利用GIS的最小路径成本分析技术对崇启廊道的选线方案进行评价选择,确定廊道的路线方案。
(8)研究了崇启廊道系统的压力状态响应机理,运用GIS缓冲分析和空间插值分析技术对崇启高速廊道系统进行缓冲分析,辨识与选择出崇启廊道系统的生态控制节点即k29两侧的原始滩涂湿地区、k29-k31之间的北湖湿地景区,北横引河的交汇处(k8)、向化与枢纽互通、陈家镇居住区段(k0-k7)以及主要河流(堡镇港、四、六、七、八、花漂港、汇中)交汇处等三个级别14个生态控制节点,并提出节点控制工程技术。
(9)构建崇启廊道系统建设的综合生态控制集成技术体系包括生态景观规划技术、人工湿地微生物地面径流与风险事故处理技术、噪声等环境污染处理技术、边坡生态恢复技术以及相关路面桥梁工程等技术的综合体系。
(10)基于岛屿与崇启廊道两种尺度,利用“目标因果控制(DPSRC)”模型构建廊道建设的生态安全评价指标体系,并利用模型对崇启廊道系统建设的生态环境安全进行了评价,结果表明崇明岛屿生态系统中崇启强干扰廊道建设的生态安全指数为0.7809,达到预警标准中的第四安全级别(0.75-0.90)即浅蓝色的预警状态,表示安全,但不是非常安全状态,如果在不进行生态控制的条件下,其安全指数为0.5836,是预警标准中的黄色的中警状态(0.45-0.60),即不安全,安全性降低25.27%,说明了生态控制的重要性。
(11)在综合生态控制理论与方法以及相关评价与空间分析成果的基础上,进行了崇启廊道系统建设的生态环境安全预警信息系统的设计。
Scientific and technological progress as well as the great improvement of social productive forces promote the rapid social development, at the same time bring lots of global ecological issues such as population increase, shortage of resources, environmental pollution and ecological damage, all that threaten the future of mankind's survival and development. And the ecological environment security, as an important component of national security, has been a global concern. Therefore, we must work hard to seek a path of sustainable development on which population, resources, environment and economy can coordinate with each other. The ecological control is an effective way to ensure the sustainable development. The previous researches on eco-control were only used in the research on the population and community, such as the control of the insects and pests using their living habits and other characteristics. The research of eco-control in the fields of ecological environment planning and construction is still in the stage of exploration, without clear definition of the concepts and a system of theory, method and technology. In this way, the research on the theory and method of the eco-control in the ecological environment planning and construction appears to be urgent and necessary.
The rapid development of the world economy and quick urbanization make more acute contradiction between people and land. Resources have become a bottleneck of economic development. So the development and utilization of resources of island away from the mainland has won government's broad attention. Compared with the mainland, islands are more often to be threatened by the surrounding waters area and with more natural disasters, leading to the high vulnerability of the landscape ecosystems and high sensitivity to the natural and human disturbance. At the same time, because of the isolation of its geographical location and the limited resources make most islands in a relatively underdeveloped economy. However blind development and construction of the island will lead to the vulnerable island ecosystem degradation as well as threaten the ecological security. Currently, the researches of ecological environment on the island mainly focus on the island resources survey and analysis, while the research on the human disturbance on the development and construction of the island as well as the ecological environment security are of the less.
The external transportation corridors system is the bottleneck of the island's economic development. As a long-distance and large-scale artificial landscape, it also has an irreversible far-reaching impact on the surrounding ecological environment, seriously threatening the ecological environment security, while cutting the ecological environment. Expressway, as a strong disturbance artificial corridor system, the best transportation corridor for economic development, along with its fast speed, long distance, huge traffic flow, high strength and far radiation, has enormous impact on the ecological environment security. Most previous studies concern the physical structure of corridor system itself as well as monitoring, effects and assessment of the environmental factors, but they were often no-systematic local studies or take a macro ecological planning while mostly confined to the ideal state with low-operability
For such a country with huge demands for resources on the fast urbanization process, the research on the eco-control theory and methods of the strong disturbance artificial corridor system's construction in accordance with the island's background and characteristics of regional ecological environment security is in an urgent need. It has an important theoretical and practical significance not only for the development of island ecosystem, protection and use of littoral zone but for the development of the island ecosystem theory.
This study highlights the island regional background, strategic security perspective as well as the eco-control theory, that is, under the regional background of the island ecosystems, we studied the eco-control theory, methods, technology and engineering in the perspective of ecological environment security strategy for the construction of strong disturbance artificial corridor system. Major achievements include theories and engineering:
1) Defined the connotation and attribute of the concept of eco-control in the process of ecological environment construction, and established the concept model of eco-control.
2)Put forward the eco-control theory for the construction of the strong disturbance artificial corridor system in an island ecosystem, that is, the ecological objectives control, the strategic background control, the integrated and systemic control, the planning and design control, the content and process control, the technology and engineering control. This study established a systematic theory through the life cycle and engineering techniques of the ecological environment construction.
3)Put forward the eco-control technologies and engineering system of the strong interference artificial corridor system construction in the island's ecosystem: modern geography space control technology of Information superimposition and buffer analysis , the goal and strategy control technology of islands eco-vulnerability and security assessment, the plan and systemic control technology of indentation and choice for eco-nodes, The comprehensive and integrated technology of content and the process control consisting the technology disposing of pollution and the risk accidents by artificial wetlands and the microorganism system, the landscape plan technology for the islands eco-security, the side slope restore and so on , the management and decision-making control technology of evaluating index system and early warning, the control technology of connecting theory with practice by scenario design and implementation .
4) Creatively proposed the technology of the identification and selection for eco-nodes: definition, identification, choosing, and control.
5) Proposed the methods definition the boundary of strong disturbance corridor system, and the eco- security assessment indicator system (DPSRC) was constructed according to the model of "the goal -cause - result -control" for the corridor construction in the island ecosystem.
6)taking the construction of Chong-Qi highway corridor system crossing the Chongming island of Shanghai as a case, after constructing the evaluating indicator system of island ecological environment vulnerability , this paperassessment the region background of corridor system --Chongming island'senvironmental safety, supported by Arcmap9.1,a GIS software , the results indicated that the ecol-vulnerability of Chongming island ecosystem-types from high to low in turn is forest land > mudflat > water system > farmland > building area.
7) Based on the results, the disturbance mechanism of the corridor was analyzed; the boundary of the corridor ecosystem was ascertained. And route plan scenario was selected according to the results of the shortest path cost analysis aided by Arcmap9.1.
8)The corridor system's pressure -state- response mechanism was studied, And supported by the GIS buffer analysis and the spatial interpolation parsing techniques, the eco-control nodes of Chong-Qi highway corridor system were choose ,which were all 14 ones with 3 grades including the primitive shallow seas and tidelands wetland area located in both sides of the k29, Beihu wetland scenic area located in k29-k31, the intersection point (k8)between Beihengyinghe river and Chong-Qi highway corridor, Xianghua and Shuniu intercommunication, Chenjia town community (k0-k7) as well as the intersection points between main rivers(Puzhengang、Sixiao、Liuxiao、Qixiao、Baxiao、Huapiao、Huizhong) and so on ,and the corresponding control engineering and technology of node were proposed .
9)the comprehensive and integrated eco-control technology system for Chong-Qi corridor system were constructed ,which including the eco-landscape planning technology, the artificial wetland and microorganism technology for surface runoff and the risk accident , eco-restoration technology for side slope, resisting noise technology as well as related road surface engineering、bridges and buildings etc.
10) based on two kind of scales of island and corridor, according to the "DPSRC" model, the eco-security evaluating indicator system was constructed corridor construction, joined with a mathematic model, the eco-security assessment for the construction of Chong-Qi corridor system was carried out, the result indicated that the comprehensive eco-security index of Chongming islands ecosystem is 0.7809 with the construction of strong disturbance corridor, which showed that the safety level of Chongming islands ecosystem is the 4th grade(0.75-0.9) , whole safety with some risks ,and the warning colour is light blue ,the risk is early warning condition, and the value would be 0.5836 without eco-control but the normal response ,belonging to the 2nd warning grade(0.45-0.60) , warning colour is yellow, unsafe, the security reduces 25.27%, which explained the importance of eco-control.
11) Based on the synthesis eco-control theory and methods as well as the related achievements of assessment and spatial analysis, the eco-security early warning information system for the corridor system construction in island ecosystem was constructed.
世界经济迅速发展和快速城市化使得人地矛盾日趋尖锐,资源已经成为经济发展的制约。因此远离大陆的岛屿资源的开发利用受到各国政府广泛的重视。与大陆相比,岛屿通常极易受到周围水域的威胁,自然灾害频繁,生态系统具有较高的脆弱性,对自然和人类干扰高度敏感;由于地理位置的孤立性和资源的有限性使得全球大部分岛屿都处于经济相对欠发达状态。然而盲目的开发建设极易使本就脆弱的岛屿生态系统退化并威胁到生态环境安全,目前关于岛屿生态环境的研究,主要集中于岛屿资源的调查和分析方面,对开发建设中的人为干扰与岛屿生态环境安全的研究较少。对外联系的交通廊道系统是岛屿经济发展的“瓶颈”。而交通廊道系统作为一种长距离、大范围的人工景观,在切割生态环境的同时,也对系统周边的生态环境产生了不可逆的深远影响,严重威胁着生态环境的安全。高速公路作为一种强干扰型人工廊道系统,是经济发展的最佳运输廊道,同时由于其速度快,距离长,流量大,强度高,辐射远,因此对生态环境安全影响巨大。以往的研究大多关注廊道系统本身的物理构成以及环境因子的监测、影响和评价,但常常是局部的不具有系统性,或者采取大宏观的生态规划但大多局限于理想状态,可操作性低。
对处于快速城市化过程中对资源需求巨大的我国而言,如何根据岛屿的区域生态环境安全特点,研究强干扰型人工廊道建设的生态控制理论与方法显得尤为迫切,对岛屿生态系统的开发建设、海岸带的保护与利用以及丰富岛屿生态系统理论具有重要的理论与实践意义。
本研究突出了“区域背景、战略安全、生态控制”:即研究岛屿生态系统的区域背景中,强干扰人工廊道建设的生态环境安全战略下的生态控制理论方法与技术工程。主要成果包括理论和案例研究两个部分,具体如下:
(1)界定了生态环境建设的生态控制的内涵与特征属性,建立生态控制的概念模型;
(2)提出了岛屿生态系统中人工强干扰廊道建设的生态控制理论:即生态目标控制、战略背景控制、整体系统控制、规划设计控制、内容过程控制、技术与工程控制等理论,从生态环境建设的生命周期与工程技术构建系统化的理论;
(3)构建了岛屿生态系统中人工强干扰廊道建设的生态控制技术与工程体系:信息叠加与缓冲分析的现代地理空间控制技术;岛屿生态脆弱安全性评价的目标与战略控制技术;生态节点识别与选择的规划与系统控制技术;人工湿地与微生物系统污染与风险事故处理技术、岛屿生态安全背景下的景观规划技术、边坡修复等综合集成技术的内容与过程控制;评价指标体系与预警的管理与决策控制技术;方案设计与实施的理论与实践结合的控制技术。
(4)创造性地提出生态节点辨识选择与控制的技术:节点的界定、辨识、选择、控制。
(5)提出了强干扰廊道系统边界界定的方法;运用“目标因果控制”模型构建了岛屿生态系统中廊道建设的生态安全评价指标体系(DPSRC)。
(6)以穿越上海崇明岛的崇启高速公路廊道系统的建设为案例进行研究,构建岛屿生态环境脆弱性评价指标体系利用GIS软件Arcmap9.1对廊道系统建设的区域背景——崇明岛的环境安全进行评价,结果表明崇明岛生态系统类型的生态环境脆弱度从高到低依次是林地＞滩涂湿地＞水体＞农田＞城镇建设区。
(7)在评价结果的基础上对崇启廊道的干扰机理进行解析,界定了崇启廊道路域生态系统的边界,利用GIS的最小路径成本分析技术对崇启廊道的选线方案进行评价选择,确定廊道的路线方案。
(8)研究了崇启廊道系统的压力状态响应机理,运用GIS缓冲分析和空间插值分析技术对崇启高速廊道系统进行缓冲分析,辨识与选择出崇启廊道系统的生态控制节点即k29两侧的原始滩涂湿地区、k29-k31之间的北湖湿地景区,北横引河的交汇处(k8)、向化与枢纽互通、陈家镇居住区段(k0-k7)以及主要河流(堡镇港、四、六、七、八、花漂港、汇中)交汇处等三个级别14个生态控制节点,并提出节点控制工程技术。
(9)构建崇启廊道系统建设的综合生态控制集成技术体系包括生态景观规划技术、人工湿地微生物地面径流与风险事故处理技术、噪声等环境污染处理技术、边坡生态恢复技术以及相关路面桥梁工程等技术的综合体系。
(10)基于岛屿与崇启廊道两种尺度,利用“目标因果控制(DPSRC)”模型构建廊道建设的生态安全评价指标体系,并利用模型对崇启廊道系统建设的生态环境安全进行了评价,结果表明崇明岛屿生态系统中崇启强干扰廊道建设的生态安全指数为0.7809,达到预警标准中的第四安全级别(0.75-0.90)即浅蓝色的预警状态,表示安全,但不是非常安全状态,如果在不进行生态控制的条件下,其安全指数为0.5836,是预警标准中的黄色的中警状态(0.45-0.60),即不安全,安全性降低25.27%,说明了生态控制的重要性。
(11)在综合生态控制理论与方法以及相关评价与空间分析成果的基础上,进行了崇启廊道系统建设的生态环境安全预警信息系统的设计。
Scientific and technological progress as well as the great improvement of social productive forces promote the rapid social development, at the same time bring lots of global ecological issues such as population increase, shortage of resources, environmental pollution and ecological damage, all that threaten the future of mankind's survival and development. And the ecological environment security, as an important component of national security, has been a global concern. Therefore, we must work hard to seek a path of sustainable development on which population, resources, environment and economy can coordinate with each other. The ecological control is an effective way to ensure the sustainable development. The previous researches on eco-control were only used in the research on the population and community, such as the control of the insects and pests using their living habits and other characteristics. The research of eco-control in the fields of ecological environment planning and construction is still in the stage of exploration, without clear definition of the concepts and a system of theory, method and technology. In this way, the research on the theory and method of the eco-control in the ecological environment planning and construction appears to be urgent and necessary.
The rapid development of the world economy and quick urbanization make more acute contradiction between people and land. Resources have become a bottleneck of economic development. So the development and utilization of resources of island away from the mainland has won government's broad attention. Compared with the mainland, islands are more often to be threatened by the surrounding waters area and with more natural disasters, leading to the high vulnerability of the landscape ecosystems and high sensitivity to the natural and human disturbance. At the same time, because of the isolation of its geographical location and the limited resources make most islands in a relatively underdeveloped economy. However blind development and construction of the island will lead to the vulnerable island ecosystem degradation as well as threaten the ecological security. Currently, the researches of ecological environment on the island mainly focus on the island resources survey and analysis, while the research on the human disturbance on the development and construction of the island as well as the ecological environment security are of the less.
The external transportation corridors system is the bottleneck of the island's economic development. As a long-distance and large-scale artificial landscape, it also has an irreversible far-reaching impact on the surrounding ecological environment, seriously threatening the ecological environment security, while cutting the ecological environment. Expressway, as a strong disturbance artificial corridor system, the best transportation corridor for economic development, along with its fast speed, long distance, huge traffic flow, high strength and far radiation, has enormous impact on the ecological environment security. Most previous studies concern the physical structure of corridor system itself as well as monitoring, effects and assessment of the environmental factors, but they were often no-systematic local studies or take a macro ecological planning while mostly confined to the ideal state with low-operability
For such a country with huge demands for resources on the fast urbanization process, the research on the eco-control theory and methods of the strong disturbance artificial corridor system's construction in accordance with the island's background and characteristics of regional ecological environment security is in an urgent need. It has an important theoretical and practical significance not only for the development of island ecosystem, protection and use of littoral zone but for the development of the island ecosystem theory.
This study highlights the island regional background, strategic security perspective as well as the eco-control theory, that is, under the regional background of the island ecosystems, we studied the eco-control theory, methods, technology and engineering in the perspective of ecological environment security strategy for the construction of strong disturbance artificial corridor system. Major achievements include theories and engineering:
1) Defined the connotation and attribute of the concept of eco-control in the process of ecological environment construction, and established the concept model of eco-control.
2)Put forward the eco-control theory for the construction of the strong disturbance artificial corridor system in an island ecosystem, that is, the ecological objectives control, the strategic background control, the integrated and systemic control, the planning and design control, the content and process control, the technology and engineering control. This study established a systematic theory through the life cycle and engineering techniques of the ecological environment construction.
3)Put forward the eco-control technologies and engineering system of the strong interference artificial corridor system construction in the island's ecosystem: modern geography space control technology of Information superimposition and buffer analysis , the goal and strategy control technology of islands eco-vulnerability and security assessment, the plan and systemic control technology of indentation and choice for eco-nodes, The comprehensive and integrated technology of content and the process control consisting the technology disposing of pollution and the risk accidents by artificial wetlands and the microorganism system, the landscape plan technology for the islands eco-security, the side slope restore and so on , the management and decision-making control technology of evaluating index system and early warning, the control technology of connecting theory with practice by scenario design and implementation .
4) Creatively proposed the technology of the identification and selection for eco-nodes: definition, identification, choosing, and control.
5) Proposed the methods definition the boundary of strong disturbance corridor system, and the eco- security assessment indicator system (DPSRC) was constructed according to the model of "the goal -cause - result -control" for the corridor construction in the island ecosystem.
6)taking the construction of Chong-Qi highway corridor system crossing the Chongming island of Shanghai as a case, after constructing the evaluating indicator system of island ecological environment vulnerability , this paperassessment the region background of corridor system --Chongming island'senvironmental safety, supported by Arcmap9.1,a GIS software , the results indicated that the ecol-vulnerability of Chongming island ecosystem-types from high to low in turn is forest land > mudflat > water system > farmland > building area.
7) Based on the results, the disturbance mechanism of the corridor was analyzed; the boundary of the corridor ecosystem was ascertained. And route plan scenario was selected according to the results of the shortest path cost analysis aided by Arcmap9.1.
8)The corridor system's pressure -state- response mechanism was studied, And supported by the GIS buffer analysis and the spatial interpolation parsing techniques, the eco-control nodes of Chong-Qi highway corridor system were choose ,which were all 14 ones with 3 grades including the primitive shallow seas and tidelands wetland area located in both sides of the k29, Beihu wetland scenic area located in k29-k31, the intersection point (k8)between Beihengyinghe river and Chong-Qi highway corridor, Xianghua and Shuniu intercommunication, Chenjia town community (k0-k7) as well as the intersection points between main rivers(Puzhengang、Sixiao、Liuxiao、Qixiao、Baxiao、Huapiao、Huizhong) and so on ,and the corresponding control engineering and technology of node were proposed .
9)the comprehensive and integrated eco-control technology system for Chong-Qi corridor system were constructed ,which including the eco-landscape planning technology, the artificial wetland and microorganism technology for surface runoff and the risk accident , eco-restoration technology for side slope, resisting noise technology as well as related road surface engineering、bridges and buildings etc.
10) based on two kind of scales of island and corridor, according to the "DPSRC" model, the eco-security evaluating indicator system was constructed corridor construction, joined with a mathematic model, the eco-security assessment for the construction of Chong-Qi corridor system was carried out, the result indicated that the comprehensive eco-security index of Chongming islands ecosystem is 0.7809 with the construction of strong disturbance corridor, which showed that the safety level of Chongming islands ecosystem is the 4th grade(0.75-0.9) , whole safety with some risks ,and the warning colour is light blue ,the risk is early warning condition, and the value would be 0.5836 without eco-control but the normal response ,belonging to the 2nd warning grade(0.45-0.60) , warning colour is yellow, unsafe, the security reduces 25.27%, which explained the importance of eco-control.
11) Based on the synthesis eco-control theory and methods as well as the related achievements of assessment and spatial analysis, the eco-security early warning information system for the corridor system construction in island ecosystem was constructed.
引文
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