中国淡水金藻门植物的分类研究
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摘要
金藻植物(Chrysophyta)是藻类植物中一个主要的类群,由于其色素体为金黄色或黄褐色,而使植物体呈金黄色。金藻植物(Chrysophyta)的大部分种类生活于淡水中,所以,淡水金藻门植物(Chrysophyta)在淡水藻类中占有极其重要的地位。
本文对中国的淡水金藻门植物的分类进行了研究,包括淡水金藻植物的主要形态特征、分类系统、中国淡水金藻门植物的种类描述、鱼鳞藻属(Mallomonas)植物的数量分类、中国淡水金藻植物生物地理分布、生态分布特点、金藻门植物的生态指示作用等方面。
通过对金藻门植物的研究历史和淡水金藻门植物的分类系统的深入研究,依据Kristiansen & Priesig(2001)的金藻植物分类系统,结合我国淡水金藻门植物的研究历史与现状,对我国记录的淡水金藻门植物进行了详细的分类描述。
本文描述了目前已知的中国淡水产金藻门植物共5纲,7目,15科,29属,119种,即金藻纲(Chrysophyceae)(3目,8科,22属,70种),包括色金藻目(Chromulinales)、蟄居金藻目(Hibberdiales)、水树藻目(Hydrurales),囊壳藻纲(Bicosoecophyceae)(1目,1科,1属,1种),包括囊壳藻目(Bicosoecales),褐枝藻纲(Phaeothamniophyceae)(1目1科1属1种),包括褐枝藻目(Phaeothamniales),黄群藻纲(Synurophyceae)(1目,2科,2属,44种),包括黄群藻目(Synurales),土栖藻纲(Prymnesiophyceae)(1目3科3属3种)包括土栖藻目(Prymnesiales)。
通过对硅质鳞片类金藻植物的结构特征和鉴定方法的研究,对我国记录的硅质鳞片类金藻植物进行了深入分析,特别是黄群藻纲(Synurophyceae)中种类最多的属——鱼鳞藻属(Mallomonas)植物进行了数量分类研究。通过最近距离法和Ward's方法的数量分类法比较,二者树状结果相似,仅是中肋鱼鳞藻(M.costata)和被铁鱼鳞藻(M.portae-ferreae)的归属略有差异。但与传统分类方法比较,结果有相似之处,但其它分支还存在一定差异。将形态学分类与数量分类、分子生物学分类方法相结合,可建立更为客观的分类系统。
我国的119种淡水金藻门植物分布于27个省(市、自治区),以华东、华中、西南地区较为丰富,特别是硅质鳞片类金藻植物,而东北、华北、西北、中部地区的分布则相对较为贫乏。
通过对淡水金藻植物的生态类型进行研究,我国淡水金藻植物的生态类型多样,主要分布在池塘、湖泊、水库,以及山溪急流中,并在不同营养型水体中都有广泛分布。还有一些单细胞和硅质鳞片类金藻植物,种类数量虽多,但由于它们很少在某一地方大量生长,很难被研究者发现。许多种类在我国仅报道过一次。
影响淡水金藻门植物分布的主要因素为季节变化、水体温度、pH等环境因子。因此淡水金藻植物多生长在透明度大、温度较低、有机质含量少的清水水体中,对水温的变化较敏感,常在冬季、早春和晚秋生长旺盛。
由于金藻植物具有特殊的生态范围,一些分布条件有限的种类,具有相应的生态环境参数,可用于水质及其变化的监测,因此对于生态环境指示具有重要作用。特别是硅质鳞片类金藻植物(Chrysophyta),具有不同的生态分布范围,可作为生态环境指示种,也可作为古湖泊指示藻类,为湖泊历史的重建研究提供依据。同时,作为水体中的生产者与消费者,特别是多功能性兼养植物,金藻植物(Chrysophyta)在水体生态系统中扮演着重要角色。因而,对金藻植物(Chrysophyta)进行深入系统的研究,对于生物多样性研究具有重要的意义。
Chrysophyta is the major part of algae, which primarily are characterized by their golden color. Majority of the species live in freshwater, therefore, Chrysophyta hold the important status in the freshwater algae.
The studies in this thesis dealt with the species of Chrysophyta from China, including their morphological diversity, systematics, silica-scaled Chrysophyta, biogeography, ecology, and Chrysophyta as ecological indicators.
It was deeply studied in the research history and the classification system of Chrysophyta. And the taxonomy of Chrysophyta of China was revised based on the Chrysophyta classification system (revised by Kristiansen & Priesig in 2001), combining the research history and current situation in China.
In this thesis, 5 classes, 7 orders, 15 families, 29 genera and 119 species were described in detail, and the taxa of China was completely listed. They were Chrysophyceae (3 orders, 8 families, 22 genera, 70 species), Bicosoecophyceae (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus, 1 species), Phaeothamniophyceae (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus, 1 species), Synurophyceae (1 order, 2 families, 2 genera, 44 species) , and (Prymnesiophyceae) (1 order, 3 families, 3 genera, 3 species).
Several genera with many species carried silica scales and other silica structures were recorded in China. They were deeply studied by both light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), especially in Mallomonas, which was the most species of Synurophyceae of silica-scaled Chrysophyta. Also, the taxonomy of the Mallomonas, was studied by Furtherest neighbor classification and Ward's method classification. Although M. costata and M. portae-ferreae belong to the different sections in different methods, the results of Furtherest Neighbor Classification and Ward's Classification were similar. However, when compared with the results of the traditional classification method, the results showed some differences in some branches. Taken the results of morphological classification, the numeral taxonomy and the molecular biology taxonomic together, a more objective taxonomy could be established.
The distribution of 116 species of Chrysophyta recorded in China was studied. Species were abundant in East China, Central China and Southwest China, especially for silica-scaled Chrysophyta, but poor in Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China among 27 provinces recorded.
The ecology of freshwater Chrysophyta had been studied in China. Many different species distributed widely in different nutritional water such as plankton of lakes, ponds, reservoir and cold running water. Most of them were recorded once since they were difficult for collection.
The main external factors affecting the occurrence of Chrysophyta included water temperature, seasonality, pH etc. In freshwater, Chrysophyta predominantly occured in clear-water lakes and pounds with low nutrient contents, low temperature, and high transparence. Because it was sensitive to the water temperature, Chrysophyta showed the maximal reproduction during early spring and late autumn.
The occurrence and ecological ranges of some Chrysophyta restrictedly distributed could be as important ecological indicators for the special ecological range they lived and relevant ecological parameters. Firstly, Chrysophyta with silica-scaled could be used as an indicator of paleolakes, which could provide theories for reconstructions of lake history. Secondly, as the producer and custom in the water, especially as a multiple function mixotrophic plant, Chrysophy played an important role in water ecosystem. Therefore, it was essential for systematic research in Chrysophyta.
本文对中国的淡水金藻门植物的分类进行了研究,包括淡水金藻植物的主要形态特征、分类系统、中国淡水金藻门植物的种类描述、鱼鳞藻属(Mallomonas)植物的数量分类、中国淡水金藻植物生物地理分布、生态分布特点、金藻门植物的生态指示作用等方面。
通过对金藻门植物的研究历史和淡水金藻门植物的分类系统的深入研究,依据Kristiansen & Priesig(2001)的金藻植物分类系统,结合我国淡水金藻门植物的研究历史与现状,对我国记录的淡水金藻门植物进行了详细的分类描述。
本文描述了目前已知的中国淡水产金藻门植物共5纲,7目,15科,29属,119种,即金藻纲(Chrysophyceae)(3目,8科,22属,70种),包括色金藻目(Chromulinales)、蟄居金藻目(Hibberdiales)、水树藻目(Hydrurales),囊壳藻纲(Bicosoecophyceae)(1目,1科,1属,1种),包括囊壳藻目(Bicosoecales),褐枝藻纲(Phaeothamniophyceae)(1目1科1属1种),包括褐枝藻目(Phaeothamniales),黄群藻纲(Synurophyceae)(1目,2科,2属,44种),包括黄群藻目(Synurales),土栖藻纲(Prymnesiophyceae)(1目3科3属3种)包括土栖藻目(Prymnesiales)。
通过对硅质鳞片类金藻植物的结构特征和鉴定方法的研究,对我国记录的硅质鳞片类金藻植物进行了深入分析,特别是黄群藻纲(Synurophyceae)中种类最多的属——鱼鳞藻属(Mallomonas)植物进行了数量分类研究。通过最近距离法和Ward's方法的数量分类法比较,二者树状结果相似,仅是中肋鱼鳞藻(M.costata)和被铁鱼鳞藻(M.portae-ferreae)的归属略有差异。但与传统分类方法比较,结果有相似之处,但其它分支还存在一定差异。将形态学分类与数量分类、分子生物学分类方法相结合,可建立更为客观的分类系统。
我国的119种淡水金藻门植物分布于27个省(市、自治区),以华东、华中、西南地区较为丰富,特别是硅质鳞片类金藻植物,而东北、华北、西北、中部地区的分布则相对较为贫乏。
通过对淡水金藻植物的生态类型进行研究,我国淡水金藻植物的生态类型多样,主要分布在池塘、湖泊、水库,以及山溪急流中,并在不同营养型水体中都有广泛分布。还有一些单细胞和硅质鳞片类金藻植物,种类数量虽多,但由于它们很少在某一地方大量生长,很难被研究者发现。许多种类在我国仅报道过一次。
影响淡水金藻门植物分布的主要因素为季节变化、水体温度、pH等环境因子。因此淡水金藻植物多生长在透明度大、温度较低、有机质含量少的清水水体中,对水温的变化较敏感,常在冬季、早春和晚秋生长旺盛。
由于金藻植物具有特殊的生态范围,一些分布条件有限的种类,具有相应的生态环境参数,可用于水质及其变化的监测,因此对于生态环境指示具有重要作用。特别是硅质鳞片类金藻植物(Chrysophyta),具有不同的生态分布范围,可作为生态环境指示种,也可作为古湖泊指示藻类,为湖泊历史的重建研究提供依据。同时,作为水体中的生产者与消费者,特别是多功能性兼养植物,金藻植物(Chrysophyta)在水体生态系统中扮演着重要角色。因而,对金藻植物(Chrysophyta)进行深入系统的研究,对于生物多样性研究具有重要的意义。
Chrysophyta is the major part of algae, which primarily are characterized by their golden color. Majority of the species live in freshwater, therefore, Chrysophyta hold the important status in the freshwater algae.
The studies in this thesis dealt with the species of Chrysophyta from China, including their morphological diversity, systematics, silica-scaled Chrysophyta, biogeography, ecology, and Chrysophyta as ecological indicators.
It was deeply studied in the research history and the classification system of Chrysophyta. And the taxonomy of Chrysophyta of China was revised based on the Chrysophyta classification system (revised by Kristiansen & Priesig in 2001), combining the research history and current situation in China.
In this thesis, 5 classes, 7 orders, 15 families, 29 genera and 119 species were described in detail, and the taxa of China was completely listed. They were Chrysophyceae (3 orders, 8 families, 22 genera, 70 species), Bicosoecophyceae (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus, 1 species), Phaeothamniophyceae (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus, 1 species), Synurophyceae (1 order, 2 families, 2 genera, 44 species) , and (Prymnesiophyceae) (1 order, 3 families, 3 genera, 3 species).
Several genera with many species carried silica scales and other silica structures were recorded in China. They were deeply studied by both light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), especially in Mallomonas, which was the most species of Synurophyceae of silica-scaled Chrysophyta. Also, the taxonomy of the Mallomonas, was studied by Furtherest neighbor classification and Ward's method classification. Although M. costata and M. portae-ferreae belong to the different sections in different methods, the results of Furtherest Neighbor Classification and Ward's Classification were similar. However, when compared with the results of the traditional classification method, the results showed some differences in some branches. Taken the results of morphological classification, the numeral taxonomy and the molecular biology taxonomic together, a more objective taxonomy could be established.
The distribution of 116 species of Chrysophyta recorded in China was studied. Species were abundant in East China, Central China and Southwest China, especially for silica-scaled Chrysophyta, but poor in Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China among 27 provinces recorded.
The ecology of freshwater Chrysophyta had been studied in China. Many different species distributed widely in different nutritional water such as plankton of lakes, ponds, reservoir and cold running water. Most of them were recorded once since they were difficult for collection.
The main external factors affecting the occurrence of Chrysophyta included water temperature, seasonality, pH etc. In freshwater, Chrysophyta predominantly occured in clear-water lakes and pounds with low nutrient contents, low temperature, and high transparence. Because it was sensitive to the water temperature, Chrysophyta showed the maximal reproduction during early spring and late autumn.
The occurrence and ecological ranges of some Chrysophyta restrictedly distributed could be as important ecological indicators for the special ecological range they lived and relevant ecological parameters. Firstly, Chrysophyta with silica-scaled could be used as an indicator of paleolakes, which could provide theories for reconstructions of lake history. Secondly, as the producer and custom in the water, especially as a multiple function mixotrophic plant, Chrysophy played an important role in water ecosystem. Therefore, it was essential for systematic research in Chrysophyta.
引文
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