复杂体型大跨屋盖风致振动的风洞试验与实测研究
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摘要
近年来,城市建设中涌现了越来越多的大跨屋盖结构,此类结构具有质量轻、柔性大、阻尼小、结构固有频率低等特点,对风荷载十分敏感,风荷载成为此类结构设计的控制荷载。因此,本文综合采用风洞试验、现场实测和人工神经网络模拟方法对大跨屋盖在强风作用下的风压分布和结构响应进行深入研究,主要包括以下内容:
1.近地台风风场实测研究。近地台风风场对大跨屋盖结构的风效应有着重要影响,同时对于大跨屋盖风洞试验的流场模拟也有指导意义,但目前土木工程相关的近地台风风场的实测研究很少,台风过程的观测记录多不完整,且观测仪器对实测数据精度的影响也尚待研究。本文采用两种不同采样频率的三维风速仪记录了强台风“珍珠”(极值风速67.3m/s)和“派比安”(极值风速40.7m/s)从登陆至离开的全过程。在此基础上,对台风风速分量、风向角、风攻角、湍流强度、阵风因子、脉动风速的概率分布和湍流积分尺度进行了全面研究。结果显示,高采样频率的仪器所记录的台风实测数据精度较高;在低风速情况下,脉动风速的概率分布接近正态分布;湍流强度与阵风因子存在近似的线性关系。将实测脉动风速谱与Davenport、Von Karman、Kaimal等经验风速谱进行了比较,结果表明,实测风速谱与我国规范采用的Davenport经验谱相差较大,但与Von Karman或Kaimal谱吻合较好,本文对实测风速谱进行了拟合。
2.复杂体型大跨屋盖风压分布特性研究。大跨屋盖表面的风压分布是影响其风振响应的主要因素之一。此类结构通常位于湍流复杂的近地风场中且其建筑形式多样,特别是近年来出现的大波浪型、角部翘起等屋盖形式,其表面的风压分布更为复杂,风压分布特性仍有待进一步研究。深圳市民中心(跨度486m)和广州会展中心(跨度458.5m)是复杂体型大跨屋盖结构的典型代表,本文对其进行了刚性模型风洞测压试验,详细研究了屋盖平均风压、脉动风压分布规律和典型测点的脉动风压三维功率谱,得出大跨屋盖表面风压分布的一些共性特征并分析了其产生机理,提出了有利于结构抗风性能的外型设计建议。
3.大跨屋盖风压分布的人工神经网络预测。大跨屋盖的刚性模型风洞测压试验通常需要布置足够多的测点,以尽可能全面地获得屋盖表面的风压分布信息,但测试设备的限制使得测点个数非常有限,因此有必要尝试研究基于风洞试验的风压分布仿真方法。本文对BP和RBF网络在工程应用中的参数选择进行了详细分析,在此基础上,利用上述两种人工神经网络预测了两个复杂体型大跨屋盖的典型测点平均风压,并提出神经网络可以预测复杂体型大跨屋盖区域风压分布、典型测点风压时程以及脉动风压功率谱,并对仿真结果进行了对比分析。对内插值与外插值两种方法进行了对比研究,结果表明,内插值工况的仿真结果优于外插值工况。针对BP网络不能预测流场变化剧烈区域测点风压的问题,本文提出用遗传算法改进BP网络,通过优化BP网络的初始权值、阈值改进BP网络收敛速度与稳定性。计算结果表明,遗传算法改进BP网络可以较精确的预测流场复杂区域的风压。
4.大跨屋盖风致响应研究。部分文献认为大跨屋盖风致响应计算中测点风压向有限元节点风荷载的转换矩阵为0、1组成的力指示矩阵,本文对此提出质疑并给出了物理意义明确的测点影响系数矩阵快速算法,编制了通用计算程序R-Generator。CQC法是计算大跨屋盖结构风振响应的精确方法,但对于自由度数量较多的建筑,其计算量巨大,如何在保证计算结果精确的前提下节省计算量是需要研究的问题。虚拟激励法需要对激励的谱矩阵进行三角分解,对于处理多点随机激励问题依然比较繁琐。本文推导了简化的屋盖风振响应计算公式,该方法考虑了所有模态耦合项与力谱耦合项,其计算结果与CQC方法精确等价,但省略了CQC法中不必要的计算位移响应互谱的部分,因此大大节省了计算量。另一方面,空间网架结构(如深圳市民中心)与桁架梁结构(如广州国际会展中心)屋盖的风致振动形式与破坏特征有着很大差别,本文分析了其风致振动响应规律,认为桁架梁结构的风致最大位移响应由屋盖整体振动控制,通常出现在跨中位置;角部悬挑空间网架结构的风致最大位移响应由屋盖角部的局部振动控制,通常出现在悬挑角部顶点处。对比分析了不同阻尼比、不同参振模态阶数工况下的节点位移响应谱,对其机理进行了分析。
5、大跨屋盖原型实测研究。有限元模态分析结合刚性模型风洞试验是当前研究大跨屋盖风振响应的主要途径,对大跨屋盖的原型实测则是检验上述方法的最佳手段。本文采用竖向拾震器分组实测了广州国际会展中心屋盖风致振动的速度时程,提出了能够快速便捷地识别屋盖竖向整体振动固有频率的功率谱点积法,该方法与传统的自互谱法相比具有较高的识别精度,且能够有效排除自互谱中常出现的“假峰”与“毛刺”的干扰。在此基础上识别了屋盖竖向整体振动的固有频率和模态振型。结果表明,根据实测数据识别的结构模态参数与有限元模型模态分析结果吻合较好。
原型实测可以提供最可靠的大跨屋盖风效应数据,但由于测试手段的限制,所获信息有限;风洞试验能够获得较为全面的大跨屋盖风压分布信息,但由于流场模拟、模型缩尺效应等原因,其试验结果仍需要原型实测来检验;人工神经网络方法可以有效弥补试验测点数量不足的缺点。因此原型实测、风洞试验和人工神经网络模拟方法在大跨屋盖风效应研究中是相辅相成的。本文的研究结果对于大跨屋盖结构的设计和研究有重要的参考意义。
In recent years,more and more long-span structures have been built with increasing span and structural refinement.Roofs of such structures usually have the characteristics of light mass,high flexibility,slight damping and low natural frequency.As the span increases, the natural frequencies generally decrease,and the susceptibility of a roof structure with long-span to resonant excitation by turbulent wind action increases. Consequently,these structures have become progressively more wind sensitive. Therefore,the major objective of this research study is to further the understanding of wind effects on and structural behavior of long-span roof structures under strong wind actions by means of field measurements,wind tunnel tests and numerical prediction in order to apply such knowledge to design.This study includes five closely related parts.
1.Field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground.Field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground are very useful, particularly for further understanding wind effects on long-span roof structures,and for incorporation into useable boundary layer wind flow simulation in wind tunnel tests. However,the chance to conduct field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground is quite rare,and obtained data are very important and valuable.Time series of wind speed and wind direction data were full recorded by two kinds of 3-D anemometers installed on the observation tower during the passages of Typhoon Chanchu(The maximum wind speed is 67.3 m/s) and Typhoon Prapiroon (The maximum wind speed is 40.7 m/s).The measured wind data are analyzed to obtain the information on mean wind speed and direction,turbulence intensity,gust factor,turbulence integral scale and probability distribution of fluctuating wind speed. This chapter presents some selected results including:(1) A 3-D anemometer with higher sampling frequency performs well in precision;(2) The probability density functions of fluctuating wind speeds approximately follow the normal distribution under lower wind velocity;(3) The gust factor is found to be linear with the longitudinal turbulence intensity.(4) The von-Karman and Kaimal type spectra are identified to be able to describe the energy distribution fairly well for the wind speed components in longitudinal direction of Typhoon Prapiroon and Typhoon Chanchu, respectively.
2.Wind pressures on long-span roof structures.Investigations on the characteristics of wind loads and wind-induced response of long-span roofs have been made extensively.However,roof shapes of long-span structures vary widely from structure to structure.It is well known that wind effects on roof structures strongly depend on roof shape and incident wind flow characteristics.Consequently,it is difficult to propose a unified analytical approach to estimate wind loads and wind-induced response of various kinds of long-span roof structures.Therefore,there is a need to carry out comprehensive wind tunnel studies to further the understanding of wind effects on long-span roof structures.In this chapter,wind tunnel tests are conducted to investigate wind pressure distributions on two typical long-span roof structures under different wind directions;and the measured wind pressures,such as mean,root-mean-square(rms) and peak pressure coefficient distributions on the two roofs are presented and discussed.Furthermore,power spectra of fluctuating wind pressures measured from some typical taps located at the roof edges under different wind directions are presented.Based on these results,according to the characteristics of wind loads on the roofs,some roof configuration design strategies to improve the wind-resistance capacities of long-span roof structures are recommended.
3.Prediction of wind-induced pressures on long-span roof structures using artificial neural networks.In wind tunnel experiments for long-span roof structures, it is usually necessary to install as more pressure taps as possible on model surfaces in order to capture the detailed characteristics of wind loads on the structures,since the cladding or roofing covers of the structures are very wind sensitive to the spatial variation and severe damages caused by wind-induced loading often occur in these locations.Although recent technological advances have made it possible to simultaneously measure surface pressures at more than 1000 locations on a building model,such experimental arrangement may still not be able to cover the whole surfaces of a large roof structure.Therefore,there is a need to explore an effective way to predict the wind-induced pressures on the entire roof structure on the basis of the pressure data from limited measurement points.The application of artificial neural networks(ANNs) to solve the title problem has received increasing interests in recent years.This chapter is concerned with developing two ANN approaches(a backpropagation neural network[BPNN]and a radial-basis function neural network [RBFNN]) for the prediction of mean,root-mean-square(rms) pressure coefficients, power spectra of fluctuating wind pressures and time series of wind-induced pressures on two typical long-span roof structures.Comparisons of the prediction results by the two ANN approaches and those from the wind tunnel test are made to examine the performance of the two ANN models,which demonstrates that the two ANN approaches can successfully predict the pressures on some regions of the large roof which are underwent small pressure variations on the basis of wind tunnel pressure measurements from a certain number of pressure taps.Meanwhile,it is also found that the prediction performance of the two ANN models for the interpolation case is better than that for the extrapolation case.Furthermore,an improved BPNN based a genetic algorithm(GA) is developed for the predictions of wind-induced pressures at some roof locations which are underwent large pressure variations with high rms pressure values due to strong flow separation;in which the number of weights is adjusted by GA to improve the convergence rapidity and stability of BPNN.It is shown through this chapter that the developed ANN approaches can be served as an effective tool for the design and analysis of wind effects on long-span roof structures in conjunction with wind tunnel tests.
4.Wind-induced response of long-span roof structures.This chapter presents a new description of wind-induced response of long-span roof structures.It is noteworthy that in the proposed approach the total dynamic response is directly calculated by the complete quadratic combination(CQC) approach,in which the contributions of multimode response and modal response correlations are taken into consideration,and meanwhile the tapping influence coefficient approach is proposed to simplify the calculation of the node load vectors.Moreover,unlike existing approaches,it is not required to calculate the correlation of the load and the response, which is difficult to be determined by conventional methods.Finally,two typical extra-long-span roof structures are considered to illustrate the determination of the wind-induced response by the proposed approach and to demonstrate its effectiveness. On the other hand,special attention is also paid to the characteristics of wind pressures and wind-induced response of the spatial lattice structure and truss beam structure in this chapter.This chapter presents some selected resulting including:(1) wind-induced response and destroyed modes of the spatial lattic structure are very different from those of the truss beam structure;(2) the peak displacement response of the truss beam structure generally occurred in the middle of the span is induced by the holistic vibration of the roof;(3) the peak displacement response of the cantilevered spatial lattic structure generally occurred at the windward corner of the roof is induced by the partial vibration of the roof corner;(4) damping ratio and mode effects on power spectra of displacement responses of the nodes are analyzed;furthermore,the mechanism is also discussed in detail.
5.Full-scale measurements of wind effects on long-span roof structures. Although there have been many advances in wind tunnel testing and numerical simulation techniques for investigating wind effects on long-span roof structures, there are still many critical phenomena which can only be investigated by full-scale experiments.It has been widely recognized that the most reliable evaluations of dynamic characteristics and wind effects are obtained from experimental measurements of a prototype structure.In this chapter,full-scale measurements of wind effects on the long-span roof structure of Guangzhou International Exhibition Centre were conducted under strong wind action.Based on the field measurement results,a new method to identify the first several natural frequencies of the roof in vertical direction,using the dot matrix of power spectrum density approach,was presented.The new method eliminates the shortcoming of the conventional power spectrum density approach,such as the dummy apex and burr phenomena;and can perform well in precision.Comparison of the frequency results determined by the proposed method and those obtained from the finite element model analysis results was made to examine the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.
The field measurements can provide reliable but limited information.The wind tunnel tests can generate detailed and additional results that are not available from the field measurements.On the other hand,the ANN approach can be used as a supplement to wind tunnel tests to accurately estimate wind-induced pressures on long-span roof structures.Therefore,the field measurements,the wind tunnel tests and the ANN approach are complementary so that the understanding of wind effects on long-span roof structures can be improved.The outcome of this study is expected to be of considerable interest and practical use to professionals and researchers involved in the design of long-span roof structures.
1.近地台风风场实测研究。近地台风风场对大跨屋盖结构的风效应有着重要影响,同时对于大跨屋盖风洞试验的流场模拟也有指导意义,但目前土木工程相关的近地台风风场的实测研究很少,台风过程的观测记录多不完整,且观测仪器对实测数据精度的影响也尚待研究。本文采用两种不同采样频率的三维风速仪记录了强台风“珍珠”(极值风速67.3m/s)和“派比安”(极值风速40.7m/s)从登陆至离开的全过程。在此基础上,对台风风速分量、风向角、风攻角、湍流强度、阵风因子、脉动风速的概率分布和湍流积分尺度进行了全面研究。结果显示,高采样频率的仪器所记录的台风实测数据精度较高;在低风速情况下,脉动风速的概率分布接近正态分布;湍流强度与阵风因子存在近似的线性关系。将实测脉动风速谱与Davenport、Von Karman、Kaimal等经验风速谱进行了比较,结果表明,实测风速谱与我国规范采用的Davenport经验谱相差较大,但与Von Karman或Kaimal谱吻合较好,本文对实测风速谱进行了拟合。
2.复杂体型大跨屋盖风压分布特性研究。大跨屋盖表面的风压分布是影响其风振响应的主要因素之一。此类结构通常位于湍流复杂的近地风场中且其建筑形式多样,特别是近年来出现的大波浪型、角部翘起等屋盖形式,其表面的风压分布更为复杂,风压分布特性仍有待进一步研究。深圳市民中心(跨度486m)和广州会展中心(跨度458.5m)是复杂体型大跨屋盖结构的典型代表,本文对其进行了刚性模型风洞测压试验,详细研究了屋盖平均风压、脉动风压分布规律和典型测点的脉动风压三维功率谱,得出大跨屋盖表面风压分布的一些共性特征并分析了其产生机理,提出了有利于结构抗风性能的外型设计建议。
3.大跨屋盖风压分布的人工神经网络预测。大跨屋盖的刚性模型风洞测压试验通常需要布置足够多的测点,以尽可能全面地获得屋盖表面的风压分布信息,但测试设备的限制使得测点个数非常有限,因此有必要尝试研究基于风洞试验的风压分布仿真方法。本文对BP和RBF网络在工程应用中的参数选择进行了详细分析,在此基础上,利用上述两种人工神经网络预测了两个复杂体型大跨屋盖的典型测点平均风压,并提出神经网络可以预测复杂体型大跨屋盖区域风压分布、典型测点风压时程以及脉动风压功率谱,并对仿真结果进行了对比分析。对内插值与外插值两种方法进行了对比研究,结果表明,内插值工况的仿真结果优于外插值工况。针对BP网络不能预测流场变化剧烈区域测点风压的问题,本文提出用遗传算法改进BP网络,通过优化BP网络的初始权值、阈值改进BP网络收敛速度与稳定性。计算结果表明,遗传算法改进BP网络可以较精确的预测流场复杂区域的风压。
4.大跨屋盖风致响应研究。部分文献认为大跨屋盖风致响应计算中测点风压向有限元节点风荷载的转换矩阵为0、1组成的力指示矩阵,本文对此提出质疑并给出了物理意义明确的测点影响系数矩阵快速算法,编制了通用计算程序R-Generator。CQC法是计算大跨屋盖结构风振响应的精确方法,但对于自由度数量较多的建筑,其计算量巨大,如何在保证计算结果精确的前提下节省计算量是需要研究的问题。虚拟激励法需要对激励的谱矩阵进行三角分解,对于处理多点随机激励问题依然比较繁琐。本文推导了简化的屋盖风振响应计算公式,该方法考虑了所有模态耦合项与力谱耦合项,其计算结果与CQC方法精确等价,但省略了CQC法中不必要的计算位移响应互谱的部分,因此大大节省了计算量。另一方面,空间网架结构(如深圳市民中心)与桁架梁结构(如广州国际会展中心)屋盖的风致振动形式与破坏特征有着很大差别,本文分析了其风致振动响应规律,认为桁架梁结构的风致最大位移响应由屋盖整体振动控制,通常出现在跨中位置;角部悬挑空间网架结构的风致最大位移响应由屋盖角部的局部振动控制,通常出现在悬挑角部顶点处。对比分析了不同阻尼比、不同参振模态阶数工况下的节点位移响应谱,对其机理进行了分析。
5、大跨屋盖原型实测研究。有限元模态分析结合刚性模型风洞试验是当前研究大跨屋盖风振响应的主要途径,对大跨屋盖的原型实测则是检验上述方法的最佳手段。本文采用竖向拾震器分组实测了广州国际会展中心屋盖风致振动的速度时程,提出了能够快速便捷地识别屋盖竖向整体振动固有频率的功率谱点积法,该方法与传统的自互谱法相比具有较高的识别精度,且能够有效排除自互谱中常出现的“假峰”与“毛刺”的干扰。在此基础上识别了屋盖竖向整体振动的固有频率和模态振型。结果表明,根据实测数据识别的结构模态参数与有限元模型模态分析结果吻合较好。
原型实测可以提供最可靠的大跨屋盖风效应数据,但由于测试手段的限制,所获信息有限;风洞试验能够获得较为全面的大跨屋盖风压分布信息,但由于流场模拟、模型缩尺效应等原因,其试验结果仍需要原型实测来检验;人工神经网络方法可以有效弥补试验测点数量不足的缺点。因此原型实测、风洞试验和人工神经网络模拟方法在大跨屋盖风效应研究中是相辅相成的。本文的研究结果对于大跨屋盖结构的设计和研究有重要的参考意义。
In recent years,more and more long-span structures have been built with increasing span and structural refinement.Roofs of such structures usually have the characteristics of light mass,high flexibility,slight damping and low natural frequency.As the span increases, the natural frequencies generally decrease,and the susceptibility of a roof structure with long-span to resonant excitation by turbulent wind action increases. Consequently,these structures have become progressively more wind sensitive. Therefore,the major objective of this research study is to further the understanding of wind effects on and structural behavior of long-span roof structures under strong wind actions by means of field measurements,wind tunnel tests and numerical prediction in order to apply such knowledge to design.This study includes five closely related parts.
1.Field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground.Field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground are very useful, particularly for further understanding wind effects on long-span roof structures,and for incorporation into useable boundary layer wind flow simulation in wind tunnel tests. However,the chance to conduct field measurements of typhoon-generated characteristics near ground is quite rare,and obtained data are very important and valuable.Time series of wind speed and wind direction data were full recorded by two kinds of 3-D anemometers installed on the observation tower during the passages of Typhoon Chanchu(The maximum wind speed is 67.3 m/s) and Typhoon Prapiroon (The maximum wind speed is 40.7 m/s).The measured wind data are analyzed to obtain the information on mean wind speed and direction,turbulence intensity,gust factor,turbulence integral scale and probability distribution of fluctuating wind speed. This chapter presents some selected results including:(1) A 3-D anemometer with higher sampling frequency performs well in precision;(2) The probability density functions of fluctuating wind speeds approximately follow the normal distribution under lower wind velocity;(3) The gust factor is found to be linear with the longitudinal turbulence intensity.(4) The von-Karman and Kaimal type spectra are identified to be able to describe the energy distribution fairly well for the wind speed components in longitudinal direction of Typhoon Prapiroon and Typhoon Chanchu, respectively.
2.Wind pressures on long-span roof structures.Investigations on the characteristics of wind loads and wind-induced response of long-span roofs have been made extensively.However,roof shapes of long-span structures vary widely from structure to structure.It is well known that wind effects on roof structures strongly depend on roof shape and incident wind flow characteristics.Consequently,it is difficult to propose a unified analytical approach to estimate wind loads and wind-induced response of various kinds of long-span roof structures.Therefore,there is a need to carry out comprehensive wind tunnel studies to further the understanding of wind effects on long-span roof structures.In this chapter,wind tunnel tests are conducted to investigate wind pressure distributions on two typical long-span roof structures under different wind directions;and the measured wind pressures,such as mean,root-mean-square(rms) and peak pressure coefficient distributions on the two roofs are presented and discussed.Furthermore,power spectra of fluctuating wind pressures measured from some typical taps located at the roof edges under different wind directions are presented.Based on these results,according to the characteristics of wind loads on the roofs,some roof configuration design strategies to improve the wind-resistance capacities of long-span roof structures are recommended.
3.Prediction of wind-induced pressures on long-span roof structures using artificial neural networks.In wind tunnel experiments for long-span roof structures, it is usually necessary to install as more pressure taps as possible on model surfaces in order to capture the detailed characteristics of wind loads on the structures,since the cladding or roofing covers of the structures are very wind sensitive to the spatial variation and severe damages caused by wind-induced loading often occur in these locations.Although recent technological advances have made it possible to simultaneously measure surface pressures at more than 1000 locations on a building model,such experimental arrangement may still not be able to cover the whole surfaces of a large roof structure.Therefore,there is a need to explore an effective way to predict the wind-induced pressures on the entire roof structure on the basis of the pressure data from limited measurement points.The application of artificial neural networks(ANNs) to solve the title problem has received increasing interests in recent years.This chapter is concerned with developing two ANN approaches(a backpropagation neural network[BPNN]and a radial-basis function neural network [RBFNN]) for the prediction of mean,root-mean-square(rms) pressure coefficients, power spectra of fluctuating wind pressures and time series of wind-induced pressures on two typical long-span roof structures.Comparisons of the prediction results by the two ANN approaches and those from the wind tunnel test are made to examine the performance of the two ANN models,which demonstrates that the two ANN approaches can successfully predict the pressures on some regions of the large roof which are underwent small pressure variations on the basis of wind tunnel pressure measurements from a certain number of pressure taps.Meanwhile,it is also found that the prediction performance of the two ANN models for the interpolation case is better than that for the extrapolation case.Furthermore,an improved BPNN based a genetic algorithm(GA) is developed for the predictions of wind-induced pressures at some roof locations which are underwent large pressure variations with high rms pressure values due to strong flow separation;in which the number of weights is adjusted by GA to improve the convergence rapidity and stability of BPNN.It is shown through this chapter that the developed ANN approaches can be served as an effective tool for the design and analysis of wind effects on long-span roof structures in conjunction with wind tunnel tests.
4.Wind-induced response of long-span roof structures.This chapter presents a new description of wind-induced response of long-span roof structures.It is noteworthy that in the proposed approach the total dynamic response is directly calculated by the complete quadratic combination(CQC) approach,in which the contributions of multimode response and modal response correlations are taken into consideration,and meanwhile the tapping influence coefficient approach is proposed to simplify the calculation of the node load vectors.Moreover,unlike existing approaches,it is not required to calculate the correlation of the load and the response, which is difficult to be determined by conventional methods.Finally,two typical extra-long-span roof structures are considered to illustrate the determination of the wind-induced response by the proposed approach and to demonstrate its effectiveness. On the other hand,special attention is also paid to the characteristics of wind pressures and wind-induced response of the spatial lattice structure and truss beam structure in this chapter.This chapter presents some selected resulting including:(1) wind-induced response and destroyed modes of the spatial lattic structure are very different from those of the truss beam structure;(2) the peak displacement response of the truss beam structure generally occurred in the middle of the span is induced by the holistic vibration of the roof;(3) the peak displacement response of the cantilevered spatial lattic structure generally occurred at the windward corner of the roof is induced by the partial vibration of the roof corner;(4) damping ratio and mode effects on power spectra of displacement responses of the nodes are analyzed;furthermore,the mechanism is also discussed in detail.
5.Full-scale measurements of wind effects on long-span roof structures. Although there have been many advances in wind tunnel testing and numerical simulation techniques for investigating wind effects on long-span roof structures, there are still many critical phenomena which can only be investigated by full-scale experiments.It has been widely recognized that the most reliable evaluations of dynamic characteristics and wind effects are obtained from experimental measurements of a prototype structure.In this chapter,full-scale measurements of wind effects on the long-span roof structure of Guangzhou International Exhibition Centre were conducted under strong wind action.Based on the field measurement results,a new method to identify the first several natural frequencies of the roof in vertical direction,using the dot matrix of power spectrum density approach,was presented.The new method eliminates the shortcoming of the conventional power spectrum density approach,such as the dummy apex and burr phenomena;and can perform well in precision.Comparison of the frequency results determined by the proposed method and those obtained from the finite element model analysis results was made to examine the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.
The field measurements can provide reliable but limited information.The wind tunnel tests can generate detailed and additional results that are not available from the field measurements.On the other hand,the ANN approach can be used as a supplement to wind tunnel tests to accurately estimate wind-induced pressures on long-span roof structures.Therefore,the field measurements,the wind tunnel tests and the ANN approach are complementary so that the understanding of wind effects on long-span roof structures can be improved.The outcome of this study is expected to be of considerable interest and practical use to professionals and researchers involved in the design of long-span roof structures.
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