准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被研究
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摘要
内蒙古阴山以南黄土丘陵沟壑区是由黄河以东清水河.和林格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区和黄河以西准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区两部分构成,气候属典型的半干旱大陆性气候,地带性植被为本氏针茅草原。准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区地处黄土高原和鄂尔多斯高原过渡区,这里地质历史古老、地层复杂、水土流失严重,并有大面积中生代沉积碎屑基岩出露:纵横交错的沟谷,与梁峁构成一个十分独特的沟谷-梁峁复合系统。在这个复合系统中,支离破碎、沟壑交错的地貌,导致水分、热量等环境因素重新分配,最终在沟谷中呈现出复杂而独特的植被类型,是研究沟谷植被的理想场所。
系统深入地研究沟谷植被有助于拓展植被生态学研究领域,可为黄土丘陵沟壑区的植被区划,合理地制定综合自然区划方案提供科学依据,并对黄土丘陵沟壑区植被建设和水土保持综合治理具有重要的实践意义。
通过野外考察、实验观测(对数据的分析),获得如下主要结果:
1.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物区系特征
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区物种生活型谱、水分生态类型谱、区系地理成分组成均与同一地带的山地植物区系特征相似;与同一地带草原相比,本区沟谷系统具有兼容不同区系地理成分和促进物种迁移扩散的廊道作用。与山地相似,成为草原区植物多样性富集中心之一。
(1)种类组成
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物种类组成丰富,共有维管植物472种(包含种下单位),隶属于245属,73科。物种丰富度高于同一区域的毛乌素沙地、东胜梁地。
(2)生活型谱
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物生活型谱组成多样,其中乔木占3.2%、灌木占9.3%,半灌木占3.2%,多年生草本占60.0%,一、二年生草本占20.8%,木质藤本、半寄生灌木、寄生草本、二年生草本、类短命植物共占3.2%。与本氏针茅草原比较,天然灌木的比例增加7%,多年生草本虽然仍占绝对优势,但比例下降10%;乔木、木质藤本、半寄生灌木、寄生草本、二年生草本、类短命植物虽然所占比例不大(6.8%,),但它们的存在极大地丰富了丘陵沟壑区植物生活型谱。
(3)水分生态类型谱
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物水分生态类型谱中,旱生植物占19.5%,中旱生植物占12.3%;中生植物占43.2%,旱中生植物占16.5%,湿中生植物占1.5%:湿生植物占4.4%;水生植物占2.5%。中生植物占绝对优势,比旱生植物比例高29.4%,明显不同于典型草原旱生植物占优势的特点。
(4)区系地理成分
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物区系地理组成,以温带成分占优势,占43.65%;东亚成分作用显著提高,占31.15%,居第二位;草原成分仅占14.82%,居第三位。本区植物区系地理成分组成与草原区的山地(如大青山、九峰山、赛罕乌拉)更相似,即东亚森林成分明显高于草原成分所占比例。
2.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植物群落类型
该沟谷系统中有疏林、灌丛、草原、低湿地4个植被型,共34个群系,134群丛。疏林包括杜松疏林、侧柏疏林、臭椿疏林3个群系;灌丛包括黄刺玫灌丛、沙棘灌丛、大果榆灌丛、酸枣灌丛、杠柳灌丛、狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛、中间锦鸡儿灌丛7个群系;草原包括茭蒿草原、铁杆蒿草原、蒙古莸草原、油蒿草原、达乌里胡枝子草原、百里香草原、白羊草草原、本氏针茅草原、大针茅草原、短花针茅草原、戈壁针茅草原、硬质早熟禾草原、丛生隐子草草原、羊草草原14个群系:低湿地植被包括假苇拂子茅草甸、寸草苔草甸、巨序剪股颖草甸、芦苇沼泽、灰脉苔草沼泽、中间型荸荠沼泽、藨草沼泽、香蒲沼泽、小香蒲沼泽、眼子菜水生群落10个群系。
3.沟谷植被概念和沟谷植被特征
(1)沟谷植被概念
沟谷植被是指在沟谷干暖(阳坡)、凉湿(阴坡)、暖湿(开阔沟底)的生境中,发育于不同土壤、母质(基质)上的,明显有别于地带性植被类型的各种群落组合。所以说,沟谷植被不是一个单一的植被类型,更不是植被分类系统的某一级单位,而是由一组不同的植被类型按一定规律组合而成的植被复合系列。
(2)沟谷植被特点
①准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被普遍存在跨区域、超地带的高级稳定的植被类型。如杜松疏林、侧柏疏林、臭椿疏林、黄刺玫灌丛、沙棘灌丛、酸枣灌丛、大果榆灌丛、森林草原区的白羊草草原、荒漠草原区的短花针茅草原。这些植被类型在准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷的适宜生境中,都可以形成稳定的群落。
②准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被类型多样、受制约因子复杂。影响沟谷植被分布的生态因子有:ⅰ沟谷自身的特点,如坡度、坡向、坡长、沟宽、以及沟坡土壤类型、基质,ⅱ又受地带性气候和毗邻地质、地貌的影响,故沟谷植被类型相对复杂。
③准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被具有连续渐变的模糊特点。如茭蒿草原从陕北黄土高原可以一直分布到内蒙古准格尔南部并向北断断续续的分布到本区各个川道的上游(沟头),由于北部库布齐沙地和东胜梁地的阻挡,才没有向北进一步扩散。
本区偏南部的一些群落类型在向北扩散的过程中,还出现由梁峁向沟谷逐渐过渡,由阴阳坡分布向阳坡分布的渐变过程。
4.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被演替规律
(1)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在黄土基质上的正向演替序列为:
在阴坡上,根茎型禾草和一二年生草本为优势的先锋植物群聚阶段→丛生小禾草阶段→高大丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化的高大丛生禾草阶段;在黄土覆盖的砂页岩沟谷阴坡上,群落会进一步发展到疏林阶段。
在阳坡上,一、二年生先锋草本群聚阶段→小半灌木-小丛生禾草阶段→丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化丛生禾草阶段;在黄土覆盖的砂页岩沟谷阴坡上,沟谷群落会进一步发展到疏林草原阶段或疏林阶段。
半灌木可以出现在阴、阳坡群落演替的各个阶段,并可以成为建群种。
(2)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在裸露砒砂岩沟壁上发生的群落正向演替序列为:
稀疏灌木、半灌木阶段(也可称为裸沟坡阶段)→灌木-半灌木-多年生杂类草-根茎型禾草阶段→灌木-半灌木丛生小禾草阶段→灌丛化的半灌木-丛生禾草草原阶段。
(3)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在砂页岩基质上的正向演替序列为:
稀疏的半灌木群落阶段→半灌木-杂类草阶段→半灌木-丛生小禾草阶段→半灌木-丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化的半灌木-丛生禾草阶段→疏林草原阶段:在水分条件较好的地段上,还可以形成疏林阶段。
5.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被的生态效应
(1)丘陵沟壑区土地表面积和生物量的增加。以黄河右岸三级支流五分地沟小流域为例,沟谷的存在使得沟谷实际面积比投影面积增加34.5%;与此相应,仅天然植被生物量就了增加32%。即使在沟谷面积仅占流域面积30.2%的五分地沟小流域,沟谷能使相应流域的土地表面积增加10.4%。
(2)沟谷植被具有关键性的水土保持作用。沟坡径流场实测表明,具有良好植被覆盖的沟坡土壤侵蚀量明显减少,在降雨强度较大的情况下(38.3mm,24h),比无植被覆盖坡面的泥沙流失量减少50倍。实验结果表明,较大降雨对有植被沟坡与无植被沟坡的土壤流失量的影响存在显著差异(＜0.05)。
(3)沟谷植被具有明显的土壤改良作用,尤其是阴坡的植被。在沟谷阴坡铁杆蒿+大针茅群落和大针茅群落中,0-10cm土层的土壤有机质含量分别达到12.44g/kg、11.43 g/kg,分别比黄土基质有机质含量高10.04 g/kg、9.03 g/kg,接近于约30年树龄的刺槐、侧柏林对土壤的改良效果。
由于沟谷具有阳坡干暖、阴坡凉湿、沟底暖湿的水热分异特点,故准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区在植被建设中应充分考虑这些特点。通常梁峁、阳坡以建植草本植被为宜;阴坡较适合建植灌丛化草原、疏林草原或疏林植被;沟底是适宜发展林业和农业的地段。
Junger loess hill-gully region is situated in the transition zone of Loess Plateau and Ordos Plateau.Its climate belongs to typical semiarid continental one and its zonal vegetation is Stipa bungeana steppe.Here,the interlaced gullies and hill ridges constitute a very special "gullies-hill ridges complex system",in which the water and heat are redistributed due to fragmented and interlaced gully landforms,finally leads to the complex and unique vegetation type,i.e.gully vegetation.
At present,researches on the characteristic,distribution and succession of gully vegetation are far less than sand vegetation and mountain vegetation.The systematic deep researches on gully vegetation are helpful to develop research field of vegetation ecology and can provide scientific basis for establishing natural regionalization scheme reasonably,which are also practically significant to vegetation construction and comprehensive management of soil and water conservation in the loess hilly-gully region.
Last ten years,although Stipa bungeana steppe mainly distributed on the hill ridges was seriously damaged because of natural and human factors,the gully natural vegetation here was not destroyed basically by human.Therefore it is an ideal loess hilly and gully region for studing gully vegetation.
The main results were as follows by four years field investigations,experimental observations and deeply study with great concentration.
1.Characteristic of the plant species in Junger loess hill-gully region
The life form spectrum,water ecotype spectrum and flora geographic composition of the plant species in Junger loess hill-gully region were all similar to the composition of mountain species in the same zone.The gully system was not only one of the enrichment centers of biodiversity in steppe region,but also a accommdated section and diffused corridor of different flora components.
1.1 Species composition
There was abundant species composition.A total of 472 vascular plant species were recorded in Junger loess hill-gully region,belonging to 245 genera and 73 families,according to the specimens collected through field investigating.The species richness was higher than that in Musu sandland and Dongsheng tableland.
1.2 Life form spectrum
The composition of life form spectrum was of high diversity.Comparing with Stipa bungeana steppe,the proportion of natural shrubs increased by 7%,and that of perennial herbs decreased by 10%despite of their absolute predominance.,The proportion of trees,woody climbers, hemi-parasitic shrubs,parasitic herbs,biennial herbs and ephemeroid plants was small(6.8%,of which trees occupied 3.2%),but their existence greatly enriched the plant life form spectrum of hilly and gully region.
1.3 Water ecotype spectrum
Being obviously different from the predominance of xerophytes in typical steppe,the plant water ecotype spectrum in Junger loess hill-gully region mainly consisted of mesophytes,the proportion of which were 29.4%higher than that of xerophytes.
1.4 Flora geographic composition
The flora geographic composition of Junger loess hill-gully region was mainly composed of 43.65%temperate zone components and 31.15%east Asian components,and the steppe components were only at the third place occupying 14.82%of total.The flora geographic composition was more similar with that of mountain in steppe region(such as Daqing mountain, Jiufeng mountain and saihanwula mountain),that is,the proportion of east Asian forest components was distinctly higher than that of steppe components.
2.Community types of the gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
There were 4 vegetation types in the gully,they are sparse forest,shrub,steppe and low wetland, including 34 formations and 134 associations.The sparse woods included 3 formations:Form. Juniperus rigida,Form.Platycladus orientalis and Form.Ailanthus altissima.The shrub contained 7 formations which were Form.Rosa xanthina,Form.Hippophae rhamnoides subsp,sinensis,Form. Ulmus macrocarpa,Form.Zizyphus jujuba var.spinosa,Form.Periploca sepium,Form.Caragana stenophylla and Form.Caragana davazamcii.14 formations were comprised in steppe involving Form.Artemisia giraldii,Form.Artemisia sacrorum,Form.Caryopteris mongholica,Form. Artemisia ordosica,Form.Lespedeza davurica,Form.Thymus serpyllum,Form.Bothriochloa ischoemum,Form.Stipa bungeana,Form.Stipa grandis,Form.Stipa breviflora,Form.Stipa gobica, Form.Poa sphondylodes,Form.Leymus chinensis and Form.Cleistogenes caespitosa.And there were 10 formations within low wetland vegetation composed of Form.Calamagrostis pseudophragmites,Form.Carex duriuscula,Form.Agrostis gigantean,Form.Phragmites australis, Form.Carex appendiculata,Form.Eleocharis intersita,Form.Scirpus triqueter,Form.Typha angustifolia,Form.Typha minima and Form.Potamogeton sp..
3.Concept and characteristic of the gully vegetation
3.1 Concept of gully vegetation
Gully vegetation is regarded as the combination of various plant communities developing on different soils and parent materials(matrix) in the gully with warm-dry(on sunny slop), cool-moist(on shady slop) and warm- humid(in open gully floor) environmental conditions,which is distinctly different from the zonal vegetation types.It can be viewed as neither a single vegetation type nor an unit in vegetation classification system,but the vegetation compound series combined by a group of different vegetation types according to certain rule.
3.2 Characteristic of the gully vegetation
①The gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region generally possessed some cross-region and super-zonal vegetation types with higher stability.For example,in the gully of Junger loess hill-gully region with suitable habitats the stable communities could be formed from Form.Juniperus rigida,Form.Platycladus orientalis,Form.Ailanthus altissima,Form.Rosa xanthina,Form.Hippophae rhamnoides subsp,sinensis,Form.Zizyphus jujuba var.spinosa,Form. Ulmus macrocarpa,Form.Bothriochlo aischoemum in forest steppe region and Form.Stipa breviflora in desert steppe region.
②The types of vegetation were various and.restrictive factors were complex in Junger loess hill-gully region.The distribution of gully vegetation was affected by many ecological factors including:i its own characteristics of gully,such as slope degree,slope aspect,slope length,gully width,soil type and matrix of gully and slope;ii zonal climate and adjacent geology and geomorphology,all of which resulted in relative complex gully vegetation types.
③The gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region had an obscure characteristic of continuous and gradual change.For instance,Artemisia giraldii steppe could distribute from Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi to the south of Junger in Inner Mongolia,and brokenly northward to upstream gully heads of various river course in this region,but didn't further expand due to the prevention of Kubuqi sandland and Donsheng tableland.
In the northward diffusion process of some community types distributed in the south of this region,the gradual transition from the hill ridges to the gully and gradual change process of distribution from the sunny slopes to the shady slopes were found.
4.Succession rule of gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
4.1 The positive succession series of gully vegetation on the loess matrix
On the shady slope,the successive phases were as follows:bunching stage of pioneer plants dominated by rhizome grasses and annual and biennial herbs—caespitose small grasses—high caespitose grasses——shrubby high caespitose grasses.On the sandshale shady slope of the gully covered with loess,the communities could develop further into sparse forest stage.
On the sunny slope,the succession series included the following phases:bunching stage of annual and biennial pioneer herbs——small half-shrub——small caespitose grasses——caespitose grasses——shrubby caespitose grasses.And on the sandshale shady slope of the gully covered with loess,the gully communities could develop further into sparse forest steppe or sparse forest stage.
Half-shrubs could not only be found in each stage of the community succession on shady and sunny slope,but also become constructive species.
4.2 The positive succession series of the communities developed on the bare soft rock gully cliff was the following:sparse shrubs and half-shrubs(or bare gully and slope)——shrubs -half-shrubs-perennial forbs-rhizome grasses——shrubs-half-shrubs and caespitose small grasses——shrubby half-shrubs-caespitose grass steppe.
4.3 The positive successive phases of the gully vegetation on the sandshale matrix were as follows: sparsehalf-shrub communities——half-shrubs-forbs——half-shrubs-caespitose small grasses——half -shrubs-caespitose grasses——shrubby half-shrubs-caespitose grasses——sparse forest steppe,and sparse forest could be further developed in some sections with better water conditions.
5.Ecological effect of the gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
5.1 The most direct effect was the increase of land area in the hill-gully region.Take small watershed Wufendi gully(a third level tributary of Yellow river situated in its right bank) for example,the existence of the gully made its actual area increase by 34.5%compared with its projection area,and therefore the biomass of natural vegetation increased by 32%(not including artificial vegetation).In the hill-gully region where the proportion of gully area was 30.2%of the whole watershed,the land surface area of the watershed could increase by 10.4%resulted from the gully.
5.2 The gully slope was the vital place for soil and water loss in Junger loess hill-gully region,so the gully vegetation distributed on the slopes played an important role for soil and water conservation.The measurement of runoff and sediment indicted that the soil erosion amount of the slopes with vegetation obviously decreased and could reduce by 50 times than non-vegetation slopes under the case of high intensive rainfall(38.3 mm,24h).The experimental results showed that there was significant difference between the effects of heavy rainfall on soil erosion amount of the slopes with and without vegetation(＜0.05).
5.3 There was distinct improvement effect of soil fertility for gully vegetation,especially for the vegetation distributed on the shady slope.For instance,the soil organic matter contents in 0-10cm soil layer in the Form.Artemisia sacrorum+Stipa grandia and Form.Stipa grandis distributed on the shady slope were 12.44g/kg and 11.43 g/kg,respectively 10.04 g/kg and 9.03 g/kg higher than those in loess matrix,just close to the soil improvement effects of about 30-yearold Robinia pseudoacacia woods and Platycladus orientalis woods.
Differentiation of moisture and temperiture in gully environment is a obvious charicterastic, i.e.dry and worm in sunny slope,wet and cool in shady slope,worm and wet in gully bottom etc..It should be fully considered the charicterastic of habitat differentiation during vegetation consruction in Junger leoss hill-gully region.For this reason,it was suggested that:①herb vegetation is suited to hill ridge and sunny slope;②shrub grassland,Steppe-woodland or sparse woods;③artificial forest and agricultural farmland.
系统深入地研究沟谷植被有助于拓展植被生态学研究领域,可为黄土丘陵沟壑区的植被区划,合理地制定综合自然区划方案提供科学依据,并对黄土丘陵沟壑区植被建设和水土保持综合治理具有重要的实践意义。
通过野外考察、实验观测(对数据的分析),获得如下主要结果:
1.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物区系特征
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区物种生活型谱、水分生态类型谱、区系地理成分组成均与同一地带的山地植物区系特征相似;与同一地带草原相比,本区沟谷系统具有兼容不同区系地理成分和促进物种迁移扩散的廊道作用。与山地相似,成为草原区植物多样性富集中心之一。
(1)种类组成
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物种类组成丰富,共有维管植物472种(包含种下单位),隶属于245属,73科。物种丰富度高于同一区域的毛乌素沙地、东胜梁地。
(2)生活型谱
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物生活型谱组成多样,其中乔木占3.2%、灌木占9.3%,半灌木占3.2%,多年生草本占60.0%,一、二年生草本占20.8%,木质藤本、半寄生灌木、寄生草本、二年生草本、类短命植物共占3.2%。与本氏针茅草原比较,天然灌木的比例增加7%,多年生草本虽然仍占绝对优势,但比例下降10%;乔木、木质藤本、半寄生灌木、寄生草本、二年生草本、类短命植物虽然所占比例不大(6.8%,),但它们的存在极大地丰富了丘陵沟壑区植物生活型谱。
(3)水分生态类型谱
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物水分生态类型谱中,旱生植物占19.5%,中旱生植物占12.3%;中生植物占43.2%,旱中生植物占16.5%,湿中生植物占1.5%:湿生植物占4.4%;水生植物占2.5%。中生植物占绝对优势,比旱生植物比例高29.4%,明显不同于典型草原旱生植物占优势的特点。
(4)区系地理成分
准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区植物区系地理组成,以温带成分占优势,占43.65%;东亚成分作用显著提高,占31.15%,居第二位;草原成分仅占14.82%,居第三位。本区植物区系地理成分组成与草原区的山地(如大青山、九峰山、赛罕乌拉)更相似,即东亚森林成分明显高于草原成分所占比例。
2.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植物群落类型
该沟谷系统中有疏林、灌丛、草原、低湿地4个植被型,共34个群系,134群丛。疏林包括杜松疏林、侧柏疏林、臭椿疏林3个群系;灌丛包括黄刺玫灌丛、沙棘灌丛、大果榆灌丛、酸枣灌丛、杠柳灌丛、狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛、中间锦鸡儿灌丛7个群系;草原包括茭蒿草原、铁杆蒿草原、蒙古莸草原、油蒿草原、达乌里胡枝子草原、百里香草原、白羊草草原、本氏针茅草原、大针茅草原、短花针茅草原、戈壁针茅草原、硬质早熟禾草原、丛生隐子草草原、羊草草原14个群系:低湿地植被包括假苇拂子茅草甸、寸草苔草甸、巨序剪股颖草甸、芦苇沼泽、灰脉苔草沼泽、中间型荸荠沼泽、藨草沼泽、香蒲沼泽、小香蒲沼泽、眼子菜水生群落10个群系。
3.沟谷植被概念和沟谷植被特征
(1)沟谷植被概念
沟谷植被是指在沟谷干暖(阳坡)、凉湿(阴坡)、暖湿(开阔沟底)的生境中,发育于不同土壤、母质(基质)上的,明显有别于地带性植被类型的各种群落组合。所以说,沟谷植被不是一个单一的植被类型,更不是植被分类系统的某一级单位,而是由一组不同的植被类型按一定规律组合而成的植被复合系列。
(2)沟谷植被特点
①准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被普遍存在跨区域、超地带的高级稳定的植被类型。如杜松疏林、侧柏疏林、臭椿疏林、黄刺玫灌丛、沙棘灌丛、酸枣灌丛、大果榆灌丛、森林草原区的白羊草草原、荒漠草原区的短花针茅草原。这些植被类型在准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷的适宜生境中,都可以形成稳定的群落。
②准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被类型多样、受制约因子复杂。影响沟谷植被分布的生态因子有:ⅰ沟谷自身的特点,如坡度、坡向、坡长、沟宽、以及沟坡土壤类型、基质,ⅱ又受地带性气候和毗邻地质、地貌的影响,故沟谷植被类型相对复杂。
③准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被具有连续渐变的模糊特点。如茭蒿草原从陕北黄土高原可以一直分布到内蒙古准格尔南部并向北断断续续的分布到本区各个川道的上游(沟头),由于北部库布齐沙地和东胜梁地的阻挡,才没有向北进一步扩散。
本区偏南部的一些群落类型在向北扩散的过程中,还出现由梁峁向沟谷逐渐过渡,由阴阳坡分布向阳坡分布的渐变过程。
4.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被演替规律
(1)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在黄土基质上的正向演替序列为:
在阴坡上,根茎型禾草和一二年生草本为优势的先锋植物群聚阶段→丛生小禾草阶段→高大丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化的高大丛生禾草阶段;在黄土覆盖的砂页岩沟谷阴坡上,群落会进一步发展到疏林阶段。
在阳坡上,一、二年生先锋草本群聚阶段→小半灌木-小丛生禾草阶段→丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化丛生禾草阶段;在黄土覆盖的砂页岩沟谷阴坡上,沟谷群落会进一步发展到疏林草原阶段或疏林阶段。
半灌木可以出现在阴、阳坡群落演替的各个阶段,并可以成为建群种。
(2)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在裸露砒砂岩沟壁上发生的群落正向演替序列为:
稀疏灌木、半灌木阶段(也可称为裸沟坡阶段)→灌木-半灌木-多年生杂类草-根茎型禾草阶段→灌木-半灌木丛生小禾草阶段→灌丛化的半灌木-丛生禾草草原阶段。
(3)准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被在砂页岩基质上的正向演替序列为:
稀疏的半灌木群落阶段→半灌木-杂类草阶段→半灌木-丛生小禾草阶段→半灌木-丛生禾草阶段→灌丛化的半灌木-丛生禾草阶段→疏林草原阶段:在水分条件较好的地段上,还可以形成疏林阶段。
5.准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷植被的生态效应
(1)丘陵沟壑区土地表面积和生物量的增加。以黄河右岸三级支流五分地沟小流域为例,沟谷的存在使得沟谷实际面积比投影面积增加34.5%;与此相应,仅天然植被生物量就了增加32%。即使在沟谷面积仅占流域面积30.2%的五分地沟小流域,沟谷能使相应流域的土地表面积增加10.4%。
(2)沟谷植被具有关键性的水土保持作用。沟坡径流场实测表明,具有良好植被覆盖的沟坡土壤侵蚀量明显减少,在降雨强度较大的情况下(38.3mm,24h),比无植被覆盖坡面的泥沙流失量减少50倍。实验结果表明,较大降雨对有植被沟坡与无植被沟坡的土壤流失量的影响存在显著差异(＜0.05)。
(3)沟谷植被具有明显的土壤改良作用,尤其是阴坡的植被。在沟谷阴坡铁杆蒿+大针茅群落和大针茅群落中,0-10cm土层的土壤有机质含量分别达到12.44g/kg、11.43 g/kg,分别比黄土基质有机质含量高10.04 g/kg、9.03 g/kg,接近于约30年树龄的刺槐、侧柏林对土壤的改良效果。
由于沟谷具有阳坡干暖、阴坡凉湿、沟底暖湿的水热分异特点,故准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区在植被建设中应充分考虑这些特点。通常梁峁、阳坡以建植草本植被为宜;阴坡较适合建植灌丛化草原、疏林草原或疏林植被;沟底是适宜发展林业和农业的地段。
Junger loess hill-gully region is situated in the transition zone of Loess Plateau and Ordos Plateau.Its climate belongs to typical semiarid continental one and its zonal vegetation is Stipa bungeana steppe.Here,the interlaced gullies and hill ridges constitute a very special "gullies-hill ridges complex system",in which the water and heat are redistributed due to fragmented and interlaced gully landforms,finally leads to the complex and unique vegetation type,i.e.gully vegetation.
At present,researches on the characteristic,distribution and succession of gully vegetation are far less than sand vegetation and mountain vegetation.The systematic deep researches on gully vegetation are helpful to develop research field of vegetation ecology and can provide scientific basis for establishing natural regionalization scheme reasonably,which are also practically significant to vegetation construction and comprehensive management of soil and water conservation in the loess hilly-gully region.
Last ten years,although Stipa bungeana steppe mainly distributed on the hill ridges was seriously damaged because of natural and human factors,the gully natural vegetation here was not destroyed basically by human.Therefore it is an ideal loess hilly and gully region for studing gully vegetation.
The main results were as follows by four years field investigations,experimental observations and deeply study with great concentration.
1.Characteristic of the plant species in Junger loess hill-gully region
The life form spectrum,water ecotype spectrum and flora geographic composition of the plant species in Junger loess hill-gully region were all similar to the composition of mountain species in the same zone.The gully system was not only one of the enrichment centers of biodiversity in steppe region,but also a accommdated section and diffused corridor of different flora components.
1.1 Species composition
There was abundant species composition.A total of 472 vascular plant species were recorded in Junger loess hill-gully region,belonging to 245 genera and 73 families,according to the specimens collected through field investigating.The species richness was higher than that in Musu sandland and Dongsheng tableland.
1.2 Life form spectrum
The composition of life form spectrum was of high diversity.Comparing with Stipa bungeana steppe,the proportion of natural shrubs increased by 7%,and that of perennial herbs decreased by 10%despite of their absolute predominance.,The proportion of trees,woody climbers, hemi-parasitic shrubs,parasitic herbs,biennial herbs and ephemeroid plants was small(6.8%,of which trees occupied 3.2%),but their existence greatly enriched the plant life form spectrum of hilly and gully region.
1.3 Water ecotype spectrum
Being obviously different from the predominance of xerophytes in typical steppe,the plant water ecotype spectrum in Junger loess hill-gully region mainly consisted of mesophytes,the proportion of which were 29.4%higher than that of xerophytes.
1.4 Flora geographic composition
The flora geographic composition of Junger loess hill-gully region was mainly composed of 43.65%temperate zone components and 31.15%east Asian components,and the steppe components were only at the third place occupying 14.82%of total.The flora geographic composition was more similar with that of mountain in steppe region(such as Daqing mountain, Jiufeng mountain and saihanwula mountain),that is,the proportion of east Asian forest components was distinctly higher than that of steppe components.
2.Community types of the gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
There were 4 vegetation types in the gully,they are sparse forest,shrub,steppe and low wetland, including 34 formations and 134 associations.The sparse woods included 3 formations:Form. Juniperus rigida,Form.Platycladus orientalis and Form.Ailanthus altissima.The shrub contained 7 formations which were Form.Rosa xanthina,Form.Hippophae rhamnoides subsp,sinensis,Form. Ulmus macrocarpa,Form.Zizyphus jujuba var.spinosa,Form.Periploca sepium,Form.Caragana stenophylla and Form.Caragana davazamcii.14 formations were comprised in steppe involving Form.Artemisia giraldii,Form.Artemisia sacrorum,Form.Caryopteris mongholica,Form. Artemisia ordosica,Form.Lespedeza davurica,Form.Thymus serpyllum,Form.Bothriochloa ischoemum,Form.Stipa bungeana,Form.Stipa grandis,Form.Stipa breviflora,Form.Stipa gobica, Form.Poa sphondylodes,Form.Leymus chinensis and Form.Cleistogenes caespitosa.And there were 10 formations within low wetland vegetation composed of Form.Calamagrostis pseudophragmites,Form.Carex duriuscula,Form.Agrostis gigantean,Form.Phragmites australis, Form.Carex appendiculata,Form.Eleocharis intersita,Form.Scirpus triqueter,Form.Typha angustifolia,Form.Typha minima and Form.Potamogeton sp..
3.Concept and characteristic of the gully vegetation
3.1 Concept of gully vegetation
Gully vegetation is regarded as the combination of various plant communities developing on different soils and parent materials(matrix) in the gully with warm-dry(on sunny slop), cool-moist(on shady slop) and warm- humid(in open gully floor) environmental conditions,which is distinctly different from the zonal vegetation types.It can be viewed as neither a single vegetation type nor an unit in vegetation classification system,but the vegetation compound series combined by a group of different vegetation types according to certain rule.
3.2 Characteristic of the gully vegetation
①The gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region generally possessed some cross-region and super-zonal vegetation types with higher stability.For example,in the gully of Junger loess hill-gully region with suitable habitats the stable communities could be formed from Form.Juniperus rigida,Form.Platycladus orientalis,Form.Ailanthus altissima,Form.Rosa xanthina,Form.Hippophae rhamnoides subsp,sinensis,Form.Zizyphus jujuba var.spinosa,Form. Ulmus macrocarpa,Form.Bothriochlo aischoemum in forest steppe region and Form.Stipa breviflora in desert steppe region.
②The types of vegetation were various and.restrictive factors were complex in Junger loess hill-gully region.The distribution of gully vegetation was affected by many ecological factors including:i its own characteristics of gully,such as slope degree,slope aspect,slope length,gully width,soil type and matrix of gully and slope;ii zonal climate and adjacent geology and geomorphology,all of which resulted in relative complex gully vegetation types.
③The gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region had an obscure characteristic of continuous and gradual change.For instance,Artemisia giraldii steppe could distribute from Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi to the south of Junger in Inner Mongolia,and brokenly northward to upstream gully heads of various river course in this region,but didn't further expand due to the prevention of Kubuqi sandland and Donsheng tableland.
In the northward diffusion process of some community types distributed in the south of this region,the gradual transition from the hill ridges to the gully and gradual change process of distribution from the sunny slopes to the shady slopes were found.
4.Succession rule of gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
4.1 The positive succession series of gully vegetation on the loess matrix
On the shady slope,the successive phases were as follows:bunching stage of pioneer plants dominated by rhizome grasses and annual and biennial herbs—caespitose small grasses—high caespitose grasses——shrubby high caespitose grasses.On the sandshale shady slope of the gully covered with loess,the communities could develop further into sparse forest stage.
On the sunny slope,the succession series included the following phases:bunching stage of annual and biennial pioneer herbs——small half-shrub——small caespitose grasses——caespitose grasses——shrubby caespitose grasses.And on the sandshale shady slope of the gully covered with loess,the gully communities could develop further into sparse forest steppe or sparse forest stage.
Half-shrubs could not only be found in each stage of the community succession on shady and sunny slope,but also become constructive species.
4.2 The positive succession series of the communities developed on the bare soft rock gully cliff was the following:sparse shrubs and half-shrubs(or bare gully and slope)——shrubs -half-shrubs-perennial forbs-rhizome grasses——shrubs-half-shrubs and caespitose small grasses——shrubby half-shrubs-caespitose grass steppe.
4.3 The positive successive phases of the gully vegetation on the sandshale matrix were as follows: sparsehalf-shrub communities——half-shrubs-forbs——half-shrubs-caespitose small grasses——half -shrubs-caespitose grasses——shrubby half-shrubs-caespitose grasses——sparse forest steppe,and sparse forest could be further developed in some sections with better water conditions.
5.Ecological effect of the gully vegetation in Junger loess hill-gully region
5.1 The most direct effect was the increase of land area in the hill-gully region.Take small watershed Wufendi gully(a third level tributary of Yellow river situated in its right bank) for example,the existence of the gully made its actual area increase by 34.5%compared with its projection area,and therefore the biomass of natural vegetation increased by 32%(not including artificial vegetation).In the hill-gully region where the proportion of gully area was 30.2%of the whole watershed,the land surface area of the watershed could increase by 10.4%resulted from the gully.
5.2 The gully slope was the vital place for soil and water loss in Junger loess hill-gully region,so the gully vegetation distributed on the slopes played an important role for soil and water conservation.The measurement of runoff and sediment indicted that the soil erosion amount of the slopes with vegetation obviously decreased and could reduce by 50 times than non-vegetation slopes under the case of high intensive rainfall(38.3 mm,24h).The experimental results showed that there was significant difference between the effects of heavy rainfall on soil erosion amount of the slopes with and without vegetation(＜0.05).
5.3 There was distinct improvement effect of soil fertility for gully vegetation,especially for the vegetation distributed on the shady slope.For instance,the soil organic matter contents in 0-10cm soil layer in the Form.Artemisia sacrorum+Stipa grandia and Form.Stipa grandis distributed on the shady slope were 12.44g/kg and 11.43 g/kg,respectively 10.04 g/kg and 9.03 g/kg higher than those in loess matrix,just close to the soil improvement effects of about 30-yearold Robinia pseudoacacia woods and Platycladus orientalis woods.
Differentiation of moisture and temperiture in gully environment is a obvious charicterastic, i.e.dry and worm in sunny slope,wet and cool in shady slope,worm and wet in gully bottom etc..It should be fully considered the charicterastic of habitat differentiation during vegetation consruction in Junger leoss hill-gully region.For this reason,it was suggested that:①herb vegetation is suited to hill ridge and sunny slope;②shrub grassland,Steppe-woodland or sparse woods;③artificial forest and agricultural farmland.
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