项目管理中的合同治理与关系治理
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摘要
本文旨在研究建设项目管理中,业主与承包商的合同治理与关系治理,探讨合同治理和关系治理对项目管理绩效的影响,不同治理机制下项目管理的绩效差异,以及治理机制选择的影响因素。
本文对项目、项目管理和国内项目管理研究发展等作了广泛的文献回顾,从委托代理理论、交易成本理论、项目组织理论对项目治理机制的解释,梳理出项目管理中存在的问题、形成原因、治理机制及影响因素,对不同的理论观点进行了整理和述评,归纳出本研究的技术路线。据此,本文提出了11个研究假设,分别探讨合同治理和关系治理与项目管理绩效之间的关系,不同治理机制的绩效差异,各影响因素对项目治理机制选择的作用。以相关文献为基础,设计调查量表,对建设项目领域的业主、承包商、监理等开展问卷调查,回收有效问卷146份,通过统计分析,检验研究假设。同时,对石化行业的项目进行了多次实地调研,选取中国石化西南成品油管道项目作为研究案例,深度访谈、收集资料,展开比较研究,作为对问卷调查的补充验证。
研究结果表明,项目治理机制可分为四种不同的类别,合同治理与关系治理对项目管理绩效都有明显的正向影响,但合同履行的严格性与项目的最终成果则为负向影响,在不同的治理机制中,合同关系俱强型(强合同治理强关系治理)的管理绩效最好。各影响因素中,资产专用性对合同治理中的条款严密性和履行严格性、关系治理中的信息沟通和共同解决问题都有显著的正向影响;不确定性则对合同治理和关系治理都呈负向影响,表明在不确定的项目环境中,合同余地更大,履行更灵活,要达到信息共享、建立一致目标等关系指标困难较大;项目复杂性对合同治理具有显著的正向影响,与关系治理中的共同解决问题、目标一致性之间是显著的正相关关系,但会妨碍信息沟通和共享;双方合作期对合同治理和关系治理的影响都不明显。
This paper studies contractual and relational governance between project owners and contractors in project management. We focus on interaction effect between the contractual and relational governance and the performance of project management, the difference of the performance with different governance mechanisms, and factors influencing on the dyads’choices.
The researcher reviewed as many as literatures on project, project management and development of domestic project management study. Base on principal-agency theory, transaction cost economics (TCE) and project organization theories, the researcher carried out the problems, reasons, governance mechanisms and factors in the project management and made some comments about the different main streams in this field. Then, the researcher put forward his research design. Eleven hypotheses were proposed based on the literature review. These hypotheses respectively demonstrate the relation between project management performance and governance, difference of the performance in different governance mechanisms, and the impacts of various factors on project governance choice. The researcher designed the questionnaires based on the prior studies and did a survey in the owners, contractors and supervisors in the construction project industry. Finally, the researcher got 146 valid responses and tested the hypotheses by statistical analysis. Furthermore, a case was studied to provide supplementary evidence to the empirical analysis.
The study finds out that the project governance could be divided to four categories, both contractual governance and relational governance significantly impact the project performance, and the performance of the project is the best when the contractual and relational governance are strong. However, the study also shows that strict implementation would impact negatively the performance. Among various factors, asset specificity positively impacts on the strictness of contractual clause and implementation, and relational information communication, and the proneness of fixing the problems together. Uncertainty impacts negatively contractual and relational governance. The more space in the contract and flexible the contract is, the more difficult to share all information and set up a accordant goal. Complexity of project positively impacts on contractual governance, positively impacts on the fixing the problems together and the setting up the accordant goal in the relational governance, but negatively impacts the information communication and sharing. The period of cooperation has no significant effect on the contractual and relational governance.
本文对项目、项目管理和国内项目管理研究发展等作了广泛的文献回顾,从委托代理理论、交易成本理论、项目组织理论对项目治理机制的解释,梳理出项目管理中存在的问题、形成原因、治理机制及影响因素,对不同的理论观点进行了整理和述评,归纳出本研究的技术路线。据此,本文提出了11个研究假设,分别探讨合同治理和关系治理与项目管理绩效之间的关系,不同治理机制的绩效差异,各影响因素对项目治理机制选择的作用。以相关文献为基础,设计调查量表,对建设项目领域的业主、承包商、监理等开展问卷调查,回收有效问卷146份,通过统计分析,检验研究假设。同时,对石化行业的项目进行了多次实地调研,选取中国石化西南成品油管道项目作为研究案例,深度访谈、收集资料,展开比较研究,作为对问卷调查的补充验证。
研究结果表明,项目治理机制可分为四种不同的类别,合同治理与关系治理对项目管理绩效都有明显的正向影响,但合同履行的严格性与项目的最终成果则为负向影响,在不同的治理机制中,合同关系俱强型(强合同治理强关系治理)的管理绩效最好。各影响因素中,资产专用性对合同治理中的条款严密性和履行严格性、关系治理中的信息沟通和共同解决问题都有显著的正向影响;不确定性则对合同治理和关系治理都呈负向影响,表明在不确定的项目环境中,合同余地更大,履行更灵活,要达到信息共享、建立一致目标等关系指标困难较大;项目复杂性对合同治理具有显著的正向影响,与关系治理中的共同解决问题、目标一致性之间是显著的正相关关系,但会妨碍信息沟通和共享;双方合作期对合同治理和关系治理的影响都不明显。
This paper studies contractual and relational governance between project owners and contractors in project management. We focus on interaction effect between the contractual and relational governance and the performance of project management, the difference of the performance with different governance mechanisms, and factors influencing on the dyads’choices.
The researcher reviewed as many as literatures on project, project management and development of domestic project management study. Base on principal-agency theory, transaction cost economics (TCE) and project organization theories, the researcher carried out the problems, reasons, governance mechanisms and factors in the project management and made some comments about the different main streams in this field. Then, the researcher put forward his research design. Eleven hypotheses were proposed based on the literature review. These hypotheses respectively demonstrate the relation between project management performance and governance, difference of the performance in different governance mechanisms, and the impacts of various factors on project governance choice. The researcher designed the questionnaires based on the prior studies and did a survey in the owners, contractors and supervisors in the construction project industry. Finally, the researcher got 146 valid responses and tested the hypotheses by statistical analysis. Furthermore, a case was studied to provide supplementary evidence to the empirical analysis.
The study finds out that the project governance could be divided to four categories, both contractual governance and relational governance significantly impact the project performance, and the performance of the project is the best when the contractual and relational governance are strong. However, the study also shows that strict implementation would impact negatively the performance. Among various factors, asset specificity positively impacts on the strictness of contractual clause and implementation, and relational information communication, and the proneness of fixing the problems together. Uncertainty impacts negatively contractual and relational governance. The more space in the contract and flexible the contract is, the more difficult to share all information and set up a accordant goal. Complexity of project positively impacts on contractual governance, positively impacts on the fixing the problems together and the setting up the accordant goal in the relational governance, but negatively impacts the information communication and sharing. The period of cooperation has no significant effect on the contractual and relational governance.
引文
1资料来源:根据中国新闻周刊,陈晓文和王绘华所采写报道整理,2007年09月04日。
3参考:刘家明等编著.《项目管理承包――PMC理论与实践》.人民邮电出版社,2005年。
10中国建设监理协会.建设工程合同管理.知识产权出版社,2003年1月第1版。
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