超积累植物筛选及污染土壤植物修复过程研究
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摘要
超积累植物是植物提取修复的核心,同时也是污染环境修复领域研究的热点与前沿。针对目前已发现的超积累植物数量与对重金属提取种类较少的现状,并根据修复实践的需求,本研究确立了以超积累植物的筛选为主要研究内容并就一些强化措施进行了初步探索,同时根据已报道的植物修复研究的阶段性成果,对污染土壤植物修复的基本概念、原理、方式、强化机制等相关的修复过程进行了系统总结,结果如下:
(1)超积累植物应同时具有四个基本特征,即临界含量特征、转移特征、耐性特征和富集系数特征。
(2)龙葵和球果蔊菜是Cd超积累植物,在Cd投加浓度为25mg/kg条件下,其茎和叶中Cd含量分别为103.80mg/kg和124.57mg/kg及107.70mg/kg和150.10mg/kg。植物体内积累的Cd主要分布在茎和叶中。这2种植物不具有同时超积累Pb、Cu或Zn的能力。
(3)施加鸡粪后植物对Cd的提取率提高了35.7%～97.0%;采用开花期收获超积累植物的复种方式,植物提取率可以提高到1.43倍和1.75倍。
(4)以杂草为筛选对象,将成为筛选超积累植物的一个突破口。
(5)盆栽筛选试验具有可操作性强、易于实施等优点,是筛选超积累植物值得尝试的一种方法。
(6)现发现的超积累植物几乎均来源于污染区,本研究表明,未污染区也可能存在超积累植物。
(7)栽培措施对植物修复效果有较大影响,与现代农业高新技术相结合是植物修复技术成功应用于修复实践的一条捷径。
To screen out a series of ideal hyperaccumulators that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale, which is also front field of contaminated environment remediation. In view of that the amount of discovered hyperaccumulators and their hyperaccumulated the types of heavy metals are short at present, the identification of hyperaccumulators and some strengthen measures were carried by using pot-culture, block method and sample-analyze experiment, and the basic conception, theory, manner and relevant enhancement mechanism of phytoremediation were systematically summarized based on published documents, the results as below:
(1) The characteristics that critical concentration, translation, tolerance and accumulation coefficient are indispensable properties of hyperaccumulators.
(2) Solanum nigrum L. and Rorippa globoga(Turcz.) Thell. are Cd hyperaccumulators, and the concentrations of Cd accumulated in stems and leaves were 103.80mg/kg,124.57mg/kg and 107.70mg/kg,150.10mg/kg respectively on the condition of 25mg/kg Cd was added. Cd is mainly distributed in stems and leaves of the plants, but they could not hyperaccumulate Pb, Cu or Zn simultaneously.
(3) The remediation efficiency of phytoextraction could be enhanced 35.7%～97.0% and 43.0%～75.0% through added chicken manure to soil and the multiple cropping that transplant hyperaccumulators after them be cropped at their flowering stage.
(4) It will make a great breakthrough in the identification of hyperaccumulators based on weed species.
(5) The field pot-culture experiment should be a new tentative method to screen out hyperaccumulative species in view of its obvious advantages such as simple operation, low cost and so on.
(6) It is possible that hyperaccumulators would be found in an unpolluted area though documented hyperaccumulators discovered in contaminated sites.
(7) It was suggested that the adoption of modernization agriculture technology will be a short cut to the commercial apply of phytoremediation to heavy metals.
(1)超积累植物应同时具有四个基本特征,即临界含量特征、转移特征、耐性特征和富集系数特征。
(2)龙葵和球果蔊菜是Cd超积累植物,在Cd投加浓度为25mg/kg条件下,其茎和叶中Cd含量分别为103.80mg/kg和124.57mg/kg及107.70mg/kg和150.10mg/kg。植物体内积累的Cd主要分布在茎和叶中。这2种植物不具有同时超积累Pb、Cu或Zn的能力。
(3)施加鸡粪后植物对Cd的提取率提高了35.7%～97.0%;采用开花期收获超积累植物的复种方式,植物提取率可以提高到1.43倍和1.75倍。
(4)以杂草为筛选对象,将成为筛选超积累植物的一个突破口。
(5)盆栽筛选试验具有可操作性强、易于实施等优点,是筛选超积累植物值得尝试的一种方法。
(6)现发现的超积累植物几乎均来源于污染区,本研究表明,未污染区也可能存在超积累植物。
(7)栽培措施对植物修复效果有较大影响,与现代农业高新技术相结合是植物修复技术成功应用于修复实践的一条捷径。
To screen out a series of ideal hyperaccumulators that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale, which is also front field of contaminated environment remediation. In view of that the amount of discovered hyperaccumulators and their hyperaccumulated the types of heavy metals are short at present, the identification of hyperaccumulators and some strengthen measures were carried by using pot-culture, block method and sample-analyze experiment, and the basic conception, theory, manner and relevant enhancement mechanism of phytoremediation were systematically summarized based on published documents, the results as below:
(1) The characteristics that critical concentration, translation, tolerance and accumulation coefficient are indispensable properties of hyperaccumulators.
(2) Solanum nigrum L. and Rorippa globoga(Turcz.) Thell. are Cd hyperaccumulators, and the concentrations of Cd accumulated in stems and leaves were 103.80mg/kg,124.57mg/kg and 107.70mg/kg,150.10mg/kg respectively on the condition of 25mg/kg Cd was added. Cd is mainly distributed in stems and leaves of the plants, but they could not hyperaccumulate Pb, Cu or Zn simultaneously.
(3) The remediation efficiency of phytoextraction could be enhanced 35.7%～97.0% and 43.0%～75.0% through added chicken manure to soil and the multiple cropping that transplant hyperaccumulators after them be cropped at their flowering stage.
(4) It will make a great breakthrough in the identification of hyperaccumulators based on weed species.
(5) The field pot-culture experiment should be a new tentative method to screen out hyperaccumulative species in view of its obvious advantages such as simple operation, low cost and so on.
(6) It is possible that hyperaccumulators would be found in an unpolluted area though documented hyperaccumulators discovered in contaminated sites.
(7) It was suggested that the adoption of modernization agriculture technology will be a short cut to the commercial apply of phytoremediation to heavy metals.
引文
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