城市旅游业竞争力评价研究
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摘要
随着我国经济、社会的持续快速发展,特别是2010年以来,旅游业已经成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分和战略性支柱产业。目前,我国形成了以城市为中心的全国性旅游接待服务体系,城市旅游正逐渐成为当代旅游活动的主体。与此同时,城市旅游业之间的竞争也不断加剧,如何科学评价并提升城市旅游业竞争力已经成为了实践中亟待解决的一个重要问题。虽然学术界围绕旅游业竞争力进行了一定的研究,但这些研究主要是从钻石理论模型出发,在对竞争力影响因素进行分析的基础上构建评价指标体系,缺乏对城市旅游业竞争力构成因素的全面、深入分析,忽视对城市旅游业竞争力软性构成要素的考虑,且对构建的评价指标体系缺乏验证,在指标权重确定方面主要是采用主观赋权法,客观性不足,同时也缺乏对城市旅游业竞争力的动态评价。理论研究存在的上述不足,使得城市旅游业竞争力评价尚存在广泛的争议,加强对这一问题的研究具有较强的理论价值。
本文以城市旅游业为研究对象,针对以往研究存在的不足,运用质性研究的重要方法扎根理论对城市旅游业竞争力的构成要素进行了全面、系统、深入的分析,构建了城市旅游业竞争力的“弓弦箭”理论分析框架,在此基础上进行了评价指标筛选,并运用重要度问卷调查对评价体系进行了验证,最终确定了量化评价指标体系；最后应用熵权法这一客观赋权法和多目标决策TOPSIS法相结合的办法,对纳入我国假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力进行了动态评价,并提出了相应的竞争力提升对策。
论文主要包括六大部分,八个章节。六大部分分别是问题提出、理论综述、量化指标体系构建、综合评价、提升对策研究以及结论和讨论。问题提出主要包括第一章,介绍了本文的研究背景、研究意义、研究目的,阐述了论文的研究思路、研究方法,对论文的研究创新进行了描述；理论分析主要包括第二章和第三章,对开展研究所需的理论基础进行了阐述,梳理了相关研究进展和城市旅游的发展特征以及城市旅游业竞争力的特征；量化指标体系构建,主要包括第四章和第五章,完成了城市旅游业竞争力构成因素的分析和量化指标体系构建；综合评价主要包括第六章,运用熵权法和TOPSIS法结合,对15个重点城市2008年到2010年的竞争力的构成要素及总体情况进行了评价；提升对策研究。主要包括第七章；结论与讨论,主要包括第八章,本文的主要研究结论进行了梳理,并对后续研究进行了展望。
本文得出的主要结论如下：
(1)城市旅游业已经越来越融入城市现有的经济发展和分工,城市旅游业的发展分布具有明显的分散化趋势。城市产品也正由以自然风光、历史遗迹、文化传统为主向会展、商务等专项旅游产品进行转变。
(2)运用扎根理论对城市旅游业竞争力的构成要素进行了分析,发现城市旅游业竞争力由硬性因素、软性因素和表现能力三部分构成,硬性因素主要包括生产要素、综合实力等要素,软性因素包括经济吸引度、政府管理、文化影响力等要素,表现能力主要包括经济效益、需求状况等要素。硬性因素、软性因素和表现能力三种构成要素之间的关系为相乘关系。
(3)运用熵权法对城市旅游业竞争力构成要素的权重进行分析发现,目前,硬性因素对城市旅游竞争力的影响程度最大,排在第一位。硬性因素组成部分中生产要素和综合实力对于城市旅游业竞争力的影响由高到低。在软性因素的指标中,文化影响力、政府管理、经济市场化和经济吸引度对城市旅游业竞争力的影响程度由高到低,这表明,文化影响力和政府管理在促进城市旅游发展中起重要的作用。
(4)对纳入我国假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力进行评价,发现15个城市的旅游业竞争力排名较为稳定,并可以划分为四个档次：其中,广州、杭州、南京属于竞争力强市；武汉、沈阳、成都、长沙四个城市属于竞争力较强市；哈尔滨、西安、长春三个城市属于竞争力一般城市；昆明、南昌、贵阳、海口和银川属于旅游竞争力偏弱城市。
与以往研究相比,本文借鉴弓弦理论体系,运用扎根理论全面分析了城市旅游竞争力的构成要素,通过重要度问卷调查对评价体系的信度、效度进行了验证,运用客观赋权的熵权TOPSIS法对纳入国家假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力现状进行了评价和分层,并以每个档次的代表性城市为例对城市旅游业竞争力提升对策进行了研究,在研究视角、内容及方法等方面进行了一定的创新,具有一定的理论价值和现实意义。
China has experienced a rapid economic and social growth, and tourism now has become one of the key components and strategic pillar industries in the national economy exactly after2010. Currently, a city-based nationwide tourism reception and service network has taken shape in China, with city tourism gradually occupying the predominant position. With tourism showing its increasing role as an active contributor to urban development, tourism competition among cities has intensified. How to best evaluate and enhance the tourism competitiveness now becomes a significant challenge. Although there are some researches on tourism competitiveness, these studies are mainly about evaluation index system which is based on factor analysis from the perspective of the diamond theory model. Therefore, current studies lack in-depth analysis on the components of city tourism competitiveness, soft elements in city tourism competitiveness, verification. Also, the index weight determination is mainly by subjective weighting method which lack objectivity and dynamic evaluation on city tourism competitiveness. The lack of theoretical research in this field make the city tourism competitiveness evaluation widely disputed in the theoretical level, and has restricted the research on city tourism competitiveness.
Taking city tourism as the research target, this paper first analyzes the relevant theories and research progress on tourism competiveness through literature review, so as to find the theoretical basis for this research. Secondly, it presents a qualitative analysis to describe its basic concept, development process and characteristics. Also, factors constituting this competiveness are introduced systematically, which forms the realistic basis for the evaluation system. Furthermore, this paper proposes the theoretical analysis framework for competitiveness, covering three aspects:hard factors, soft factors and performance. Thorough indicator selection, the city tourism evaluation system is established with consideration of all factors. Lastly, by applying the entropy method and TOPSIS method, an evaluation is undertaken regarding the tourism competitiveness of15major provincial cities under the National Holiday Statistics Forecast System.
The paper consists of six parts, eight chapters.The first part is taking out the question, including the first chapter. The first chapter is the introduction, describing the background and significance,of research, elaborating the mentality and methods of this paper.The second part is the theoretical analysis, mainly relates to the second chapter and the third chapter. The second chapter describs the theoretical basis for research, reviews the research progress of city tourism competitiveness.It lais the theoretical foundation for the study. The third chapter reviews the characteristics of city tourism development characteristics and city tourism competitiveness.The third part is the construction of the evaluation system, including the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter.The fourth part is a comprehensive evaluation, including the sixth chapter. The sixth chapter uses entropy method and TOPSIS method to evalute the elements and the overall competitiveness situation of the15key city in2008to2010.The fifth part is the case study. The seventh chapter mainly include. The sixth part is the conclusion and suggestions, including the eighth chapter. The conclusion of the eighth chapter of this study carried out, for further study next is prospected.
Major conclusions are as follows:
(1) City tourism has been increasingly integrated to the current urban economic development and divisions. It has become a crucial direction for the urban industry upgrading and transformation, and shown the tendency of decentralization. Tourism products have gradually changed from natural sceneries, historical relics, cultural heritage and featured buildings to specialized tourism, including agricultural tourism, industrial tourism, convention and exhibition as well as business products.
(2) The competitiveness evaluation system is constituted by three parts:hard factors, soft factors and performance. A verification of three parts shows the competitiveness is not simply the combination of these three. Rather, the impact of soft factors on hard ones will result in a multiplier effect. Performance alone is an indispensable factor, directly affecting the level of competitiveness. The correlation among three factors is of multiplying rather than the weighting relations. Verification shows on the city tourism competitiveness factors, hard and soft factors and performance of three kinds of elements of the relationship, is not the simple addition of tourism competitiveness of various factors, especially the soft factors can have a multiplier effect on hard factor, and the performance is an indispensable elements of industrial competitiveness, its performance directly affects the overall industrial competitiveness the size, the relationship between three elements for multiplication relationship, rather than a weighted relationship.
(3) Hard factors include production factors, overall capacity, demand condition, etc. Soft factors include the attractiveness of economy, government management, cultural influence, etc. Performance mainly includes economic benefit. According to further analysis, hard factors have the largest impact on tourism competitiveness, ranking top among three factors. This implies the city tourism in China is still in the investment-oriented stage. Also the analysis shows that demand condition, production factors and overall capacity have a gradual decreasing impact on the hard factors. Thus demand condition is concluded to have key influence on the competitiveness. Four indicators of soft factors are ranking as follows in significance:culture influence, government management, economic marketization and attractiveness of economy. As a result, culture influence has the predominant impact, followed by government management as soft factors on the tourism competitiveness.
(4) An evaluation on the tourism competitiveness of15provincial cities under the National Holiday Statistics Forecast System has discovered that these cities have steady competitive rankings, which can be categorized in four types. Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing are rated as "strong", Wuhan, Shenyang, Chengdu and Changsha are "good", while Harbin, Xi'an, Changchun are "ordinary", and Kunming, Nanchang, Guiyang, Haikou and Yinchuan are "weak".
Starting from the theory and practice, this paper uses the grounded theory to analysis the components of city tourism competitiveness. On this basis, through screening index, it constructs a "bowstring arrow "comprehensive evaluation index system of the city tourism competitiveness, and then uses the method of entropy and TOPSIS to evaluate the current situation of city tourism competitiveness in China. The paper also takes the representative city of each class as an example to suty the countermeasures to enhance the city tourism industry.lt has wide applicability to a certain degree.
本文以城市旅游业为研究对象,针对以往研究存在的不足,运用质性研究的重要方法扎根理论对城市旅游业竞争力的构成要素进行了全面、系统、深入的分析,构建了城市旅游业竞争力的“弓弦箭”理论分析框架,在此基础上进行了评价指标筛选,并运用重要度问卷调查对评价体系进行了验证,最终确定了量化评价指标体系；最后应用熵权法这一客观赋权法和多目标决策TOPSIS法相结合的办法,对纳入我国假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力进行了动态评价,并提出了相应的竞争力提升对策。
论文主要包括六大部分,八个章节。六大部分分别是问题提出、理论综述、量化指标体系构建、综合评价、提升对策研究以及结论和讨论。问题提出主要包括第一章,介绍了本文的研究背景、研究意义、研究目的,阐述了论文的研究思路、研究方法,对论文的研究创新进行了描述；理论分析主要包括第二章和第三章,对开展研究所需的理论基础进行了阐述,梳理了相关研究进展和城市旅游的发展特征以及城市旅游业竞争力的特征；量化指标体系构建,主要包括第四章和第五章,完成了城市旅游业竞争力构成因素的分析和量化指标体系构建；综合评价主要包括第六章,运用熵权法和TOPSIS法结合,对15个重点城市2008年到2010年的竞争力的构成要素及总体情况进行了评价；提升对策研究。主要包括第七章；结论与讨论,主要包括第八章,本文的主要研究结论进行了梳理,并对后续研究进行了展望。
本文得出的主要结论如下：
(1)城市旅游业已经越来越融入城市现有的经济发展和分工,城市旅游业的发展分布具有明显的分散化趋势。城市产品也正由以自然风光、历史遗迹、文化传统为主向会展、商务等专项旅游产品进行转变。
(2)运用扎根理论对城市旅游业竞争力的构成要素进行了分析,发现城市旅游业竞争力由硬性因素、软性因素和表现能力三部分构成,硬性因素主要包括生产要素、综合实力等要素,软性因素包括经济吸引度、政府管理、文化影响力等要素,表现能力主要包括经济效益、需求状况等要素。硬性因素、软性因素和表现能力三种构成要素之间的关系为相乘关系。
(3)运用熵权法对城市旅游业竞争力构成要素的权重进行分析发现,目前,硬性因素对城市旅游竞争力的影响程度最大,排在第一位。硬性因素组成部分中生产要素和综合实力对于城市旅游业竞争力的影响由高到低。在软性因素的指标中,文化影响力、政府管理、经济市场化和经济吸引度对城市旅游业竞争力的影响程度由高到低,这表明,文化影响力和政府管理在促进城市旅游发展中起重要的作用。
(4)对纳入我国假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力进行评价,发现15个城市的旅游业竞争力排名较为稳定,并可以划分为四个档次：其中,广州、杭州、南京属于竞争力强市；武汉、沈阳、成都、长沙四个城市属于竞争力较强市；哈尔滨、西安、长春三个城市属于竞争力一般城市；昆明、南昌、贵阳、海口和银川属于旅游竞争力偏弱城市。
与以往研究相比,本文借鉴弓弦理论体系,运用扎根理论全面分析了城市旅游竞争力的构成要素,通过重要度问卷调查对评价体系的信度、效度进行了验证,运用客观赋权的熵权TOPSIS法对纳入国家假日统计预报体系的15个省会城市的旅游业竞争力现状进行了评价和分层,并以每个档次的代表性城市为例对城市旅游业竞争力提升对策进行了研究,在研究视角、内容及方法等方面进行了一定的创新,具有一定的理论价值和现实意义。
China has experienced a rapid economic and social growth, and tourism now has become one of the key components and strategic pillar industries in the national economy exactly after2010. Currently, a city-based nationwide tourism reception and service network has taken shape in China, with city tourism gradually occupying the predominant position. With tourism showing its increasing role as an active contributor to urban development, tourism competition among cities has intensified. How to best evaluate and enhance the tourism competitiveness now becomes a significant challenge. Although there are some researches on tourism competitiveness, these studies are mainly about evaluation index system which is based on factor analysis from the perspective of the diamond theory model. Therefore, current studies lack in-depth analysis on the components of city tourism competitiveness, soft elements in city tourism competitiveness, verification. Also, the index weight determination is mainly by subjective weighting method which lack objectivity and dynamic evaluation on city tourism competitiveness. The lack of theoretical research in this field make the city tourism competitiveness evaluation widely disputed in the theoretical level, and has restricted the research on city tourism competitiveness.
Taking city tourism as the research target, this paper first analyzes the relevant theories and research progress on tourism competiveness through literature review, so as to find the theoretical basis for this research. Secondly, it presents a qualitative analysis to describe its basic concept, development process and characteristics. Also, factors constituting this competiveness are introduced systematically, which forms the realistic basis for the evaluation system. Furthermore, this paper proposes the theoretical analysis framework for competitiveness, covering three aspects:hard factors, soft factors and performance. Thorough indicator selection, the city tourism evaluation system is established with consideration of all factors. Lastly, by applying the entropy method and TOPSIS method, an evaluation is undertaken regarding the tourism competitiveness of15major provincial cities under the National Holiday Statistics Forecast System.
The paper consists of six parts, eight chapters.The first part is taking out the question, including the first chapter. The first chapter is the introduction, describing the background and significance,of research, elaborating the mentality and methods of this paper.The second part is the theoretical analysis, mainly relates to the second chapter and the third chapter. The second chapter describs the theoretical basis for research, reviews the research progress of city tourism competitiveness.It lais the theoretical foundation for the study. The third chapter reviews the characteristics of city tourism development characteristics and city tourism competitiveness.The third part is the construction of the evaluation system, including the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter.The fourth part is a comprehensive evaluation, including the sixth chapter. The sixth chapter uses entropy method and TOPSIS method to evalute the elements and the overall competitiveness situation of the15key city in2008to2010.The fifth part is the case study. The seventh chapter mainly include. The sixth part is the conclusion and suggestions, including the eighth chapter. The conclusion of the eighth chapter of this study carried out, for further study next is prospected.
Major conclusions are as follows:
(1) City tourism has been increasingly integrated to the current urban economic development and divisions. It has become a crucial direction for the urban industry upgrading and transformation, and shown the tendency of decentralization. Tourism products have gradually changed from natural sceneries, historical relics, cultural heritage and featured buildings to specialized tourism, including agricultural tourism, industrial tourism, convention and exhibition as well as business products.
(2) The competitiveness evaluation system is constituted by three parts:hard factors, soft factors and performance. A verification of three parts shows the competitiveness is not simply the combination of these three. Rather, the impact of soft factors on hard ones will result in a multiplier effect. Performance alone is an indispensable factor, directly affecting the level of competitiveness. The correlation among three factors is of multiplying rather than the weighting relations. Verification shows on the city tourism competitiveness factors, hard and soft factors and performance of three kinds of elements of the relationship, is not the simple addition of tourism competitiveness of various factors, especially the soft factors can have a multiplier effect on hard factor, and the performance is an indispensable elements of industrial competitiveness, its performance directly affects the overall industrial competitiveness the size, the relationship between three elements for multiplication relationship, rather than a weighted relationship.
(3) Hard factors include production factors, overall capacity, demand condition, etc. Soft factors include the attractiveness of economy, government management, cultural influence, etc. Performance mainly includes economic benefit. According to further analysis, hard factors have the largest impact on tourism competitiveness, ranking top among three factors. This implies the city tourism in China is still in the investment-oriented stage. Also the analysis shows that demand condition, production factors and overall capacity have a gradual decreasing impact on the hard factors. Thus demand condition is concluded to have key influence on the competitiveness. Four indicators of soft factors are ranking as follows in significance:culture influence, government management, economic marketization and attractiveness of economy. As a result, culture influence has the predominant impact, followed by government management as soft factors on the tourism competitiveness.
(4) An evaluation on the tourism competitiveness of15provincial cities under the National Holiday Statistics Forecast System has discovered that these cities have steady competitive rankings, which can be categorized in four types. Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing are rated as "strong", Wuhan, Shenyang, Chengdu and Changsha are "good", while Harbin, Xi'an, Changchun are "ordinary", and Kunming, Nanchang, Guiyang, Haikou and Yinchuan are "weak".
Starting from the theory and practice, this paper uses the grounded theory to analysis the components of city tourism competitiveness. On this basis, through screening index, it constructs a "bowstring arrow "comprehensive evaluation index system of the city tourism competitiveness, and then uses the method of entropy and TOPSIS to evaluate the current situation of city tourism competitiveness in China. The paper also takes the representative city of each class as an example to suty the countermeasures to enhance the city tourism industry.lt has wide applicability to a certain degree.
引文
① 资料来源http://news.xinhua08.com/a/20120814/1003999.shtml。社科院：2011年中国城镇人口达到6.91亿,检索日期：2012-8-12
② 资料来源：邵琪伟.把旅游业培育成为国民经济重要产业.中国旅游报,2008-3-14第一版
③ 资料来源：国家统计局.《2012年中国统计年鉴》
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