都市农业发展现状与潜力研究
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摘要
都市农业（Urban Farming/Urban Agriculture）是存在于城市内部或靠近城市地区，以为居民提供优质、安全的农产品和优美和谐的生态环境为目地的区域性或局部性的农业种植。都市农业按照农业规模可以分为农园型、插花型、以及垂直种植三种类型，功能包括生产、生态平衡、城市景观、社会经济、文化教育、以及休闲娱乐等等。对于我国来说，都市农业的发展能够融入我国小规模农业和双轨经济制度的社会背景，帮助我国保障粮食安全、节约耕地、缓解社会矛盾。
本文主要内容包括：（1）总体研究：第一、归纳总结“都市农业”的研究过程，理清基本概念和研究线索，按照时间顺序将都市农业研究划分为：十八至二十世纪初期；二十世纪初至二十世纪中期；二十世纪五、六十年代；二十世纪七十年代、以及二十世纪八十年代至今，共计五个发展阶段，总结各个阶段的历史背景和研究特点。第二、按照都市农业的主要应用目的，将其在世界各国的实践发展划分为：应用都市农业缓解政治经济危机、补充耕地、应对食品短缺、以及创造生态效益四种类型，进行分类探讨。（2）提出问题：通过前文都市农业的总体研究，总结阻碍都市农业在现存城市中发展的主要问题，包括劳动力、土地、灌溉用水来源及可获取性问题，污染处理问题，以及发展策略欠缺问题等等。（3）分析并解决问题：从三个方面对都市农业发展的现存问题进行验证、分析和解决。第一，从应用技术及发展策略两方面为都市农业在既有城市中的发展提供解决办法。其中应用技术研究包括城市生态循环系统、土壤处理、水处理、废物处理等生态技术；发展策略包括发展政策制定及执行办法、促进及规范策略。第二，对代表性案例的实地调查研究：即以美国纽约市为例，调查都市农业在城市中的作用及发展潜力。调查中实地走访了纽约近1000个都市农园，取得纽约市现存农园的位置、规模、产量、以及发展模式等第一手资料并进行统计分析。同时根据官方文件，总结纽约市都市农业发展的政治经济现状及未来发展潜力，深入调查纽约市区城市空地、教育用地、政府公共用地、地面停车用地、道路绿化用地、私人公共用地、私人房前屋后庭院用地、以及屋顶用地等一切闲置土地作为都市农业发展空间的可行性，分析纽约市的都市农业劳动力及灌溉用水来源，探讨现存城市政策，最终提出促进都市农业在纽约市发展的具体建议。第三，通过对都市农业先进案例的分析探讨，提出都市农业未来发展的前景展望：对发达国家在城市设计、居住区规划、以及建筑设计中的应用实例及概念性方案进行分类研究，在证实问题存在的同时，直观的展现未来都市农业的发展趋势。提出都市农业未来发展的前提条件、所需的支持、以及具体发展策略，并对全文观点进行总结。
Urban agriculture is defined as a kind of local agricultural cultivation, located inurban and peri-urban areas. It provides high quality, safe agricultural products and jobopportunities, gives new concept to urban landscape, and offers a new way to protect theenvironment. Urban agriculture can be divided into three types by size: urban farmland,small-scale urban farming, and vertical farming. The development of rban agriculture couldfit perfectly into China‘s reality. With the growing population, cropland loss and changingdiet, China is losing the capacity to feed itself and heading towards bringing the whole worldan inevitable food disaster. In order to ensure domestic food security, China should releaseland productivity in the city. With the country‘s current political policy, two-track economicsystem, and small-scall agriculture tradition, urban agriculture is a perfect way to save Chinafrom the coming crisis.
This dissertation is the first research of urban agriculture potential in urban renovation,the main contents include:(1) Overall research: summarize the research and development ofurban agriculture, clarifying the basic concepts. According to the research timeline anddevelopment characteristics, urban agriculture research and development process could bedivided into five stages, every stage has its own background, characteristics, and influencialtheorie.(2) Development Difficulties: Conclude the difficulties of urban agriculture inexisting cities, including source of labor, irrigation water, and arable land; technicaldifficulties; and lack of strategies.(3) Difficulties Analysis and solutions: firstly, put forwardthe technology and Strategy solutions. Explore the problems and solutions of urbanagriculture development in existing cities, including urban soil pollution possibilities andremediation approaches, the collection and processing of agricultural irrigation watertechnology; and then, proposes the general approaches of promoting urban agriculturedevelopment in urban renovation, including the prerequisite for the development of urbanagriculture, the required support policy (management and urban planning polies) for thedevelopment of urban agriculture in existing cities, the implementation of the policy,economic incentives, and the use of current technologies. Secondly, use case study to analyzethe difficulties in real world. Take New York City as an example, investigate the role anddevelopment potential of urban agriculture in existing cities. In the cooperation withColumbia University, we accomplished the field survey of nearly1,000city farms in New York, obtained first-hand information of the locations and production of existing farms inNew York City. Based on official documents, this dissertation summarizes the current statusof political and economical development of urban agriculture in New York City. Through theinvestigation of the New York metropolitan area, which includes all the open space,education land, government's public land, surface parking places, green space, private-publiclands, the private courtyard lands, as well as the roof space, ultimately put forward concreteproposals to promote the development of urban agriculture in New York and the potential forthe future development. Thirdly, discusses the last two decades of urban agriculturedevelopment in the field of urban design, residential areas, and architecture, to explore thedevelopment trend of urban agriculture and give conclusions of this dissertation.
本文主要内容包括：（1）总体研究：第一、归纳总结“都市农业”的研究过程，理清基本概念和研究线索，按照时间顺序将都市农业研究划分为：十八至二十世纪初期；二十世纪初至二十世纪中期；二十世纪五、六十年代；二十世纪七十年代、以及二十世纪八十年代至今，共计五个发展阶段，总结各个阶段的历史背景和研究特点。第二、按照都市农业的主要应用目的，将其在世界各国的实践发展划分为：应用都市农业缓解政治经济危机、补充耕地、应对食品短缺、以及创造生态效益四种类型，进行分类探讨。（2）提出问题：通过前文都市农业的总体研究，总结阻碍都市农业在现存城市中发展的主要问题，包括劳动力、土地、灌溉用水来源及可获取性问题，污染处理问题，以及发展策略欠缺问题等等。（3）分析并解决问题：从三个方面对都市农业发展的现存问题进行验证、分析和解决。第一，从应用技术及发展策略两方面为都市农业在既有城市中的发展提供解决办法。其中应用技术研究包括城市生态循环系统、土壤处理、水处理、废物处理等生态技术；发展策略包括发展政策制定及执行办法、促进及规范策略。第二，对代表性案例的实地调查研究：即以美国纽约市为例，调查都市农业在城市中的作用及发展潜力。调查中实地走访了纽约近1000个都市农园，取得纽约市现存农园的位置、规模、产量、以及发展模式等第一手资料并进行统计分析。同时根据官方文件，总结纽约市都市农业发展的政治经济现状及未来发展潜力，深入调查纽约市区城市空地、教育用地、政府公共用地、地面停车用地、道路绿化用地、私人公共用地、私人房前屋后庭院用地、以及屋顶用地等一切闲置土地作为都市农业发展空间的可行性，分析纽约市的都市农业劳动力及灌溉用水来源，探讨现存城市政策，最终提出促进都市农业在纽约市发展的具体建议。第三，通过对都市农业先进案例的分析探讨，提出都市农业未来发展的前景展望：对发达国家在城市设计、居住区规划、以及建筑设计中的应用实例及概念性方案进行分类研究，在证实问题存在的同时，直观的展现未来都市农业的发展趋势。提出都市农业未来发展的前提条件、所需的支持、以及具体发展策略，并对全文观点进行总结。
Urban agriculture is defined as a kind of local agricultural cultivation, located inurban and peri-urban areas. It provides high quality, safe agricultural products and jobopportunities, gives new concept to urban landscape, and offers a new way to protect theenvironment. Urban agriculture can be divided into three types by size: urban farmland,small-scale urban farming, and vertical farming. The development of rban agriculture couldfit perfectly into China‘s reality. With the growing population, cropland loss and changingdiet, China is losing the capacity to feed itself and heading towards bringing the whole worldan inevitable food disaster. In order to ensure domestic food security, China should releaseland productivity in the city. With the country‘s current political policy, two-track economicsystem, and small-scall agriculture tradition, urban agriculture is a perfect way to save Chinafrom the coming crisis.
This dissertation is the first research of urban agriculture potential in urban renovation,the main contents include:(1) Overall research: summarize the research and development ofurban agriculture, clarifying the basic concepts. According to the research timeline anddevelopment characteristics, urban agriculture research and development process could bedivided into five stages, every stage has its own background, characteristics, and influencialtheorie.(2) Development Difficulties: Conclude the difficulties of urban agriculture inexisting cities, including source of labor, irrigation water, and arable land; technicaldifficulties; and lack of strategies.(3) Difficulties Analysis and solutions: firstly, put forwardthe technology and Strategy solutions. Explore the problems and solutions of urbanagriculture development in existing cities, including urban soil pollution possibilities andremediation approaches, the collection and processing of agricultural irrigation watertechnology; and then, proposes the general approaches of promoting urban agriculturedevelopment in urban renovation, including the prerequisite for the development of urbanagriculture, the required support policy (management and urban planning polies) for thedevelopment of urban agriculture in existing cities, the implementation of the policy,economic incentives, and the use of current technologies. Secondly, use case study to analyzethe difficulties in real world. Take New York City as an example, investigate the role anddevelopment potential of urban agriculture in existing cities. In the cooperation withColumbia University, we accomplished the field survey of nearly1,000city farms in New York, obtained first-hand information of the locations and production of existing farms inNew York City. Based on official documents, this dissertation summarizes the current statusof political and economical development of urban agriculture in New York City. Through theinvestigation of the New York metropolitan area, which includes all the open space,education land, government's public land, surface parking places, green space, private-publiclands, the private courtyard lands, as well as the roof space, ultimately put forward concreteproposals to promote the development of urban agriculture in New York and the potential forthe future development. Thirdly, discusses the last two decades of urban agriculturedevelopment in the field of urban design, residential areas, and architecture, to explore thedevelopment trend of urban agriculture and give conclusions of this dissertation.
引文
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80Meyerson, Mark D.. In the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade.Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
81Anne Massey, The Independent Group: Modernism and Mass Culture in Britain,1945-59,Manchester University Press,1995.
82David Robbins (Ed) The Independent Group: Postwar Britain and The Aesthetics of Plenty,MIT Press,1990.
83Arnason, H., History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, New York: Harry N.Abrams, Inc.1968.
84Hans Hollein,"Alles ist Architektur," Bau: Schrift fur Architektur und Stadtebau20, no.1/2(1968):1-28; Hollein'sarticle was republished as "Alles is [sic] Architecture," ArchitecturalDesign2(1970):62; the article in AD was the first English translation.
85"Libre" Architectural Design41(December1971):727-36.
86"Outlaw Building," and "EMG," Architectural Design42(July1972):399.
87Leonardo Benevolo, The origins of Modern Town Planning, The MIT Press, ISBN0262020629(hardcover)0262520184(paperback), First printed in Great Britain, August1971
88Above the Pavement-the farm, edited by Amale Andraos and Dan Wood, PrincetonArchitectural Press, New York
89Jac Smit, Joe Nasr, Annu Ratta, Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities.published by the urban agriculture network, Inc, with the support and permission of the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP),2001Edition.
90IDRC/UN-HABITAT.‖Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture‖UrbanAgriculture: Land Management and Physical Planning (2003)1.3
91张放主编张士良副主编都市农业与可持续发展化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心p26
92日本的都市农业，北京农业，2008年2月上旬刊：P3
93RUAF Administrator, Urban agriculture in St Petersburg, Russia:Urban Agriculture magazine01--Maiden issue,2005-11-05
94日本的都市农业，北京农业，2008年2月上旬刊：P3
95蔡建明、杨振山，国际都市农业发展的经验及其借鉴，地理研究第27卷第2期，2008年3月
96RUAF Administrator, Support for Urban Agriculture needs in St Petersburg:Urban Agriculturemagazine04—Integration of UPA in Urban Planning,2005-06-06
97Birkland, Thomas A.2005. An introduction to the policy process; Theories, concepts andmodels of public policymaking.2nd edition, M. E. Sharpe, Inc. New York.
Hancock, T., Labonte, R. and Edwards, R.1999. Indicators that Count!–Measuring PopulationHealth?at the Communities Level. Ontario: University of Toronto.
99RUAF Administrator: Rooftop Gardening in Senegal: Urban Agriculture magazine10--Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture,2005-6-28
100Maydachenko Roman, Kitchen garden in city boundaries: family help or financial servitude?Petersburg Vedomosti No182, October1,1999
101倪景涛、李建军，荷兰现代农业发展的成功经验及其对我国的启示，学术论坛：2005第10期：p74
102Jane Rabinowicz，Urban Food Security and the Potential for Urban Agriculture，December,2002（http://www.santropolroulant.org/images/Urban%20FS%20and%20Agriculture.pdf）
103新加坡国家发展部，农业、食品与兽医管理局，新加坡农业科学研究的现状与经验：环球视窗2002年第8期：p33
104Discovery News Earth: Urban Agriculture Bloomshttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/32609-earth-urban-agriculture-blooms-video.htm
105RUAF Administrator, Participatory Planning in the City of Havana, Cuba, UA Maganize05--Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation,2005/09/06
106RUAF Administrator, Hydroponics Technology in Urban Lima-Peru, UA magazine10-Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture,2005/6/28，p9-10
107RUAF Administrator, Dynamics in Tropical Homegardens, UA Magazine01-Maiden Issue,2005/11/5
108RUAF Administrator, Ahmedabad Green Partnership Project, UA Magazine01-Maiden Issue,2005/11/5
109C.A. Okezie, N.U. Inyang,Amaechi，Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Improving FoodSecurity in Uyo Metropolis of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria，Department of AgriculturalEconomics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria，2008，P112
110RUAF Administrator,，An Enabling Policy Framework for Urban Agriculture in Rosario，UA Magazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture，P45
RUAF Administrator,，Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture，UAMagazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture，P36
112Femke Hoekstra，Promoting Urban Agriculture through the Community Food Centre Model,UA Magazine no.18-Building Communities through Urban Agriculture, P6-8
RUAF Administrator, Municipal Strategies for The Primary Sector of The District of Moreno,UA Magazine no.7-Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture,2005/06/16
114RUAF Administrator, Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture，UAMagazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture
115James Petts, Urban Agriculture in London, WHO Series on Urban Food Security Case Study2,Januray,2001, P4
116Ellen Radstake，A Critical Review of Recent Policy Documents on Urban Agriculture, UAMagazine no.16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30
117Ellen Radstake, The importance of legal and political support, the case of PROVE in Brazil，UA Magazine16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30
118RUAF Administrator, Training in Backyard Organic Vegetable Production in Michoacán,Mexico, UA Magazine06-Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture A Challenge,2005/06/15
119Ellen Radstake，Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture, UAMagazine no.16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30, P14
120RUAF Administrator, Costs and Benefits of Urban Agriculture in East London, UA Magazineno.7-Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture,2005/06/16
121Mougot, L.J.A.(2006). Growing Better Cities: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Development.Ottawa, ON, Canada: International Development Research Centre. pp64-65.
122Grove, J. M., O‘Neil-Dunne, J., Pelletier, K., Nowak, D., Jeff Walton, J.(2006). A Report onNew York City’s Present and Possible Urban Tree Canopy. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved from:http://nrs.fs.fed.us/nyc/local-resources/downloads/Grove_UTC_NYC_FINAL.pdf.
123New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.(2008). EnvironmentalRemediation Sites. Retrieved from http://www.dec.ny.gov/geodata/ptk. This database includesbrownfi eld cleanup, environmental restoration, voluntary cleanup, and state superfund sites.
124The City of New York.(2011). PlaNYC Update: A Greener, Greater New York. The Mayor‘sOffi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability,p.57.
125Shaylor, H., McBride, M.,&Harrison, E.(2009). Sources and Impacts of Contaminants inSoils. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Waste ManagementInstitute. Retrieved from: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/sourcesandimpacts.pdf.
126Rosen, C.J.(2010). Lead in the Home Garden and Urban Soil Environment. University ofMinnesota Extension. Retrieved fromhttp://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG2543.html.
127Cheng, Z.(2010). Urban Soil Contamination: An Obstacle to Successful Urban Agriculture.Paper presented at the Geological Society of America, Baltimore,MD. Retrieved from:http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010NE/fi nalprogram/abstract_169603.htm.
128Angima S.D.,&Sullivan, D.M.(2008). Evaluating and Reducing Lead Hazard in Gardens andLandscapes. Extension Guide EC-1616-E. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University ExtensionService. Retrieved May10,2011from: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1616-e.pdf.; Rosen, C.J.(2002). Contaminants in the Home garden and urban soil environment.Extension Guide FO-02453. Grand Rapids, MN: Universityof Minnesota Extension Services, Department of Soil, Water and Climate. Retrieved from:http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG2543.html.
129Shaylor, H., McBride, M.,&Harrison, E.(2009). Sources and Impacts of Contaminants inSoils. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Waste ManagementInstitute. Retrieved from: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/sourcesandimpacts.pdf.
130Turner, A.H.(2009). Urban Agriculture and Soil Contamination: An Introduction to UrbanGardening. Practice Guide#25. Louisville, KY:University of Louisville. Retrieved fromhttp://cepm.louisville.edu/Pubs_WPapers/practiceguides/PG25.pdf.
131A more thorough discussion of these techniques can be found in Heinegg, A., et. al.(2002).Soil Contamination and Urban Agriculture: A practical guide to soil contamination issues forindividuals and groups. Montreal: McGill School of Environment, McGill University. Retreivedfrom: http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/fi les/guide%20on%20soil%20contamination.pdf
132U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(1999). Phytoremediation Resource Guide. EPA542-B-99-003. Offi ce of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Retrieved fromhttp://www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/phytoresgude.pdf.
133Arthur, E.L., Rice, P.J., Rice, P.J., Anderson, T.A., Baladi, S.M., Henderson, K.L., Coats, J.R.(2005). Phytoremediation-an overview. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences.24:109-122.
134U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2001). Brownfi elds Technology Primer: Selectingand Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup. EPA,542-R-01-006. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/phytoremprimer.pdf; andPivetz, B. E.(2001). Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at HazardousWaste Sites. Ground Water Issue, EPA/540/S-01/500. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/540s01500/epa_540_s01_500.pdf
135Rock, S. and Scheckel, K.(2010). The State of Scientifi c Knowledge and Research Needs.PowerPoint presentation on Sept.1,2010, for the U.S. EPA Brownfi elds and Urban AgricultureReuse Special Webinar Series
136Langley-Turnbaugh, S.&Hathaway, L.(2007, June). Getting the Lead Out: Experimentingwith Phytoremediation in a Maine Community Garden. The Community Gardener6(2):7-12.
137Heinegg, A., et. al.(2002). Soil Contamination and Urban Agriculture: A practical guide tosoil contamination issues for individuals and groups. Montreal: McGill School of Environment,McGill University. Retreived from: http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/fi les/guide%20on%20soil%20contamination.pdf; and Turner, A.H.(2009). Urban Agriculture and Soil Contamination:An Introduction to Urban Gardening. Practice Guide#25. Louisville, KY: University ofLouisville. Retrieved from http://cepm.louisville.edu/Pubs_WPapers/practiceguides/PG25.pdf.
138The New York City Council.(2010). Food Works: A Vision to Improve NYC’s Food System.Retrieved from http://council.nyc.gov/html/food/fi les/foodworks_fullreport_11_22_10.pdf.
139GrowNYC.(2010). Fresh Bodegas. Retrieved from http://www.grownyc.org/freshbodegas.
140New York City Department of City Planning.(2009, May16). Comprehensive Strategies toIncrease and Retain Grocery Stores in New York City. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr051609.shtm
141New York City Department of City Planning.(2008). Going to Market: New York City’sNeighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket Shortage.Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/supermarket/presentation.shtml
142Bazzano, L., He, J., Ogden, L., Loria, C., Vupputuri, S., Myers, L., Whelton, P.(2002, July).Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the fi rst NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. American Journal ofClinical Nutrition, Vol.76, No.1,93-99.
143Karl, T., Melillo, J., Peterson, T.,(eds.). U.S. Global Change Research Program.(2009).Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
144Kemble, J.K.(2000). Basics of Vegetable Crop Irrigation. Alabama Cooperative ExtensionSystem: Alabama A&M University and Auburn University. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1169/.
145New York City Water Board (2011). Rates and Regulations. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwaterboard/html/rate_schedule/index.shtml.
146The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability.New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
148The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.101.
149New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
150Personal communication with Lenny Librizzi, Assistant Director, Open Space Greening,GrowNYC.
151Gaffi n, S.R., Rosenzweig, C., Khanbilvardi, R, Eichenbaum-Pikser, J., Hillel, D., Culligan, P.,et al.(2011). Stormwater Retention for a Modular Green Roof Using Energy Balance Data. NewYork: Columbia University.
152The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.50.
153K hler, M., Schmidt, M.,2003. Study of Extensive Green Roofs in Berlin: Part III Retention ofcontaminants (Saskia Cacanindin, Trans.). Berlin, Germany:Technical University of Berlin.
154F. Montalto et al (2007). Rapid assessment of the cost-effectiveness of low impactdevelopment for CSO control. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol.82, No.3,117–131.
155Jones., T.W.(2006). Using Conte mporary Archaeology and Applied Anthropology toUnderstand Food Loss in the American Food System. Bureau of Applied Research inAnthropology. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/12/19/Jones_UsingContemporaryArchaeologyAndAppliedAnthropologyToUnderstandFoodLossInAmericanFoodSystem.pdf.
156New York City Department of City Planning.(2008). Solid Waste and Sanitation Services.125th Street Corridor Rezoning and Related Actions EIS, Chapter3.13. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/env_review/125th/0313_feis.pdf.
157City of New York, Offi ce of the Comptroller, Offi ce of Policy Management.(2004). NoRoom to Move: New York City’s Impending Solid Waste Crisis. Retrieved fromhttp://www.comptroller.nyc.gov/bureaus/opm/reports/Oct06-04_No-room-to-move.pdf.
158U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2011). Wastes-Non-Hazardous Waste-MunicipalSolid Waste. Retrieved from EPA.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm).
159The Council of the City of New York: Finance Division (2009). Hearing on the Fiscal2010Executive Budget for the Department of Sanitation.Retrieved from http://council.nyc.gov/html/budget/PDFs/fy_10_exec_budget_sanitation.pdf.
160U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2011). Environmental Benefi ts. Retrieved fromWastes–Resource Conservation–Reduce, Reuse, Recycle–Composting:http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefi ts.htm.
161Johnston, D.C.(2008, November11). When the Cupboard is Bare. New York Times, p. F1.
162Food Research and Action Center.(2011). Food Hardship in America–2010: Data for theNation, States,100MSAs, and Every CongressionalDistrict. Retrieved from http://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/food_hardship_report_mar2011.pdf
163Van Wye, G., Kerker, B.D., Matte, T., Chamany, S., Eisenhower, D., Frieden, T.R., et al.(2008). Obesity and diabetes in New York City,2002and2004. Preventing Chronic Disease2008,April,5(2).
164edited by Luc J A Mougeot, AGROPOLIS-the social, political and environmental Dimensions ofUrban agriculture, International Development Research Centre, ISBN1-84407-232-0(paperback) ISBN1-84407-231-2(hardback), first published in the UK, USA and Canada in2005
165World Watch Institute.(2011). Making Better Energy Choices. World Watch Institute: Visionfor a Sustainable World. Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/808.
166The City of New York.(2007). PlaNYC: Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas
167Cribb, J.(2010). The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to AvoidIt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
168Rooftop agriculture specialist Lauren Mandel conducted an (unpublished) analysis of severalcities nationwide and concluded that the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn was one of thebest places in the nation for rooftop agriculture for the reasons cited.
169United Nations Environmental Programme (2011). National carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionsper capita. UNEP, Environmental Knowledge for Change. Retrieved fromhttp://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/national_carbon_dioxide_co2_emissions_per_capita
170Linder M. and Zacharias L.S.(1999). Of Cabbages and Kings County: Agriculture and theFormation of Modern Brooklyn. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
171Brown, E.(2011, March14). City Construction Remains at Minimum. The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/03/14/city-construction-remains-at-minimum/.
172PlaNYC projects an increase of as much as1million residents by2030. The2010census foundpopulation growth from2000to2010in NYC to be lower than the City‘s estimates; the City isdisputing these fi gures, claiming that they represent a signifi cant undercount. The City of NewYork.(2011). PlaNYC Update: A Greener, Greater New York. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-TermPlanning and Sustainability; and New York City Department of City Planning.(2011). NYC2010Results from the2010Census: Population Growth and Race/Hispanic Composition. Retrievedfrom http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/census2010/pgrhc.pdf
173Been, V.&Voicu, I.(2007). The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring PropertyValues. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No.06-09. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=889113.
174Easements give third parties, including public agencies or utilities, the rights to locateinfrastructure such as roads or transmission lines on property which does not belong to them.
175Been, V.&Voicu, I.(2007). The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring PropertyValues. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No.06-09. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=889113.
176The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.50.
177Raufman, J., Farley, S.M., Olson, C., Kerker, B.(2007). Diabetes and Obesity, Summary ofCommunity Health Survey2007. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
178Taha, H. Douglas, S., Haney, J.(1997). Mesoscale meteorological and air quality impacts ofincreased urban albedo and vegetation. Energyand Buildings. Vol.25, p.169-177.
179Morland, K., Diez Roux, A.V., Wing, S.(2006). Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity:The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.American Journal of Preventive Medicine30(4),333–339.
180Brown, K.H. and Jameton, A.L.(2000). Public Health Implications of Urban Agriculture.Journal of Public Health Policy Vol.21, No.1,20-39
181New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
182Urban Design Lab, Columbia University.(2011). Ground up: Cultivating SustainableAgriculture in the Catskill Region. Retrieved from: http://urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/?pid=catskills_foodshed
183Farming Concrete.(2010). Farming Concrete2010Report. Retrieved fromhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/53285030/FC-2010-Report.
184Personal communication with Charlie Bayrer, compost manager, Added Value Red Hook Farm.
185Lauinger, John.(2009, May5). Apples return to Big Apple: Pals planting once-native speciesin city. Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/queens/2009/05/05/2009-05-05_apples_return_to_big_apple.html
186The City of Calgary.(2010). Community Orchards. Retrieved fromhttp://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Parks/Get+Involved/Community+Orchards/Community+Orchards.htm
187Badgley, C.&Perfecto, I.(2007.). Can organic agriculture feed the world? RenewableAgriculture and Food Systems:22(2), pg.80–85; United Nations General Assembly.(2010).Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter. UN HumanRights Council. Retrieved from: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf; Paarlberg, R.(May/June2010). Attention Whole Foods Shoppers. Foreign Policy.Retrieved fromhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/26/attention_whole_foods_shoppers.
188Vitiello, D. and Nairn, M.(2009). Community Gardening in Philadelphia,2008Harvest Report.Penn Planning and Urban Studies. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved fromhttps://sites.google.com/site/harvestreportsite/philadelphia-report.
189National Gardening Association.(2009). The Impact of Home and Community Gardening InAmerica. Marysville, OH: National Gardening Association. Retrieved from:http://www.gardenresearch.com/fi les/2009-Impact-of-Gardening-in-America-White-Paper.pdf
190McClintock, N.&Cooper, J.(2009). Cultivating the Commons: An Assessment of the Potentialfor Urban Agriculture on Oakland’s Public Land. p.25. Berkeley: University of California.
191Colasanti, K., Litjens, C., Hamm, M.(2010). Growing Food in the City: The ProductionPotential of Detroit’s Vacant Land. Detroit: The C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems atMSU. Retrieved from http://www.fairfoodnetwork.org/sites/default/files/growing_food_in_the_city.pdf.
192Jeavons, J.(2006). How to Grow More Vegetables: Than You Ever Thought Possible on LessLand Than You Can Imagine (7th Edition). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
193USDA yields data for crops derived from USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service(2010). Vegetables2009Summary. Retrieved from:http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/VegeSumm//2010s/2010/VegeSumm-01-27-2010.pdf.Average2007-2009yields in New York State where used when available; otherwise NJ, PA ornational statistics were used. For a full description of how this chart was created and other sourcesused see the description for Fig.1in Appendix1: Methodology.
194New York City Department of City Planning.(2011). New York City Land Use. Retrievedfrom http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/landusefacts/landusefactshome.shtml
195Greene, C., Dimitri, C., Lin, B., McBride, W., Oberholtzer, L., and Smith, T.(2009). EmergingIssues in the U.S. Organic Industry. EIB-55. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic ResearchService.
196Claro, J.(2011). Vermont Farmers’ Markets and Grocery Stores: A Price Comparison.Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont. Retrieved on May4,2011fromhttp://nofavt.org/sites/default/fi les/NOFA%20Price%20Study.pdf.
197Tortorello, M.(2010, April14). Do-It-Yourself Mushrooms. The New York Times, p D1.
198Raffl es, H.(2010, July6). Sweet Honey on the Block. The New York Times, p. A21.
199Kinney, P., Rosenthal, J., Rosenzweig, C. et al.(2006). Assessing Potential Public HealthImpacts of Changing Climate and Land Uses: The New York Climate and Health Project, inRegional Climate Change and Variability: Impacts and Responses. Cheltenham: Edward ElgarPublishing. p.161-189.
200Matteson, K.C.&Langellotto, G.A.(2009). Bumble Bee Abundance in New York CityCommunity Gardens: Implications for Urban Agriculture. Cities and the Environment.2(1):article5,12pp.
201Otterman, S.(2010, October19). Turning Asphalt Into Edible Education. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved from http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/turning-asphalt-into-edible-education/.New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways.NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
203The City of New York.(2011). PlaNYC Update: A Greener, Greater New York. The Mayor‘sOffi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability.
204Solecki, W, et. al.(2008). Urban Forests In Our Midst: Environmental Benefi ts of OpenSpaces in City Backyards. New York: The CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities, Hunter College.Retrieved from http://www.landmarkwest.org/green/LW_FinalReport%5B1%5D.pdf.
205Kayden, J.S., The New York City Department of City Planning, and the Municipal Art Societyof New York.(2000). Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience, New York:John Wiley&Sons.
206Horovitz, B.(2009, February20). Recession grows interest in seeds, vegetable gardening. USAToday. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday. com/money/industries/food/2009-02-19-recession-vegetable-seeds_N.htm.
207New York City Department of City Planning.(2010).2010Primary land Use: Each Borough‘sLot Area by Land Use Type. Retrieved from:http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/landusefacts/landuse_tables.pdf
208Claro, J.(2011). Vermont Farmers‘Markets and Grocery Stores: A Price Comparison.Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont.Retrieved on May4,2011from http://nofavt.org/sites/default/fi les/NOFA%20Price%20Study.pdf.
209Solecki, W. and R. Leichenko.(2006). Urbanization and the Metropolitan Environment:Lessons from New York and Shanghai. Environment, Vol48, p.8-23.
210Rosenzweig, C., and W. Solecki (eds.).(2001). Climate Change and a Global City: ThePotential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change–Metro East Coast. New York: Earth
Institute, Columbia University.
211Solecki, W.D. and C. Rosenzweig,(2006). Climate Change and the City: Observations fromMetropolitan New York. Cities and Environmental Change,[Bai, X.(ed.)]. Yale University Press,New York
212Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, and R. Slosberg.(2006). Mitigating New York City’s Heat Islandwith Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces. Final Report, New York City RegionalHeat Island Initiative, Prepared for the New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority, Contract#6681, New York
213Solecki, W. and R. Leichenko.(2006). Urbanization and the Metropolitan Environment:Lessons from New York and Shanghai. Environment, Vol48, p.8-23.
214Solecki, W.D. and C. Rosenzweig,(2006) Climate Change and the City: Observations fromMetropolitan New York. Cities and Environmental Change,[Bai, X.(ed.)]. New York: YaleUniversity Press.
215Solecki,W., Rosenzweig,C., Cox, J., Parshall, L., Rosenthal, J., Hodges, S.(2006). Potentialimpact of green roofs on the urban heat island effect. In C. Rosenzweig, S. Gaffi n. And L.Parshall (Eds.), Green Roofs in the New York metropolitan region: Research report (pp.15-26).New York: Columbia University, Center for Climate Systems Research and NASA GoddardInstitute for Space Studies.
216Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, R. Slosberg.(2006). Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island withUrban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces. Final Report, New York City Regional HeatIsland Initiative, Prepared for the New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority,Contract#6681, New York.
217Delor, M.(2011). Current state of Building-Integrated Agriculture, its energy benefi ts andcomparison with green roofs–Summary. Miniproject report summary presented at University ofSheffi eld. Retrieved from http://e-futures.group.shef.ac.uk/publications/pdf/103_12%20Milan%20Delor%20summary.pdf.
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44United Nations Development Program
45International network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security
46Renévan Veenhuizen, Urban Agriculture for The Future-Urban Agriculture for Green andProductive Cities, RUAF Foundation, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction International,Development Research Centre,1999
47A. Adam-Bradford, Martin Bailkey, Hubert de Bon, Urban Farming for The Future,RUAF,1999
48Fraser, Evan D.G.,2002Urban Ecology in Bangkok Thailand: Community Participation, UrbanAgriculture and Forestry, Environments, Vol.30no.1,2002
49IDRC/UN-HABITAT.‖Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture‖UrbanAgriculture: Land Management and Physical Planning (2003)1.3
50Obudho，Foeken，《非洲都市农业研究资料汇总》，荷兰城市研究中心，1999：P2
51Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M. D., Ogden, C. L., Curtin, L.R.(2010, January13). Prevalence andTrends in Obesity Among US Adults,1999-2008.Journal of the American Medical Association&Archives,303(3),235-241.
52Alternative Perspectives on Livelihoods, Agriculture and Air Pollution-Agriculture in Urbanand Peri-urban areas in a developing country, Neela Mukherjee with Meera Jayaswal, BratindiJena, Amitava Mukherjee, Sudipta Ray, Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited, ISBN:0754616959,2001
53Leonardo Benevolo,The origins of Modern Town Planning, The MIT Press, ISBN0262020629(hardcover)0262520184(paperback), First printed in Great Britain, August1971
54Edited by Luc J A Mougeot, AGROPOLIS-the social, political and environmental Dimensionsof Urban agriculture, International Development Research Centre, ISBN1-84407-232-0(paperback) ISBN1-84407-231-2(hardback), first published in the UK, USA and Canada in2005
55Johann Heinrich von Thiinen, Isolated State: An English edition of Der isolierte Staat, ed. PeterGeoffrey Hall, trans. Carla M. Wartenberg (Oxford: Pergamon Press,1966)
56Edited by A.M.Shirokov, Yu.F.Smirnov, S.A.Zaytsev, Isolated States,1994, authorized to beprinted and documented by Columbia University avery Library
57Yves Guyot, Socialistic Theories, Chapter II: Pierre Leroux and the―circulus―,London: Copeand Fenwick,1910
58Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities. Jac Smit, Joe Nasr, Annu Ratta,published by the urban agriculture network, Inc, with the support and permission of the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP),2001Edition. NAL S494.5.U72U731996, UnitedNations Development programme, Publication Series for Habitat II, Volume One,1996.300pp.
59Edited by Louise Lyle and Davio Mccallam, Earth Sciences and French Culture1740-1940,ISBN978-90-420-2477-9, Editions rodpi B.V., Amsterdam-New York, NY2008, Printed in theNetherlands,1994
60Michel Lallement, An experiment inspired by fourier: J.B. Godin‘s Familistere in Guise,Journal of Historical Sociology Vol.25No.1March2012, DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01404.x
61Ebenezer Howard, Garden cities of tomorrow, Harvard University, Frances Loeb Library,Graduate school of design, London Swan Sonnenschein&Co., Ltd, paternoster square,1902.
62Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution–an introduction to the town planning movement and to thestudy of civics, London Williams&Norgate,14Henrietta street, covent garden,1915
63Frank Lloyd Wright, The Living city，Bramhall House, New York, library of congress catalogcard number:58-13550,1958.
64Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.),Boulder, CO: Westview Press.1993
65Thompson, Emily, The Soundscape of Modernity, First edition, Massachusetts, USA,2002,ISBN0-262-20138-0.
66The City of Tomorrow–and its planning, le Corbusier, translated from8th French Edition ofUrbanisme by Frederick Etchells, the M.I.T. press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, first published inParis in1924, Third Edition, second printing, June1975, ISBN0262120410(hardcover) ISBN0262620170(paperback).
67H. Allen Brooks: Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Paperback Edition, University of Chicago Press,1999, ISBN0-226-07582-6
68Na ma Jornod and Jean-Pierre Jornod, Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), catalogueraisonné de l‘oeuvre peint, Skira,2005, ISBN88-7624-203-1
69Jencks, Charles, Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution in Architecture, The MonacelliPress,2000, ISBN978-1-58093-077-2
70Curtis, William J.R."Le Corbusier. Ideas and Forms", Phaidon,1994, ISBN978-0-7148-2790-2
71The origins of Modern Town Planning, Leonardo Benevolo, The MIT Press, ISBN0262020629(hardcover)0262520184(paperback), First printed in Great Britain, August1971
72Mark Gorgolewski, June Komisar, and Joe Nasr, Carrot City–Creating Places for Urbanagriculture, the Monacelli press, printed in Singapore, first edition, ISBN978-1-58093-311-7(hardcover),2011.
73Dominique Laporte, History of Shit, trans. Nadia Benabid and Rodolphe el-Khoury (Cambridge:MIT Press,2000).
74Meredith TenHoor,"Architecture and Biopolitics at Les Halles," French Politics, Culture andSociety25, no.2(Summer2007):73-92.
75Meredith, Martin (2006). The fate of Africa: from the hopes of freedom to the heart of despair:a history of fifty years of independence. Public Affairs. ISBN1-58648-398-6.
76Sigfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History(New York: Norton,1969),256.
77Anon, Ecumenopolis: The Inevitable City of the Future. With J.G. Papaioannou. Athens: AthensCenter of Ekistics,1974.
78Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements. New York: Oxford UniversityPress,1968.
79Images Publishing Group (2000). Architects of the new millennium. Images Publishing. pp.130.ISBN1-86470-079-3
80Meyerson, Mark D.. In the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade.Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
81Anne Massey, The Independent Group: Modernism and Mass Culture in Britain,1945-59,Manchester University Press,1995.
82David Robbins (Ed) The Independent Group: Postwar Britain and The Aesthetics of Plenty,MIT Press,1990.
83Arnason, H., History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, New York: Harry N.Abrams, Inc.1968.
84Hans Hollein,"Alles ist Architektur," Bau: Schrift fur Architektur und Stadtebau20, no.1/2(1968):1-28; Hollein'sarticle was republished as "Alles is [sic] Architecture," ArchitecturalDesign2(1970):62; the article in AD was the first English translation.
85"Libre" Architectural Design41(December1971):727-36.
86"Outlaw Building," and "EMG," Architectural Design42(July1972):399.
87Leonardo Benevolo, The origins of Modern Town Planning, The MIT Press, ISBN0262020629(hardcover)0262520184(paperback), First printed in Great Britain, August1971
88Above the Pavement-the farm, edited by Amale Andraos and Dan Wood, PrincetonArchitectural Press, New York
89Jac Smit, Joe Nasr, Annu Ratta, Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities.published by the urban agriculture network, Inc, with the support and permission of the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP),2001Edition.
90IDRC/UN-HABITAT.‖Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture‖UrbanAgriculture: Land Management and Physical Planning (2003)1.3
91张放主编张士良副主编都市农业与可持续发展化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心p26
92日本的都市农业，北京农业，2008年2月上旬刊：P3
93RUAF Administrator, Urban agriculture in St Petersburg, Russia:Urban Agriculture magazine01--Maiden issue,2005-11-05
94日本的都市农业，北京农业，2008年2月上旬刊：P3
95蔡建明、杨振山，国际都市农业发展的经验及其借鉴，地理研究第27卷第2期，2008年3月
96RUAF Administrator, Support for Urban Agriculture needs in St Petersburg:Urban Agriculturemagazine04—Integration of UPA in Urban Planning,2005-06-06
97Birkland, Thomas A.2005. An introduction to the policy process; Theories, concepts andmodels of public policymaking.2nd edition, M. E. Sharpe, Inc. New York.
Hancock, T., Labonte, R. and Edwards, R.1999. Indicators that Count!–Measuring PopulationHealth?at the Communities Level. Ontario: University of Toronto.
99RUAF Administrator: Rooftop Gardening in Senegal: Urban Agriculture magazine10--Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture,2005-6-28
100Maydachenko Roman, Kitchen garden in city boundaries: family help or financial servitude?Petersburg Vedomosti No182, October1,1999
101倪景涛、李建军，荷兰现代农业发展的成功经验及其对我国的启示，学术论坛：2005第10期：p74
102Jane Rabinowicz，Urban Food Security and the Potential for Urban Agriculture，December,2002（http://www.santropolroulant.org/images/Urban%20FS%20and%20Agriculture.pdf）
103新加坡国家发展部，农业、食品与兽医管理局，新加坡农业科学研究的现状与经验：环球视窗2002年第8期：p33
104Discovery News Earth: Urban Agriculture Bloomshttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/32609-earth-urban-agriculture-blooms-video.htm
105RUAF Administrator, Participatory Planning in the City of Havana, Cuba, UA Maganize05--Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation,2005/09/06
106RUAF Administrator, Hydroponics Technology in Urban Lima-Peru, UA magazine10-Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture,2005/6/28，p9-10
107RUAF Administrator, Dynamics in Tropical Homegardens, UA Magazine01-Maiden Issue,2005/11/5
108RUAF Administrator, Ahmedabad Green Partnership Project, UA Magazine01-Maiden Issue,2005/11/5
109C.A. Okezie, N.U. Inyang,Amaechi，Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Improving FoodSecurity in Uyo Metropolis of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria，Department of AgriculturalEconomics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria，2008，P112
110RUAF Administrator,，An Enabling Policy Framework for Urban Agriculture in Rosario，UA Magazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture，P45
RUAF Administrator,，Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture，UAMagazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture，P36
112Femke Hoekstra，Promoting Urban Agriculture through the Community Food Centre Model,UA Magazine no.18-Building Communities through Urban Agriculture, P6-8
RUAF Administrator, Municipal Strategies for The Primary Sector of The District of Moreno,UA Magazine no.7-Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture,2005/06/16
114RUAF Administrator, Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture，UAMagazine no.16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture
115James Petts, Urban Agriculture in London, WHO Series on Urban Food Security Case Study2,Januray,2001, P4
116Ellen Radstake，A Critical Review of Recent Policy Documents on Urban Agriculture, UAMagazine no.16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30
117Ellen Radstake, The importance of legal and political support, the case of PROVE in Brazil，UA Magazine16-16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30
118RUAF Administrator, Training in Backyard Organic Vegetable Production in Michoacán,Mexico, UA Magazine06-Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture A Challenge,2005/06/15
119Ellen Radstake，Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture, UAMagazine no.16-Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture,2006/11/30, P14
120RUAF Administrator, Costs and Benefits of Urban Agriculture in East London, UA Magazineno.7-Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture,2005/06/16
121Mougot, L.J.A.(2006). Growing Better Cities: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Development.Ottawa, ON, Canada: International Development Research Centre. pp64-65.
122Grove, J. M., O‘Neil-Dunne, J., Pelletier, K., Nowak, D., Jeff Walton, J.(2006). A Report onNew York City’s Present and Possible Urban Tree Canopy. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved from:http://nrs.fs.fed.us/nyc/local-resources/downloads/Grove_UTC_NYC_FINAL.pdf.
123New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.(2008). EnvironmentalRemediation Sites. Retrieved from http://www.dec.ny.gov/geodata/ptk. This database includesbrownfi eld cleanup, environmental restoration, voluntary cleanup, and state superfund sites.
124The City of New York.(2011). PlaNYC Update: A Greener, Greater New York. The Mayor‘sOffi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability,p.57.
125Shaylor, H., McBride, M.,&Harrison, E.(2009). Sources and Impacts of Contaminants inSoils. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Waste ManagementInstitute. Retrieved from: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/sourcesandimpacts.pdf.
126Rosen, C.J.(2010). Lead in the Home Garden and Urban Soil Environment. University ofMinnesota Extension. Retrieved fromhttp://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG2543.html.
127Cheng, Z.(2010). Urban Soil Contamination: An Obstacle to Successful Urban Agriculture.Paper presented at the Geological Society of America, Baltimore,MD. Retrieved from:http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010NE/fi nalprogram/abstract_169603.htm.
128Angima S.D.,&Sullivan, D.M.(2008). Evaluating and Reducing Lead Hazard in Gardens andLandscapes. Extension Guide EC-1616-E. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University ExtensionService. Retrieved May10,2011from: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1616-e.pdf.; Rosen, C.J.(2002). Contaminants in the Home garden and urban soil environment.Extension Guide FO-02453. Grand Rapids, MN: Universityof Minnesota Extension Services, Department of Soil, Water and Climate. Retrieved from:http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG2543.html.
129Shaylor, H., McBride, M.,&Harrison, E.(2009). Sources and Impacts of Contaminants inSoils. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Waste ManagementInstitute. Retrieved from: http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/sourcesandimpacts.pdf.
130Turner, A.H.(2009). Urban Agriculture and Soil Contamination: An Introduction to UrbanGardening. Practice Guide#25. Louisville, KY:University of Louisville. Retrieved fromhttp://cepm.louisville.edu/Pubs_WPapers/practiceguides/PG25.pdf.
131A more thorough discussion of these techniques can be found in Heinegg, A., et. al.(2002).Soil Contamination and Urban Agriculture: A practical guide to soil contamination issues forindividuals and groups. Montreal: McGill School of Environment, McGill University. Retreivedfrom: http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/fi les/guide%20on%20soil%20contamination.pdf
132U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(1999). Phytoremediation Resource Guide. EPA542-B-99-003. Offi ce of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Retrieved fromhttp://www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/phytoresgude.pdf.
133Arthur, E.L., Rice, P.J., Rice, P.J., Anderson, T.A., Baladi, S.M., Henderson, K.L., Coats, J.R.(2005). Phytoremediation-an overview. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences.24:109-122.
134U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2001). Brownfi elds Technology Primer: Selectingand Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup. EPA,542-R-01-006. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/phytoremprimer.pdf; andPivetz, B. E.(2001). Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at HazardousWaste Sites. Ground Water Issue, EPA/540/S-01/500. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/540s01500/epa_540_s01_500.pdf
135Rock, S. and Scheckel, K.(2010). The State of Scientifi c Knowledge and Research Needs.PowerPoint presentation on Sept.1,2010, for the U.S. EPA Brownfi elds and Urban AgricultureReuse Special Webinar Series
136Langley-Turnbaugh, S.&Hathaway, L.(2007, June). Getting the Lead Out: Experimentingwith Phytoremediation in a Maine Community Garden. The Community Gardener6(2):7-12.
137Heinegg, A., et. al.(2002). Soil Contamination and Urban Agriculture: A practical guide tosoil contamination issues for individuals and groups. Montreal: McGill School of Environment,McGill University. Retreived from: http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/fi les/guide%20on%20soil%20contamination.pdf; and Turner, A.H.(2009). Urban Agriculture and Soil Contamination:An Introduction to Urban Gardening. Practice Guide#25. Louisville, KY: University ofLouisville. Retrieved from http://cepm.louisville.edu/Pubs_WPapers/practiceguides/PG25.pdf.
138The New York City Council.(2010). Food Works: A Vision to Improve NYC’s Food System.Retrieved from http://council.nyc.gov/html/food/fi les/foodworks_fullreport_11_22_10.pdf.
139GrowNYC.(2010). Fresh Bodegas. Retrieved from http://www.grownyc.org/freshbodegas.
140New York City Department of City Planning.(2009, May16). Comprehensive Strategies toIncrease and Retain Grocery Stores in New York City. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr051609.shtm
141New York City Department of City Planning.(2008). Going to Market: New York City’sNeighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket Shortage.Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/supermarket/presentation.shtml
142Bazzano, L., He, J., Ogden, L., Loria, C., Vupputuri, S., Myers, L., Whelton, P.(2002, July).Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the fi rst NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. American Journal ofClinical Nutrition, Vol.76, No.1,93-99.
143Karl, T., Melillo, J., Peterson, T.,(eds.). U.S. Global Change Research Program.(2009).Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
144Kemble, J.K.(2000). Basics of Vegetable Crop Irrigation. Alabama Cooperative ExtensionSystem: Alabama A&M University and Auburn University. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1169/.
145New York City Water Board (2011). Rates and Regulations. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwaterboard/html/rate_schedule/index.shtml.
146The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability.New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
148The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.101.
149New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
150Personal communication with Lenny Librizzi, Assistant Director, Open Space Greening,GrowNYC.
151Gaffi n, S.R., Rosenzweig, C., Khanbilvardi, R, Eichenbaum-Pikser, J., Hillel, D., Culligan, P.,et al.(2011). Stormwater Retention for a Modular Green Roof Using Energy Balance Data. NewYork: Columbia University.
152The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.50.
153K hler, M., Schmidt, M.,2003. Study of Extensive Green Roofs in Berlin: Part III Retention ofcontaminants (Saskia Cacanindin, Trans.). Berlin, Germany:Technical University of Berlin.
154F. Montalto et al (2007). Rapid assessment of the cost-effectiveness of low impactdevelopment for CSO control. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol.82, No.3,117–131.
155Jones., T.W.(2006). Using Conte mporary Archaeology and Applied Anthropology toUnderstand Food Loss in the American Food System. Bureau of Applied Research inAnthropology. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/12/19/Jones_UsingContemporaryArchaeologyAndAppliedAnthropologyToUnderstandFoodLossInAmericanFoodSystem.pdf.
156New York City Department of City Planning.(2008). Solid Waste and Sanitation Services.125th Street Corridor Rezoning and Related Actions EIS, Chapter3.13. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/env_review/125th/0313_feis.pdf.
157City of New York, Offi ce of the Comptroller, Offi ce of Policy Management.(2004). NoRoom to Move: New York City’s Impending Solid Waste Crisis. Retrieved fromhttp://www.comptroller.nyc.gov/bureaus/opm/reports/Oct06-04_No-room-to-move.pdf.
158U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2011). Wastes-Non-Hazardous Waste-MunicipalSolid Waste. Retrieved from EPA.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm).
159The Council of the City of New York: Finance Division (2009). Hearing on the Fiscal2010Executive Budget for the Department of Sanitation.Retrieved from http://council.nyc.gov/html/budget/PDFs/fy_10_exec_budget_sanitation.pdf.
160U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.(2011). Environmental Benefi ts. Retrieved fromWastes–Resource Conservation–Reduce, Reuse, Recycle–Composting:http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefi ts.htm.
161Johnston, D.C.(2008, November11). When the Cupboard is Bare. New York Times, p. F1.
162Food Research and Action Center.(2011). Food Hardship in America–2010: Data for theNation, States,100MSAs, and Every CongressionalDistrict. Retrieved from http://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/food_hardship_report_mar2011.pdf
163Van Wye, G., Kerker, B.D., Matte, T., Chamany, S., Eisenhower, D., Frieden, T.R., et al.(2008). Obesity and diabetes in New York City,2002and2004. Preventing Chronic Disease2008,April,5(2).
164edited by Luc J A Mougeot, AGROPOLIS-the social, political and environmental Dimensions ofUrban agriculture, International Development Research Centre, ISBN1-84407-232-0(paperback) ISBN1-84407-231-2(hardback), first published in the UK, USA and Canada in2005
165World Watch Institute.(2011). Making Better Energy Choices. World Watch Institute: Visionfor a Sustainable World. Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/808.
166The City of New York.(2007). PlaNYC: Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas
167Cribb, J.(2010). The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to AvoidIt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
168Rooftop agriculture specialist Lauren Mandel conducted an (unpublished) analysis of severalcities nationwide and concluded that the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn was one of thebest places in the nation for rooftop agriculture for the reasons cited.
169United Nations Environmental Programme (2011). National carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionsper capita. UNEP, Environmental Knowledge for Change. Retrieved fromhttp://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/national_carbon_dioxide_co2_emissions_per_capita
170Linder M. and Zacharias L.S.(1999). Of Cabbages and Kings County: Agriculture and theFormation of Modern Brooklyn. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
171Brown, E.(2011, March14). City Construction Remains at Minimum. The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/03/14/city-construction-remains-at-minimum/.
172PlaNYC projects an increase of as much as1million residents by2030. The2010census foundpopulation growth from2000to2010in NYC to be lower than the City‘s estimates; the City isdisputing these fi gures, claiming that they represent a signifi cant undercount. The City of NewYork.(2011). PlaNYC Update: A Greener, Greater New York. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-TermPlanning and Sustainability; and New York City Department of City Planning.(2011). NYC2010Results from the2010Census: Population Growth and Race/Hispanic Composition. Retrievedfrom http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/census2010/pgrhc.pdf
173Been, V.&Voicu, I.(2007). The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring PropertyValues. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No.06-09. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=889113.
174Easements give third parties, including public agencies or utilities, the rights to locateinfrastructure such as roads or transmission lines on property which does not belong to them.
175Been, V.&Voicu, I.(2007). The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring PropertyValues. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No.06-09. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=889113.
176The City of New York.(2010). PlaNYC Progress Report: Sustainable StormwaterManagement Plan. The Mayor‘s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, p.50.
177Raufman, J., Farley, S.M., Olson, C., Kerker, B.(2007). Diabetes and Obesity, Summary ofCommunity Health Survey2007. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
178Taha, H. Douglas, S., Haney, J.(1997). Mesoscale meteorological and air quality impacts ofincreased urban albedo and vegetation. Energyand Buildings. Vol.25, p.169-177.
179Morland, K., Diez Roux, A.V., Wing, S.(2006). Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity:The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.American Journal of Preventive Medicine30(4),333–339.
180Brown, K.H. and Jameton, A.L.(2000). Public Health Implications of Urban Agriculture.Journal of Public Health Policy Vol.21, No.1,20-39
181New York City Department of Environmental Protection.(2010). NYC Green InfrastructurePlan: A Sustainable Strategy for Green Waterways. NYC Environmental Protection. Retrievedfrom: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructure-Plan_LowRes.pdf.
182Urban Design Lab, Columbia University.(2011). Ground up: Cultivating SustainableAgriculture in the Catskill Region. Retrieved from: http://urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/?pid=catskills_foodshed
183Farming Concrete.(2010). Farming Concrete2010Report. Retrieved fromhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/53285030/FC-2010-Report.
184Personal communication with Charlie Bayrer, compost manager, Added Value Red Hook Farm.
185Lauinger, John.(2009, May5). Apples return to Big Apple: Pals planting once-native speciesin city. Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/queens/2009/05/05/2009-05-05_apples_return_to_big_apple.html
186The City of Calgary.(2010). Community Orchards. Retrieved fromhttp://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Parks/Get+Involved/Community+Orchards/Community+Orchards.htm
187Badgley, C.&Perfecto, I.(2007.). Can organic agriculture feed the world? RenewableAgriculture and Food Systems:22(2), pg.80–85; United Nations General Assembly.(2010).Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter. UN HumanRights Council. Retrieved from: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf; Paarlberg, R.(May/June2010). Attention Whole Foods Shoppers. Foreign Policy.Retrieved fromhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/26/attention_whole_foods_shoppers.
188Vitiello, D. and Nairn, M.(2009). Community Gardening in Philadelphia,2008Harvest Report.Penn Planning and Urban Studies. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved fromhttps://sites.google.com/site/harvestreportsite/philadelphia-report.
189National Gardening Association.(2009). The Impact of Home and Community Gardening InAmerica. Marysville, OH: National Gardening Association. Retrieved from:http://www.gardenresearch.com/fi les/2009-Impact-of-Gardening-in-America-White-Paper.pdf
190McClintock, N.&Cooper, J.(2009). Cultivating the Commons: An Assessment of the Potentialfor Urban Agriculture on Oakland’s Public Land. p.25. Berkeley: University of California.
191Colasanti, K., Litjens, C., Hamm, M.(2010). Growing Food in the City: The ProductionPotential of Detroit’s Vacant Land. Detroit: The C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems atMSU. Retrieved from http://www.fairfoodnetwork.org/sites/default/files/growing_food_in_the_city.pdf.
192Jeavons, J.(2006). How to Grow More Vegetables: Than You Ever Thought Possible on LessLand Than You Can Imagine (7th Edition). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
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