中国与非洲经贸关系发展研究
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摘要
在经济全球化以及国际政治格局多极化发展的新形势下,非洲经济与政治的发展越来越受到世界各国的关注。从经济发展的角度来看,非洲是一个很有潜力的市场。非洲拥有雄厚的土地资源和农业资源,丰富的地下矿产资源以及独特的人文景观和旅游资源,这些丰富的资源都为未来非洲经济的发展提供了必不可少的条件。除此之外,非洲作为世界商品的原料产地、销售市场、以及世界资本的投资场所,其战略地位也日显重要。从政治发展的角度来看,在非洲国家和国际社会的共同努力下,和平与发展已渐成主流,政治局势总体上趋向相对稳定的态势,这些都为中非之间政治与经贸的友好往来提供了坚实的基础。
中国和非洲友谊源远流长,基础坚实。中非有着相似的历史遭遇,在争取民族解放的斗争中始终相互同情、相互支持,结下了深厚的友谊。
中华人民共和国成立和非洲国家独立开创了中非关系新纪元。半个多世纪以来,双方政治关系密切,高层互访不断,人员往来频繁,经贸关系发展迅速,其他领域的合作富有成效,在国际事务中的磋商与协调日益加强。中国向非洲国家提供了力所能及的援助,非洲国家也给予中国诸多有力的支持。真诚友好、平等互利、团结合作、共同发展是中非交往与合作的原则,也是中非关系长盛不衰的动力。
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,非洲是世界上发展中国家最为集中的大陆,所以在国际事务中,中国和非洲有着广泛的共同利益。面对新的国际形势,中非之间建立更加密切的友好合作关系,不仅对双方具有重大的战略意义,而且顺应世界和平与发展的历史潮流。
在中国和平崛起的过程中,非洲扮演着举足轻重的角色。一方面,非洲大陆不仅为高速发展的中国提供资源和能源、而且为中国制造业产品的出口提供广阔的市场,另一方面,当中国在国际政治舞台中扮演着越来越重要的角色时,尤其是在应对美国等西方发达国家遏制中国快速崛起时,非洲友好国家都是不可缺少的力量。21世纪中非关系能否更进一步发展,将直接影响到中国和平崛起的进程,不仅如此,还会直接影响非洲经济的全面振兴与发展以及世界政治与经济格局。因此,进一步研究中非关系的发展前景,并且提出有效的战略对策,除此之外,全面研究中非关系,特别是经贸关系,对中非双方都具有重要的理论与实践意义。
基于以上背景,本文主要研究以下几大问题：非洲国家将如何充分利用中非合作带来的机遇来削弱贫困,促进发展；非洲国家将如何才能更好地利用双边合作以实现长期的发展目标；欧美对非洲的贸易战略与中非贸易战略相比是否略胜一筹；中非贸易战略和欧美对非洲的贸易战略有哪些不同之处。
本论文共分为以下六章：第一章概述了论文的研究背景、研究意义、研究方法,对中国与非洲经贸关系的相关文献做了详细的综述,以及本论文的创新点与不足之处。第二章阐述了中非经贸关系的理论基础并做出了评价。第三章概述了在各历史阶段中中非经贸关系经历的变化及特点。第四章分析了中非经贸关系发展的相关因素,并且探讨了欧美对中非贸易的反应,以及如何确保中非贸易优势,此外,本章还通过对北非的实证研究来分析中非经贸关系的发展绩效。第五章提出了中非经贸关系存在的机遇与挑战,特别是中非经贸往来对非洲乃至欧美的影响。第六章提出了促进中非经贸关系的发展对策以及对未来前景的展望。
Under the new situation in the world economy to globalization, international politics multipolar development, Africa has drawn increasing concern around the world. African lands and agricultural resources, rich underground of mineral resources, unique cultural and tourism resources are the development of economic and trade potential markets. Commodity sales market, raw materials and favorable investment location are playing an important strategic position in Africa. In the international political relations, African countries have also a significant political force.
Relationships between China and Africa were formally established in the1950s but trade and cooperation dates back over100years. Recently, as China's economy has continued to grow and transform the country into a major global player in all spheres, it has become clear that China increasingly needs to secure reliable sources of resources to support its economic development. The establishment of the People's Republic of China has opened up a new era of Sino-African economic and trade relation. In order to develop the Sino-African cooperation more deeply in21st century, China and Africa create a new form of cooperation the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. The FOCAC Summit witnessed the birth of the establishment of a new type of strategic partnership between China and Africa featuring political equality and mutual trust, economic win-win cooperation and cultural exchanges.
Africa is important to China as a vast source of resources to feed its growing manufacturing base, as well as a source of energy security. In addition, China sees Africa as an important destination for its affordable manufactured goods. China's interests in Africa, however, are not only confined to economics, but extend to diplomacy as well. China is attempting to position itself as an important power in the international system and, in so doing, promote its own views and policies within international multilateral organisations. With a history of external exploitation, not quite successful economic experimentation and more recent rapid market-based development, China is in a unique position to understand the challenges and complexities facing Africa. In doing business in Africa and establishing a development framework, one is confronted with many options. It is therefore contended that China's presence on the African continent presents both opportunities as well as threats, although African governments need to be pro-active in order to exploit the potential opportunities. In this context, Sino-African cooperation is seen as an important element of a strategy to address the challenges and emerging threats facing the region. It also provides an opportunity for African countries to induce technological change, transform the structure of their economies and lay the foundation for high and sustained growth.
Against this background, this paper examines some key questions which are:How African countries are to make the most of the possibilities and address the challenges which China brings for poverty reduction and development at large? How the region could make better use of the bilateral cooperation to further its long-run development objectives? Do the trade strategies of the EU and the US compare favorably to those of China in Africa? To what extent is China in Africa following a different approach than Europe and the US? However, we mostly concentrate on the northernmost region of the African continent. Nevertheless, the implications of the financial crisis on China-Africa cooperation are excluded from our scope of research.
The full text is divided into six chapters and is organized as follows:
The introductory chapter outlines the research question and the research methodology.
The second chapter presents the main theories of international trade where Africa's cooperation with China is involved.
The third chapter bases on the economic and commercial development of Africa's cooperation with China, reviewing the historical background of Sino-African relations as well as the latest development; and analyzing the principles and main characteristics of the partnership.
The fourth chapter highlights the evolution of China's engagement in Africa through aid flows, investment and trade strategies. China's trade with Africa is expanding swiftly. It has increased ten times in the last ten years. China's traditional exports to Africa (like textiles, clothing and furniture) keep increasing, while electrical home appliances, cell phones, motor vehicles and other electronic and high-tech products have begun to pick up. China is rapidly becoming the main trading partner of Africa (exports plus imports), bypassing the US, and the EU. First, it provides a historical overview and comparative perspective of Sino-African aid assistance, investments (FDI) and trade relationships focusing on the North African region. Noting that the bilateral trade grows rapidly, the structure unceasingly optimizes from the general trade to mutual union way such as foreign investment, contract project, official development assistance, zero-interest loans and concessional loans for poor African countries. Then, it will find out to what extent China's trade strategy is different from the trade strategies of the European Union or the United States with respect to assuring trade advantages to Africa.
The fifth chapter discusses the implications of China's engagement in Africa for the African continent (underlining its presence in the North African region), the United States and the European Union. Beyond the quantitative impact of growing aid, finance, trade and investment flows, this engagement have significant qualitative impacts on African development, positive and negative. The chapter approaches these debates using as much as possible a quantified framework, in an attempt to go beyond the common wisdom. The issues addressed include aid effectiveness, trade creation as:the economical and political risk in Africa, the unbalance of Sino-African trade, not real transfer of wealth, technology or skills to African countries.
Finally, the last chapter presents the main policy recommendations/future prospects for consideration by the Sino-African cooperation, China and African countries for the development in the region.
中国和非洲友谊源远流长,基础坚实。中非有着相似的历史遭遇,在争取民族解放的斗争中始终相互同情、相互支持,结下了深厚的友谊。
中华人民共和国成立和非洲国家独立开创了中非关系新纪元。半个多世纪以来,双方政治关系密切,高层互访不断,人员往来频繁,经贸关系发展迅速,其他领域的合作富有成效,在国际事务中的磋商与协调日益加强。中国向非洲国家提供了力所能及的援助,非洲国家也给予中国诸多有力的支持。真诚友好、平等互利、团结合作、共同发展是中非交往与合作的原则,也是中非关系长盛不衰的动力。
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,非洲是世界上发展中国家最为集中的大陆,所以在国际事务中,中国和非洲有着广泛的共同利益。面对新的国际形势,中非之间建立更加密切的友好合作关系,不仅对双方具有重大的战略意义,而且顺应世界和平与发展的历史潮流。
在中国和平崛起的过程中,非洲扮演着举足轻重的角色。一方面,非洲大陆不仅为高速发展的中国提供资源和能源、而且为中国制造业产品的出口提供广阔的市场,另一方面,当中国在国际政治舞台中扮演着越来越重要的角色时,尤其是在应对美国等西方发达国家遏制中国快速崛起时,非洲友好国家都是不可缺少的力量。21世纪中非关系能否更进一步发展,将直接影响到中国和平崛起的进程,不仅如此,还会直接影响非洲经济的全面振兴与发展以及世界政治与经济格局。因此,进一步研究中非关系的发展前景,并且提出有效的战略对策,除此之外,全面研究中非关系,特别是经贸关系,对中非双方都具有重要的理论与实践意义。
基于以上背景,本文主要研究以下几大问题：非洲国家将如何充分利用中非合作带来的机遇来削弱贫困,促进发展；非洲国家将如何才能更好地利用双边合作以实现长期的发展目标；欧美对非洲的贸易战略与中非贸易战略相比是否略胜一筹；中非贸易战略和欧美对非洲的贸易战略有哪些不同之处。
本论文共分为以下六章：第一章概述了论文的研究背景、研究意义、研究方法,对中国与非洲经贸关系的相关文献做了详细的综述,以及本论文的创新点与不足之处。第二章阐述了中非经贸关系的理论基础并做出了评价。第三章概述了在各历史阶段中中非经贸关系经历的变化及特点。第四章分析了中非经贸关系发展的相关因素,并且探讨了欧美对中非贸易的反应,以及如何确保中非贸易优势,此外,本章还通过对北非的实证研究来分析中非经贸关系的发展绩效。第五章提出了中非经贸关系存在的机遇与挑战,特别是中非经贸往来对非洲乃至欧美的影响。第六章提出了促进中非经贸关系的发展对策以及对未来前景的展望。
Under the new situation in the world economy to globalization, international politics multipolar development, Africa has drawn increasing concern around the world. African lands and agricultural resources, rich underground of mineral resources, unique cultural and tourism resources are the development of economic and trade potential markets. Commodity sales market, raw materials and favorable investment location are playing an important strategic position in Africa. In the international political relations, African countries have also a significant political force.
Relationships between China and Africa were formally established in the1950s but trade and cooperation dates back over100years. Recently, as China's economy has continued to grow and transform the country into a major global player in all spheres, it has become clear that China increasingly needs to secure reliable sources of resources to support its economic development. The establishment of the People's Republic of China has opened up a new era of Sino-African economic and trade relation. In order to develop the Sino-African cooperation more deeply in21st century, China and Africa create a new form of cooperation the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. The FOCAC Summit witnessed the birth of the establishment of a new type of strategic partnership between China and Africa featuring political equality and mutual trust, economic win-win cooperation and cultural exchanges.
Africa is important to China as a vast source of resources to feed its growing manufacturing base, as well as a source of energy security. In addition, China sees Africa as an important destination for its affordable manufactured goods. China's interests in Africa, however, are not only confined to economics, but extend to diplomacy as well. China is attempting to position itself as an important power in the international system and, in so doing, promote its own views and policies within international multilateral organisations. With a history of external exploitation, not quite successful economic experimentation and more recent rapid market-based development, China is in a unique position to understand the challenges and complexities facing Africa. In doing business in Africa and establishing a development framework, one is confronted with many options. It is therefore contended that China's presence on the African continent presents both opportunities as well as threats, although African governments need to be pro-active in order to exploit the potential opportunities. In this context, Sino-African cooperation is seen as an important element of a strategy to address the challenges and emerging threats facing the region. It also provides an opportunity for African countries to induce technological change, transform the structure of their economies and lay the foundation for high and sustained growth.
Against this background, this paper examines some key questions which are:How African countries are to make the most of the possibilities and address the challenges which China brings for poverty reduction and development at large? How the region could make better use of the bilateral cooperation to further its long-run development objectives? Do the trade strategies of the EU and the US compare favorably to those of China in Africa? To what extent is China in Africa following a different approach than Europe and the US? However, we mostly concentrate on the northernmost region of the African continent. Nevertheless, the implications of the financial crisis on China-Africa cooperation are excluded from our scope of research.
The full text is divided into six chapters and is organized as follows:
The introductory chapter outlines the research question and the research methodology.
The second chapter presents the main theories of international trade where Africa's cooperation with China is involved.
The third chapter bases on the economic and commercial development of Africa's cooperation with China, reviewing the historical background of Sino-African relations as well as the latest development; and analyzing the principles and main characteristics of the partnership.
The fourth chapter highlights the evolution of China's engagement in Africa through aid flows, investment and trade strategies. China's trade with Africa is expanding swiftly. It has increased ten times in the last ten years. China's traditional exports to Africa (like textiles, clothing and furniture) keep increasing, while electrical home appliances, cell phones, motor vehicles and other electronic and high-tech products have begun to pick up. China is rapidly becoming the main trading partner of Africa (exports plus imports), bypassing the US, and the EU. First, it provides a historical overview and comparative perspective of Sino-African aid assistance, investments (FDI) and trade relationships focusing on the North African region. Noting that the bilateral trade grows rapidly, the structure unceasingly optimizes from the general trade to mutual union way such as foreign investment, contract project, official development assistance, zero-interest loans and concessional loans for poor African countries. Then, it will find out to what extent China's trade strategy is different from the trade strategies of the European Union or the United States with respect to assuring trade advantages to Africa.
The fifth chapter discusses the implications of China's engagement in Africa for the African continent (underlining its presence in the North African region), the United States and the European Union. Beyond the quantitative impact of growing aid, finance, trade and investment flows, this engagement have significant qualitative impacts on African development, positive and negative. The chapter approaches these debates using as much as possible a quantified framework, in an attempt to go beyond the common wisdom. The issues addressed include aid effectiveness, trade creation as:the economical and political risk in Africa, the unbalance of Sino-African trade, not real transfer of wealth, technology or skills to African countries.
Finally, the last chapter presents the main policy recommendations/future prospects for consideration by the Sino-African cooperation, China and African countries for the development in the region.
引文
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③ 埃及,肯尼亚,埃塞俄比亚,马里,纳米比亚以及津巴布韦。
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① 1970年到1973年,中国对外国的资金援助占中国资金总支出的比例从3.5%上升到7.2%,其中1971年达5.1%,1972年达6.65%。这一时期,共有66个国家接受中国的援助,占中国对第三世界国家总援助量的2/3.来自1966-1976外国关系,2005年中国和世界关系的研究调查。
② 据中国海关统计,2010年中国分别从沙特阿拉伯和安哥拉进口石油2387万吨和2345万吨。
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③ 中国不同年份的统计年鉴。
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③ 中国为埃及提供了大量的食物,能源设施,设备和军需品和2000万瑞士法郎用来购买必需品和材料。毛主席针对埃及需求说道：中国会尽己所能援助埃及,并且我们的援助是没有任何附加条件的。如果你能偿还那就偿还,倘若不能也没关系,我们将免费提供援助。当然埃及是一个有民族自豪感的国家,他很希望能够回报我们对他的帮助。这种回报可能是在不久的将来,也可能是100年之后……不管怎样,我们都会尽我们最大的努力来帮助埃及发展。
④ 包括埃及,突尼斯,摩洛哥,阿尔及利亚,马里,加纳和索马里。
① 在2007年,世界银行的国际比较计划在我国人均GDP购买力平价上显著降低(-40%)。
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③ 工程耗资4亿美元,相当于当时两个非洲国家GDP总值的10%。
① 在这个时候,中国与马里纺织企业进行了第一次债转股。
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② 据金融时报(2012年1月29日),进出口银行已经由2011年6月获授权的共有十三十亿美元用于非洲项目和金额支付一半。这一数额的大部分已协助中国在非洲企业的贸易活动。
③ Hubbard, P. Aiding Transparency:What We Can Learn about China Exim Bank's Concessional Loans [Z]. Working Paper, Center for Global Development,2011(126):30-42.
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① 计算使用的是联合国贸易与发展会议的FDI基本数据以及中国商务部的“2012年中国对外直接投资的统计公报”
② 2007-2011年中国商务部,“中国对外直接投资的统计公报”
③ Jauch, H. Export processing zones and the quest for sustainable development: a Southern African perspective [R]. Environment & Urbanization,2010(14):101-113.
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① Chen, Z. & Jian, J. Chinese Provinces as Foreign Policy Actors in Africa [J]. South African Institute of International Affairs Johannesburg,2009(14):45-56.
② Kiggundu, M.N. A Profile of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment to Africa [R]. Proceedings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences,2010(15):130-144.
③ 值得注意的是中国不同省份的国有企业或者合资企业加大了对非投资,2011年达到中国对非投资总额的21%,例如,杭州是的领头企业TCL(TCL集团股份有限公司,创意感动生活)投资飞利浦和东芝的电子行业。
① Hammouda, B.H., Karingi, S.N., Njuguna, A.E. & Sadni-Jallab, M. Diversification:Towards a New Paradigm for Africa [J]. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: Africa Trade Policy Centre, Working Paper,2012(35): 16-28.
① Kaplinsky, R. & Morris, M. Chinese FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa:Engaging with Large Dragons [R]. The European Journal of Development Research.2013(21):551-569.
② Geda, A. The Impact of China and India on Africa: Trade, FDI and the African Manufacturing Sector [J]. African Economic Research Consortium,2006(12):35-39.
① 这些数据基于能和联合国贸易与发展协会定义相比较的定义基础上,因此能和同时期联合国镐易与发展协会公布的对非直接投资的数据相比。
② DFID (Department For International Development). Achievine the Millennium Develonment Goals in Africa. Working with China[J]. Leaflet,2012(31):21-26.
③ Fabricius, Peter. China's balancing act in Africa [J]. The Centre for Chinese Studies,2009(35):7-10.
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③ Corkin, L. Competition or Collaboration? Chinese and South African Transnational Companies in Africa [R]. Review of African Political Economy,2012(35):128-134.
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③ Chaponniere, J.R. La derive des continents:l'Asie et 1'Afrique (The Drift of Continents:Asia and Africa) [J]. Futuribles,2009(35):5-26.
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② Asche, H. & Schiiller, M. China's Engagement in Africa-Opportunities and Risks for Development [J]. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn,2012(8):32-40.
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① 中国对非出口比例：南非20.95%；埃及11.75%;尼日利亚10.18%；阿尔及利亚6.96%；摩洛哥5.76%；贝宁5.14%；苏丹3.95%;多哥3.55%；安哥拉3.25%;加纳3.18%：肯尼亚2.58%;利比亚2.21%,利比里亚2.06%,其它国家18.48%。
② 中国从非洲进口比例；安哥拉34.25%；南非19.55%；苏丹11.05%；刚果共和国7.52%赤道几内亚4.49%；利比亚4.10%；阿尔及利亚3.08%；加蓬2.91%；其他国家13.05%。
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① Fukunishi,T. International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa:Why has the manufacturing sector remained small? [J]. Institute of Developing Economies Discussion Paper,2008(2):20-26.
② Hammouda, B.H., Karingi, S.N., Njuguna, A.E. & Sadni-Jallab, M. Diversification:Towards a New Paradigm for Africa[J]. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa:Africa Trade Policy Centre Working Paper,2012(35):12-17
③ 这种计算基于联合国工业开发组织的数据。2004年的MVA平均重量相对于包括南非在内的前20名经济体来说是11.6,除去南非是10.2,因为南非的MVA从2004年的17.25下降到2010年的16.33.在2010年的20个头号经济体中,MVA在七国的平均值低于5,六国中处于5-9.9之间,两国中10-14.9,在五国(南非,埃及,突尼斯,科特迪瓦和塞内加尔)中高于15。在20个国家中,12个国家见证了2004年到2010年间MVA的下降。
④ Fukunishi, T.International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why has the manufacturing sector remained small?[J]. Institute of Developing Economies Japan,2008(2):2-4.
① 这个范围取决于生产力的估计计算和进一步下降到只有20%到40%的中国的生产力。
② United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Economic Report on Africa [R]. United Nations,2011(9):19-30.
③ Soderbom, M. & Teal, F. Can African manufacturing firms become successful exporters? [Z]. Centre for the Study of African Economies-United Nations Industrial Development Organization,2005(4):05.
④ Wood, A. & Mayer, J. Africa's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005(25):369-394.
⑤ By now, the US has moved towards a service economy.
⑥ Eifert, B., Gelb, A. & Ramachandran, V. Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa:Evidence from the Investment Climate data [Z]. Center for Global Development,2009(56):05-10.
① “非洲增长与机会法案”(AGOA)是美国贸易法,它大大扩大了(目前)39个撒哈拉以南非洲国家在美国的市场准入。此举最初是适用于2000年10月到2008年9月,但最近已经延迟到2015年服装类的特许。
② Wood, A. & Mayer, J. Africa's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005(25):369-394.
③ Collier, P. Managing Commodity Booms: Lessons of International Experience [Z]. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi,2011(15):50-78.
④ African Union. Meeting of the task force on Africa's strategic partnership with emerging powers: China, India and Brazil [Z]. The African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2006-09-11.
① Sandrey, R. China-Africa merchandise trade for 2010 year [J]. Tralac Working Paper,2009(07):7-10.
② Sandrey, R. & Fundira, T. Quota imports of Chinese clothing into South Africa:the first year analysis [J]. tralac Trade Brief,2012(7):3-4.
③ Kaplinsky, R., McCormick, D. & Morris, M. The Impact of China on Sub-Saharan Africa [J]. Institute of Development Studies,2007(291):36-53.
④ China Daily. Major deals between China and Africa [EB/26]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/02/content_723011.htm,2013-05-02.
⑤ Sandrey, R. & Fundira, T. Quota imports of Chinese clothing into South Africa:the first year analysis [J]. tralac Trade Brief,2012(7):3-4.
① Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion:Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It [J]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2011(3):86.
② Manji, F & Marks, S. African Perspectives on China in Africa [J]. Fahamu,2011(5):23.
① Ikenberry, J. The Rise of China and the Future of the West [J]. Foreign Affairs,2008(87):15-26.
② Bannister, J. Manufacturing Employment and Compensation in China [R]. Beijing Javelin Investment Consulting Company report,2009.
③ 对中国2009年第一季度HS 61和62(服装)出口数据的分析表明与2008年同期相比总出口额下降了5.1%美元,对美国的出口增加了6.2%。对非洲的出口下降了7.2%。主要是受全球金融危机,货币联盟,一些不确定的限制因素和对中国出口到美国,非洲的限制等影响。我们发现2009年第一季度HS 61和62欧洲(主要市场)的出口额和2008年同期相比下降了8.9%,然而对第二市场日本的出口额却上升了9.2%。
④ SITC的数据和这一时期的HS数据只是粗略的比较,因为SITC分类是根据生产商的类型,而HS却是基于贸易。
⑤ United States Department of Commerce. Global Patterns of US Merchandise Trade [EB/27]. http://tse.export.gov/, 2013-11-14.
① Cadot, O. & Nasir, J. Incentives and Obstacles to Growth:Lessons from Manufacturing case studies in Madagascar [R]. Regional Program on Enterprise Development Working Paper, World Bank, Washington D.C,2005(117):120-134.
② Rodrik, D. What's So Special about China's Exports? [J]. China & World Economy,2010(14):1-19.
③ 这一成功超越工资或汇率相关的优势,但很大程度上是一种生产力功能作为竞争力的主要驱动力；依靠低能源消费和政府在基础设施上的不断开支,企业的后勤成本已降到最低；同时经济体的规模以及地区和全球产品供应链的整合。中国制造业引人争议的一方面是政府和私人行业界限模糊,这使得实际生产成本的计算显得格外困难,尽管中国将要为出口制造业提供更开放的市场。
④ 欧洲睦邻政策战略研究范围广泛,包括移民问题。政策也提出要加大对基础设施投资来方便北非到欧洲能源运输,以此来扩大双边贸易。
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② European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. European Neighbourhood Policy: Economic Review of EU Neighbour Countries [J]. European Economy Occasional Paper,2008(40):36-41.
③ Princeton, Lyman. China's Rising Role in Africa en Council on Foreign Relations [EB/28]. http://www.cfr.org/ publication/8436/chinas_rising_role_in_africa.html,2013-11-12.
④ Chen, Xiaodong. China's Relations with the Arab Countries [EB/29]. http://news.bandao.cn/news_html/201205/ 20120531/news_20120531_1917839.shtml,2013-10-02.
① Standard Chartered. China-Africa Trade: setting the scene for the future [EB/30]. research.standardchartered.com/ researchdocuments/Pages/ResearchArticle.aspx?&R=76277,2011-04-21.
② 2009年中国对外直接投资统计公报。
③ Castel, V. & et al. BRICs in North Africa:Changing the Name of the Game [J]. North Africa Quarterly Analytical, 2011(23):08.
① Chinese Ministry of Commerce. Algeria Trade Statistics in August of 2010 [EB/32]. http://english.mofcom.gov. cn/aarticle/subject/minister/lanmub/201102/20110207420824.html,2011-02-13.
② China Railway Construction Corporation Limited. CRCC Wins USD2.6 bln Railway Contracts in Libya [EB/33]. http://www.crcc.cn/Page/536/SourceId/1711/InfoID/4099/defeult.aspx,2008-02-24.
① Foster.V. & Briceno-Garmendia, C. Africa's Infrastructure:a Time for Transformation [R]. World Bank, Washington, 2010(4):210-236.
② WTO的能力已经扩展到新的领域,如农业,服务业,与贸易有关的知识产权协定(TRIPs)和与贸易有关的投资措施(TRIMs)等。
③ Berger, A. The role of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in China's foreign policy [Z]. Bonn: German Development Institute,2008(3):10.
① Dijk, M.P. van. Einde van Multi-vezel-akkoord: Chinese textiel zondvloed [J]. Internationale Spectator,2009(59): 517-520.
② EU. Improving market access for LDCs [R].156 final Brussels:European Union,1997(97):31-45.
③ Hoestenberghe, K. van & Dijk, M.P. van. Europese economische partnerschappen met ASC-landen:goede zaken? [R].Internationale Spectator,2011(59):471-476.
④ Mold, A. European development policies and Africa [J]. Amsterdam University Press,2012(5):32-36.
④ Hoestenberghe, K. van & Dijk, M.P. Europese economische partnerschappen met ASC-landen: goede zaken? [R]. Internationale Spectator,2011(59):471-476.
① Broadman, H.G. Connecting Africa and Asia, improved market access can boost Africa's export, but Africa needs domestic reforms [J]. Finance and Development,2007(7):35-40.
② Eurostep. Eurostep's Proposal on trade and investment[J]. Brussels: European Solidarity Towards Equal Participation of People working paper,2001(4):12-20.
③ Jacoby, U. The new partnership between China and Africa for aid and trade [J]. Finance and Development,2010(14): 32-40.
① Hofmann Katharina, Jtirgen Kretz, Michael Roll & Sebastian Sperling. Contrasting Perceptions:Chinese, African, and European Perspectives on the China-Africa Summit [N]. Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft,2011(4):75-90.
② Hong, Zhao. China's Oil Venture in Africa [M]. East Asia,2007(4):399-415.
③ Kuada, John. Learning from Asia: Chinese Investment Inflows to Africa and Their Possible Impact on African Management Practices[N]. African Renaissance,2009(5):36-41.
① Airault, Pascal. Ils ont choisi l'Afrique [J]. Jeune Afrique,2006(12):68.
② Bohringer Andreas, Falkenberg Claus-Michael & Hess Jiirgen. Ausverkauf der afrikanischen Waldreserven an China? [J].entwicklung und landlicher raum,2011(4):18-19.
① Davies, Penny. China and the end of poverty in Africa-towards mutual benefit? [M]. Diakonia,2011:42-56.
① Zafar, Ali. The Growing Relationship Between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment, and Aid Links[J]. The World Bank Research Observer,2007(22):103-130.
② De Lorenzo, Mauro. African Perspectives on China [J].American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2011(5):21-26.
③ Downs, Erica S. The Facts and Fiction of Sino-African Energy Relations[J]. China Security,2007(3):13-16.
① Bosten, Emmy. China's Engagement in the Construction Industry of Southern Africa: The case of Mozambique [J]. Paper for the Workshop "Asian and other Drivers of Global Change",2010(19):15-21.
② Holslag, Jonathan, Geeraerts, Gustaaf, Gorus, Jan & Smis, Stefaan. Chinese resources and energy policy in Sub-Saharan Africa [R]. Report for the Development Committee of the European Parliament.2010(2):123-132.
③ 温特沙尔公司(Wintershall)和利比亚的RWE DEA AG公司是个例外。
④ Kaplinsky, Raphael. Winners and losers:China's trade threats and opportunities for Africa [J]. IPPR,2007(4):13-26.
① Gaye, Adama. Chine-Afrique: Le dragon et l'autruche. Essai d'analyse de l'evolution contrastee des relations sino-africaines: sainte ou impie alliance du XXIeme siecle? [M]. L'Harmattan, Paris,2006:210-236.
② 尽管经济政策经验和当地的出口行业内容配额的政治规定可以混合,但是该仪器在建筑业的应用可以从一个更积极的角度看。
③ Hofmann, Katharina. Herausforderungen fur die internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit:Das Beispiel China [N]. FES Briefing Paper, Berlin,2011(3):12-16.
① Ademola, O., Bankole A.S & Adewuyi A.O. China-Africa trade Relations:Insight from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. European Journal of Development Research,2009(21):485-505.
② IMF. World Economic Outlook[R]. Washington DC, September 2004.
① Ademola, O., Bankole A.S & Adewuyi A.O. China-Africa trade Relations: Insight from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. European Journal of Development Research,2009(21):485-505.
② Giovannetti, G. & Sanfilippo, M. Do Chinese Exports Crowd-out African Goods? An Econometric Analysis by Country and Sector [J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2013(21):506-530.
③ Calderon, C., Chong, A. & E.Stein, E. Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Synchronization: Are Developing Countries any Different?[J]. Journal of International Economics,2011(71):2-21.
④ Fan, S. How can China's rapid growth benefit African poor through rural and agricultural development? [R]. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC,2011:125-134.
① Adenikinju, A. & Bamou, E. Evaluating Asian Drivers Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa Oil and Gas Industries: A Methodological Framework [R]. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi 2010: 201-256.
② Besada, H., Wang, Y. & Whalley, J. China's Growing Economic Activity in Africa [Z]. Working Paper 14024, National Bureau of Economic Research,2012(7):11.
③ Ajakaiye, O., Kaplinsky, R., Morris, M. & N'Zue, F. Seizing Opportunities and Confronting the Challenges of China- Africa Investment relations: Insights from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. Policy Issues Paper African Economic Research Consortium,2009(2):14-26.
① African Union. Declaration on Development of Transport and Energy Infrastructure in Africa [Z]. African Union, Doc Assembly/AU/9 (XII),2009(2):12-16,
② International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) & World Bank. Africa's Infrastructure:A Time for Transformation [R]. IBRD/World Bank Report, Washington D.C,2013(5):212-236.
① Business Day. Chinese Hunger for Africa projects [EB/34]. Business Day, http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/ Content. aspx?id=80023,2010-03-12.
① Kurlantzick, Joshua. Beijing's Safari: China's Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid, Development, and Governance [J]. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook,2009(3):22-36.
② China Daily. China to continue assistance for Africa: Premier [EB/35]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-05/16/content_873448.htm,2013-11-26.
① Princeton, Lyman. China's Rising Role in Africa [EB/36]. http://www.cfr.org/publication/8436/chinas_ rising_role_in_africa.html,03-11-2013.
② China Daily. China and Africa adopt key partnership [EB/37]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/06/content_725194.htm,2013-12-01.
③ Hickel, J. The US, the AU and the new scramble for Africa [EB/38]. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/ features/68088,2010-10-26.
① European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1402/2007 laying down rules for the management and distribution of textile quotas established for the year 2008 under Council Regulation (EC) [J].2008(517):94.
② Tazi, Mohamed. Association Marocaine des industries du textile et habillement (AMITH) [EB/39]. http://www. executivemagazine.com/getarticle.php?article=10602,18-01-2012.
① Navtej, Dhillon & et al. Missed by the Boom, Hurt by the Bust: making markets work for young people the Middle East [J]. Washington DC: Dubai School of Management/Wolfsenson Centre for Development, Brookings Institution, 2009: 8.
② World Bank. Country Brief: Algeria [EB/40]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ MENAEXT/ALGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20188043-pagePK:141137-piPK:141127-theSitePK:312509.00.html, 14-04-2011.
③ The World Bank. Doing Business in the Arab World 2010 [R]. The World Bank 2010, Washington, DC,2010:2-33.注意：一些对北非的描述也包括毛里塔尼亚,如果这样的话,在这项调查中他将会在阿尔及利亚的排名之下。
① Xinhua News Agency. Hu Jintao visits eight African countries and deepened friendship with the African continent[J]. Beijing,2007-02-10.
① Bush, George W. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America[Z]. Washington DC: The White House,2006-03:37-38.
② Millennium Challenge Corporation Home Page [EB/41]. http://www.mcc.gov,2013-01-16.
① Large, Alden. & De Oliveira, Soares. China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace [N]. London: Hurst & Company,2008(12):20.
② Bush, George W. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America [Z]. Washington DC: The White House,2006-03:41.
③ Millennium Project Home Page [EB/42]. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org,2013-11-12.
④ Large, Alden & De Oliveira, Soares. China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace [N]. London: Hurst & Company,2008(12):103.
① Holslag, Jonathan. China's New Security Strategy for Africa [M]. Parameters,2009(39):28-29.
① Pollack, Kenneth M. A Path Out of the Desert: A Grand Strategy for America in the Middle East [M]. New York, Random House,2012:422-423.
① 国家能源政策发展集团(The National Energy Policy Development Group NEPDG)通常指的是“切尼能源工作组”,创建于2001年,由副总统切尼任主席,该集团在2001年5月作出了国家能源政策的报告。
② China's Influence in Africa. Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Africa, Global Human Rights And International Operations Of The Committee On Relations House Of Representatives One Hundred Ninth Congress [Z].2009-07-28(109):9-10.
① U.S. Global Development Policy [EB/43]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policy,2010-09-22.
② Struye De Swielande, T. Afrique:Geopolitique et g6ostrategie-Le retour de Washington sur le continent africain [EB/44]. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/printable/201009170781.html,2012-11-10.
③ TRALAC. Africa-China trading relationship [EB/45]. http://www.tralac.org/cause_data/images/1694/Africa-China09.pdf,2013-11-26.
④ erdrix P. & Ballong S. L'AGOA montre ses limites [EB/46]. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articleimp_ ARTJAJA 2535p065-067. xm 10_1-agoa-montre-ses-limites.html,2013-12-02.
① Rotberg, Robert I. China into Africa Trade, aid and influence [J]. Brooking institution press,2012(3):30-35.
① McGreal, Chris. Chinese Aid to Africa May Do More Harm Than Good, Warns Benn [J]. Guardian,2011(56):10-16.
② Li, Qiangmin. EU envoy reportedly cautions Zambia against "mortgaging" country to China [Z]. BBC Monitoring, 2011(23):5-6.
① Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The EU, Africa and China: Towards trilateral dialogue and cooperation [EB/47]. http://ec. europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/COMM_PDF_COM_2008_0654_F_COMMUNICATION_en.pdf,2012-10-17.
② Wissenbach, Uwe. Much ado about nothing? China's quest for a place under the African sun [Z]. The international conference on "The EU and China: Partners or Competitors in Africa?", College of Europe, Bruges,2010-02-10.
① Hoslag, Jonathan & Van Hoeymissen, Sara. The Limits of Socialization-The Search for EU-China Cooperation towards Security Challenges in Africa [R]. Policy Report, Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies,2010(32): 10.
① British Petroleum (BP). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, and BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
① 汪勤梅.中非经贸合作飞跃发展的20年载西亚非洲[J].瞭望新闻,1998(5)：3-4
① 50个海外“经济贸易合作区”的建立最初是在中国的2006-2010年第十一个五年计划中提出的。
② Davies, Martyn. China's Developmental Model Comes to Africa: The Case of Special Economic Zones [J]. China-Africa Business Frontier,2010(15):2.
③ Opinion of the Committee on International Trade. Report on China's Policy and Its Effects on Africa [R].2008-03-28: 25-6.
④ The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. China's 12th Five-Year Plan Outline [EB/50]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-03/16/c_121193916.htm,2013-02-12.
① Huliaras, A. & Magliveras K. In search of a policy: EU and US reactions to the growing Chinese presence in Africa [N]. European Foreign Affairs Review,2008(13):409.
② Huliaras, A. & Magliveras K. In search of a policy:EU and US reactions to the growing Chinese presence in Africa [N]. European Foreign Affairs Review,2008(13):414.
① EU-Africa Joint Strategy [EB/51]. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_joint_strategy_en. pdf,2013-11-04.
② Commission of the European Communities. EU-China: Closer Partners, Growing Responsibilities [Z]. Brussels, 2006-10-24:4.
③ Commission of the European Communities. EU-China: Closer Partners, Growing Responsibilities [Z]. Brussels, 2006-10-24:5.
① 巩固欧盟与非洲关系的谈话从欧盟委员会到欧洲议会和理事会,布鲁塞尔,2011
① 王丰丰.非洲或可复制中国经济奇迹[N].参考消息,2010(4)
① Deichmann, U., & Gill, I. The Economic Geography of Regional Integration[J]. Finance and Development,2008(4): 15-23.
② Eichengreen, B., & Tong, H. How China is Reorganizing the World Economy[J]. Asian Economic Policy Review, 2010(1):73-97.
① Aning, Kwesi & Lecoutre, Delphine. China's Ventures in Africa [J]. African Security Review,2012(18):39-50.
② Anyu, J. Ndumbe & Afam Ifedi, J.-P. China's Ventures in Africa:Patterns, Prospects, and Implications for Africa's Development [J]. Mediterranean Quarterly,2012(20):91-110.
① Bamou, Ernest & Adenikinju, Adeola. Evaluating Asian Drivers Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa Oil and Gas Industries:A Methodological Framework [Z]. The African Economic Research Consortium,2006(2):2-26.
② Kaufmann, D. & Kraay, A. Governance Indicators:Where Are We, Where Should We Be Going? [R]. The World Bank Research Observer,2008(23):1-30.
③ Bello, Walden. China Eyes Africa: The New Imperialism? [J]. Multinational Monitor,2011(1):23-26.
④ 这种情况是由一些中国合作伙伴的管理松懈造成的,但它也主要来自机构内部的软弱无能。例如,拥有巨大的铜,钴等矿产储量的刚果金沙萨仍然很贫穷,因为州政府无法从数千家超出其控制的企业征税。
① Bergsten, C. Fred, Charles Freeman, Nicholas R. Lardy, & Derek J. Mitchell. China's Rise: Challenges and Opportunities[J]. Washington:Peterson Institute for International Economics,2008(3):3-16.
② Shinn, David H. China's Engagement in Africa [EB/52]. www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090127_africa_review_china draft.pdf,2013-12-02.
③ Zafar, A. The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment, and Aid Links[R]. The World Bank Research Observer,2007(22):103-130.
④ Shinn, David H. An Opportunistic Ally: China's Increasing Involvement in Africa [J]. Harvard International Review, 2011(2):52-56.
① Jiang, Chunglian. Les Relations de la Chine avec l'Afrique: Fondements, Realites et Perspectives [J]. Le Monde Chinois,2010(9):7-26.
② Wang, JianYe. What Drives China's Growing Role in Africa? [J]. IMF Working Paper,2009(63):1-30.
③ Jin, Yongjian. Talking Points on China's Foreign Policy [J]. African Renaissance,2005(4):30-35.
④ Wild, Leni & Mepham, David. The New Sinosphere: China in Africa, "Introduction" and "How do we engage with China on Africa?"[J]. IPPR,2010(24):62.
⑤ Maghan, Keita. Africans and Asians: Historiography and the Long View of Global Interaction [J]. Journal of World History,2011(1):1-30.
① Kitissou, Marcel. China and Africa: Neither Friends nor Enemies [N]. African Renaissance,2010(4):64-69.
② Kong, Minghui. Sino-African Relations and China's Policy towards Africa [M]. Institute of West Asian and African Studies,2009(2):378-392.
③ Konings, Piet. China and Africa:Building a Strategic Partnership [J]. Journal of Developing Societies,2011(3):341-367.
① FOCAC. FOCAC Archives [EB/53]. http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys/,2014-01-21.
② Liu, Yumei. China's Soft Power and the Development of China-Africa Relations[J]. China International Studies, 2007(7):81-96.
③ Ben-Dak, Joseph D. China in the Arab World [Z]. Current History,2012(59):147-152,174.
④ 选择这样的国家组合原因在于60%的中国出口品进入这些国家：南非19.92%,埃及11.88%,尼日利亚10.18%,阿尔及利亚7.25%,摩洛哥5.80%以及贝宁5.28%,同时70%的中国进口产品来自于这四个国家：安哥拉35.45%,南非18.20%,苏丹11.47%以及刚果共和国7.80%。
⑤ Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), FOCAC official website [EB/54]. www.focac.org,2013-11-08.
① Minson, A. China's preferential trade policy for Africa. China in Africa [Z]. South African Institute of International Affairs, China in Africa Briefing,2010(1):10.
① Besada Hany, Wang Yang & Whalley John. China's Growing Economic Presence in Africa [J]. Policy Brief, The Centre for International Governance Innovation,2012(7):1-6.
② Cisse, Mbaye. L'affirmation d'une Strategie de Puissance: La Politique Africaine de la Chine [EB/55]. www.diploweb.com/forum/chine07102.htm,2013-05-19.
③ 黄泽全.中非携手合作共迎新世纪,中非合作论坛—北京2000年部长级会议论坛透视[J].国际瞭望,2000(11)：5
① 贺文萍.中非合作论坛探讨新形势下中非关系,以新思路推动中非合作新发展[J].瞭望新闻,2000(42)：2-3
Amosu, A.中国瞄准非洲[EB/56]. http://www.fpif.org,2013-12-10.
② Amosu, A.中国在非洲C：(依然)是良政问题,笨蛋[EB/57]. http://www.fpif.org,2013-12-10.
③ Wild, L中国、非洲及8国集团：错失的链接[EB/58]. http://www.ippr.org,2013-12-11.
④ 贺文萍.相互依存的中非新型战略伙伴关系[J].中国社会科学院院报,2006(2)
① Berger, Bernt. China's Engagement in Africa: Can the EU Sit Back? [J]. South African Journal of International Affairs,2010(2):115-127.
② Berger, Bernt & Wissenbach, Uwe. EU-China-Africa Trilateral Development Cooperation: Common Challenges and New Directions [Z]. German Development Institute Discussion Paper,2011(1):1-27.
① Buckens, Marie-Martine. EU-Africa-China, A New Triangular Relationship? [EB/59]. www.acpeucourier.info/EU-Africa-China-a-ne.174.0.html,2013-12-10.
② 2005年西方政府宣称要双倍增加对非援助。但是从2004年对非援助金额并未变动,并且非洲从欧洲收到的援助资源越来越少。
① Eifert B., Gelb A. & Ramachandran, V. Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa: Evidence from the Investment Climate data [Z]. Center for Global Development, Working Paper,2009(56):5-13.
② Davies, Martyn. Special Economic Zones and Infrastructure Corridors: China's Development Model Comes to Africa [N]. Centre for Chinese Studies,2011(2):2-4.
① 尽管在中国经济增长奇迹和非洲的出发点以及实现工业化做出的努力之间没有直接的可比性,但是中国沿海省市经济特区的设立在国家结构型转变中起着重要的作用。通过建立经济特区,国家经历了市场自由化。
② 肯尼亚,埃及和毛里求斯可能是非洲建立这样的经济特区的领航者。
③ World Bank. Export Processing Zones in Sub-Saharan Africa [R]. Economic and Social Policy,2001(193):210-221.
④ frol News. Cape Verde joins struggle for Chinese economic zones [EB/60]. http://www.afrol.com/articles/26135, 2013-11-09.
① Sandrey, R. China-Africa merchandise trade for the December 2008 year [J]. Tralac Working Paper, Stellenbosch, 2013(09):19-22.
② 这是基于来自非洲的进口额,这样的进口额是依据从世界贸易组织(WTO)网站上下载的中国关税表进行的评估。
③ 然而,供应方在非洲的限制性因素和限制性的中国非关税壁垒例如原产地的规定都可能会破坏对非协议的可能性。
④ Courmont, Barthelemy & Irving, Lewis. Chine-Afrique: Une Strategie Donnant-Donnant? [N]. Defense Nationale et Securite Collective,2011(3):103-110.
⑤ Copson, Raymond W. China's Growing Role in Africa[J]. Washington Journal of Modern China,2010(2):14-23.
① Gashegu, Muramira. Exploit China Business Partnership, Makuza Tells Africa [EB/61]. http://allafrica. com/ stories/201007050332.html,2010-07-04.
② Bulwaka, Michael. Excerpts from comments [Z]. The New Vision Embassy of Uganda in Beijing,2010-11-08.
③ Guo, Chunju. Africa Should Learn From China on Agricultural Development [EB/62]. Xinhua News http:// english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6977488.html,2010-05-07.
① World Bank. Addressing Africa's Infrastructure Needs [EB/63]. http://go.worldbank.org/UEBR8YNUR0,2012-04-12
② Infrastructure Committee for Africa. Investing for Africa's Infrastructure Vital for Africa's Economic Development [EB/64].http://www.icafrica.org/en/news/ica-news/articlel/view/press-release-investing-in-regional-infrastructure-vita 1-for-africas-economic-development-1/,2012-06-05.
① Arbab, Farah. China-Africa Interaction:Prospects for a Strategic Partnership [EB/65]. www.issi.org.pk/journal/ 2007_files/no_3/article/a4.htm,2013-12-02.
① Xinhua News. China pledges to help Angola in diversifying exports in bilateral trade [EB/66]. http://english. peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7260548.html,2011-01-14.
② Davies, Penny. China and the End of Poverty in Africa-Towards Mutual Benefit? [EB/67]. www.diakonia. se/ documents/public/NEWS/China_and_the_end_of_poverty_in_Africa_2.pdf,2013-12-06.
③ De Lorenzo, Mauro. African Perspectives on China[J].American Enteprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2011(5):6-7.
④ Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. China-Africa in the 21st Century [EB/68]. www.saiia.org. za/modules. php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=986,2013-12-05.
① El-Khawas, Mohamed A. China's Changing Policies in Africa [J]. A Journal of Opinion,2009(3):24-28.
① 李安山.论中国对非洲政策的调适与转变[J].西亚非洲,2006(8)
[1]Ademola, O., Bankole A.S & Adewuyi A.O. China-Africa trade Relations:Insight from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. European Journal of Development Research, 2009(21):485-505.
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③ Brautigam, D. Chinese Aid and African Development: Exporting Green Revolution [R]. Basingstoke:MacMillan, 2010(23):36-38.
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③ 中国为埃及提供了大量的食物,能源设施,设备和军需品和2000万瑞士法郎用来购买必需品和材料。毛主席针对埃及需求说道：中国会尽己所能援助埃及,并且我们的援助是没有任何附加条件的。如果你能偿还那就偿还,倘若不能也没关系,我们将免费提供援助。当然埃及是一个有民族自豪感的国家,他很希望能够回报我们对他的帮助。这种回报可能是在不久的将来,也可能是100年之后……不管怎样,我们都会尽我们最大的努力来帮助埃及发展。
④ 包括埃及,突尼斯,摩洛哥,阿尔及利亚,马里,加纳和索马里。
① 在2007年,世界银行的国际比较计划在我国人均GDP购买力平价上显著降低(-40%)。
② Prah, K.K. Africa and China, then and now:African perspectives on China in Africa [M]. Fahamu Books,2011.
③ 工程耗资4亿美元,相当于当时两个非洲国家GDP总值的10%。
① 在这个时候,中国与马里纺织企业进行了第一次债转股。
② Davies, Penny. China and the end of poverty in Africa-Towards mutual benefit? [M]. Diaokonia,2011:120-132.
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⑤ Hubbard, P. Aiding Transparency:What We Can Learn About China EXIM Bank's Concessional Loans [Z]. Center for Global Development, Working Paper,2011(126):28-39.
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③ Jacoby, U. Getting Together. The new partnership between China and Africa for aid and trade [J]. Finance and Development,2010(44):16-25.
④ Stamp, G. China defends its African relations [Z]. BBC News Online,2010.
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② Eisenman, J. & Kurlantzick, J. China's Africa Strategy [M]. Current History,2011(12):62-78.
③ He, Wenping. China's loans to Africa won't cause debt crisis [J]. China Daily,2007(54):15-17.
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② China Ministry of Commerce. China Commerce Yearbook 2011 [R]. Ministry of Commerce, Beijing,2011.
③ Alesina, A. & Dollar, D. Who gives foreign aid to whom and why?[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,2008(5):33-63.
① Davies, M. How China delivers development assistance to Africa [N].Center for Chinese Studies,2010(29):10-19.
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② 据金融时报(2012年1月29日),进出口银行已经由2011年6月获授权的共有十三十亿美元用于非洲项目和金额支付一半。这一数额的大部分已协助中国在非洲企业的贸易活动。
③ Hubbard, P. Aiding Transparency:What We Can Learn about China Exim Bank's Concessional Loans [Z]. Working Paper, Center for Global Development,2011(126):30-42.
① Kragelund, P. Chinese Drivers for African Development? The effects of Chinese investments in Zambia [M]. London: Adonis and Abbey Publishers,2007:162-181.
② Stahle, S. Towards China's Integration into the Aid Donor Architecture: Learning From Chinese Participation in International Regimes[J]. China Aktuell,2008(3):130-163.
① Kaplinsky, R. & Messner, D. Introduction:The Impact of Asian Drivers on the Developing World [J]. World Development,2008(2):197-209.
① Corkin, L. Competition or Collaboration? Chinese and South African Transnational Companies in Africa [J]. Review of African Political Economy,2012 (35):128-134.
① 计算使用的是联合国贸易与发展会议的FDI基本数据以及中国商务部的“2012年中国对外直接投资的统计公报”
② 2007-2011年中国商务部,“中国对外直接投资的统计公报”
③ Jauch, H. Export processing zones and the quest for sustainable development: a Southern African perspective [R]. Environment & Urbanization,2010(14):101-113.
④ Burgis, Tom. Chinese Seek Huge Stake in Nigeria Oil [J]. Financial Times,2012(26):27-33.
① Chen, Z. & Jian, J. Chinese Provinces as Foreign Policy Actors in Africa [J]. South African Institute of International Affairs Johannesburg,2009(14):45-56.
② Kiggundu, M.N. A Profile of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment to Africa [R]. Proceedings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences,2010(15):130-144.
③ 值得注意的是中国不同省份的国有企业或者合资企业加大了对非投资,2011年达到中国对非投资总额的21%,例如,杭州是的领头企业TCL(TCL集团股份有限公司,创意感动生活)投资飞利浦和东芝的电子行业。
① Hammouda, B.H., Karingi, S.N., Njuguna, A.E. & Sadni-Jallab, M. Diversification:Towards a New Paradigm for Africa [J]. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: Africa Trade Policy Centre, Working Paper,2012(35): 16-28.
① Kaplinsky, R. & Morris, M. Chinese FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa:Engaging with Large Dragons [R]. The European Journal of Development Research.2013(21):551-569.
② Geda, A. The Impact of China and India on Africa: Trade, FDI and the African Manufacturing Sector [J]. African Economic Research Consortium,2006(12):35-39.
① 这些数据基于能和联合国贸易与发展协会定义相比较的定义基础上,因此能和同时期联合国镐易与发展协会公布的对非直接投资的数据相比。
② DFID (Department For International Development). Achievine the Millennium Develonment Goals in Africa. Working with China[J]. Leaflet,2012(31):21-26.
③ Fabricius, Peter. China's balancing act in Africa [J]. The Centre for Chinese Studies,2009(35):7-10.
① Lungu, J. & Mulenga, C. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Extractive Industry in Zambia [J]. Ndola:Mission Press,2009(11):120-131.
② Alden, C. & Davies, M. A Profile of the Operations of Chinese Multinationals in Africa [J]. South African Journal of International Affairs,2010(13):83-96.
③ Corkin, L. Competition or Collaboration? Chinese and South African Transnational Companies in Africa [R]. Review of African Political Economy,2012(35):128-134.
④ BBC News. China defends its role in Africa [EB/25]. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6660341.stm,2013-11-13.
① Calderon, C., Chong, A. & E.Stein, E. Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Synchronization: Are Countries any Different? [J]. Journal of International Economics,2011(71):2-21.
② Richer, Ph. L'offensive chinoise en Afrique [M]. Karthala, Paris,2008.
① Manning, Richard. Will "Emerging Donors" Change the Face of International Co-operation? [R]. Development Policy Review,2006(4):371-385.
② Goldstein Andreas, Pinaud Nicolas, Reisen Helmut & Chen Xiaobao. The Rise of China and India, What's in it for Africa? [R]. Development Centre Studies,2007(13):421-426.
③ Chaponniere, J.R. La derive des continents:l'Asie et 1'Afrique (The Drift of Continents:Asia and Africa) [J]. Futuribles,2009(35):5-26.
① Schott, P.K. The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports [R]. Economic Policy,2012(53):5-49.
② Asche, H. & Schiiller, M. China's Engagement in Africa-Opportunities and Risks for Development [J]. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn,2012(8):32-40.
③ Collier, P. & Venables, A.J. Rethinking Trade Preferences: How Africa Can Diversify its Exports? [M]. The World Economy,2007(30):1326-1345.
① 中国对非出口比例：南非20.95%；埃及11.75%;尼日利亚10.18%；阿尔及利亚6.96%；摩洛哥5.76%；贝宁5.14%；苏丹3.95%;多哥3.55%；安哥拉3.25%;加纳3.18%：肯尼亚2.58%;利比亚2.21%,利比里亚2.06%,其它国家18.48%。
② 中国从非洲进口比例；安哥拉34.25%；南非19.55%；苏丹11.05%；刚果共和国7.52%赤道几内亚4.49%；利比亚4.10%；阿尔及利亚3.08%；加蓬2.91%；其他国家13.05%。
① He, Wenping. Moving Forward with the Time:the Evolution of China's African Policy [Z]. Workshon on Amca Keiations: Engaging the International Discourse, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Center on China's Transnational Relations,2006-11-11.
② Lardy, N. Integrating China into the Global Economy [Z]. Brooking Institution, Washington D.C,2002(12):31-36.
① Branstetter, L. & Lardy, N. China's Embrace of Globalization[J]. Brandt and Rawsky,2008(12):32-40.
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③ Stiglitz, J.E. Making globalization work [J]. Norton & Company,2008(8):15-21.
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① Fukunishi,T. International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa:Why has the manufacturing sector remained small? [J]. Institute of Developing Economies Discussion Paper,2008(2):20-26.
② Hammouda, B.H., Karingi, S.N., Njuguna, A.E. & Sadni-Jallab, M. Diversification:Towards a New Paradigm for Africa[J]. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa:Africa Trade Policy Centre Working Paper,2012(35):12-17
③ 这种计算基于联合国工业开发组织的数据。2004年的MVA平均重量相对于包括南非在内的前20名经济体来说是11.6,除去南非是10.2,因为南非的MVA从2004年的17.25下降到2010年的16.33.在2010年的20个头号经济体中,MVA在七国的平均值低于5,六国中处于5-9.9之间,两国中10-14.9,在五国(南非,埃及,突尼斯,科特迪瓦和塞内加尔)中高于15。在20个国家中,12个国家见证了2004年到2010年间MVA的下降。
④ Fukunishi, T.International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why has the manufacturing sector remained small?[J]. Institute of Developing Economies Japan,2008(2):2-4.
① 这个范围取决于生产力的估计计算和进一步下降到只有20%到40%的中国的生产力。
② United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Economic Report on Africa [R]. United Nations,2011(9):19-30.
③ Soderbom, M. & Teal, F. Can African manufacturing firms become successful exporters? [Z]. Centre for the Study of African Economies-United Nations Industrial Development Organization,2005(4):05.
④ Wood, A. & Mayer, J. Africa's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005(25):369-394.
⑤ By now, the US has moved towards a service economy.
⑥ Eifert, B., Gelb, A. & Ramachandran, V. Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa:Evidence from the Investment Climate data [Z]. Center for Global Development,2009(56):05-10.
① “非洲增长与机会法案”(AGOA)是美国贸易法,它大大扩大了(目前)39个撒哈拉以南非洲国家在美国的市场准入。此举最初是适用于2000年10月到2008年9月,但最近已经延迟到2015年服装类的特许。
② Wood, A. & Mayer, J. Africa's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005(25):369-394.
③ Collier, P. Managing Commodity Booms: Lessons of International Experience [Z]. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi,2011(15):50-78.
④ African Union. Meeting of the task force on Africa's strategic partnership with emerging powers: China, India and Brazil [Z]. The African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2006-09-11.
① Sandrey, R. China-Africa merchandise trade for 2010 year [J]. Tralac Working Paper,2009(07):7-10.
② Sandrey, R. & Fundira, T. Quota imports of Chinese clothing into South Africa:the first year analysis [J]. tralac Trade Brief,2012(7):3-4.
③ Kaplinsky, R., McCormick, D. & Morris, M. The Impact of China on Sub-Saharan Africa [J]. Institute of Development Studies,2007(291):36-53.
④ China Daily. Major deals between China and Africa [EB/26]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/02/content_723011.htm,2013-05-02.
⑤ Sandrey, R. & Fundira, T. Quota imports of Chinese clothing into South Africa:the first year analysis [J]. tralac Trade Brief,2012(7):3-4.
① Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion:Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It [J]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2011(3):86.
② Manji, F & Marks, S. African Perspectives on China in Africa [J]. Fahamu,2011(5):23.
① Ikenberry, J. The Rise of China and the Future of the West [J]. Foreign Affairs,2008(87):15-26.
② Bannister, J. Manufacturing Employment and Compensation in China [R]. Beijing Javelin Investment Consulting Company report,2009.
③ 对中国2009年第一季度HS 61和62(服装)出口数据的分析表明与2008年同期相比总出口额下降了5.1%美元,对美国的出口增加了6.2%。对非洲的出口下降了7.2%。主要是受全球金融危机,货币联盟,一些不确定的限制因素和对中国出口到美国,非洲的限制等影响。我们发现2009年第一季度HS 61和62欧洲(主要市场)的出口额和2008年同期相比下降了8.9%,然而对第二市场日本的出口额却上升了9.2%。
④ SITC的数据和这一时期的HS数据只是粗略的比较,因为SITC分类是根据生产商的类型,而HS却是基于贸易。
⑤ United States Department of Commerce. Global Patterns of US Merchandise Trade [EB/27]. http://tse.export.gov/, 2013-11-14.
① Cadot, O. & Nasir, J. Incentives and Obstacles to Growth:Lessons from Manufacturing case studies in Madagascar [R]. Regional Program on Enterprise Development Working Paper, World Bank, Washington D.C,2005(117):120-134.
② Rodrik, D. What's So Special about China's Exports? [J]. China & World Economy,2010(14):1-19.
③ 这一成功超越工资或汇率相关的优势,但很大程度上是一种生产力功能作为竞争力的主要驱动力；依靠低能源消费和政府在基础设施上的不断开支,企业的后勤成本已降到最低；同时经济体的规模以及地区和全球产品供应链的整合。中国制造业引人争议的一方面是政府和私人行业界限模糊,这使得实际生产成本的计算显得格外困难,尽管中国将要为出口制造业提供更开放的市场。
④ 欧洲睦邻政策战略研究范围广泛,包括移民问题。政策也提出要加大对基础设施投资来方便北非到欧洲能源运输,以此来扩大双边贸易。
⑤ IMF. World Economic Outlook [R]. Washington,2013:47-62.
① Dupasquier, C. & Osakwe, P. Foreign direct investment in Africa:performance, challenges and responsibilities [J]. Journal of Asian Economics.2010(2):241-260.
① Castel, V. & et al. BRICs in North Africa: Changing the Name of the Game [J]. North Africa Quarterly Analytical, 2011(23):12-21.
② European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. European Neighbourhood Policy: Economic Review of EU Neighbour Countries [J]. European Economy Occasional Paper,2008(40):36-41.
③ Princeton, Lyman. China's Rising Role in Africa en Council on Foreign Relations [EB/28]. http://www.cfr.org/ publication/8436/chinas_rising_role_in_africa.html,2013-11-12.
④ Chen, Xiaodong. China's Relations with the Arab Countries [EB/29]. http://news.bandao.cn/news_html/201205/ 20120531/news_20120531_1917839.shtml,2013-10-02.
① Standard Chartered. China-Africa Trade: setting the scene for the future [EB/30]. research.standardchartered.com/ researchdocuments/Pages/ResearchArticle.aspx?&R=76277,2011-04-21.
② 2009年中国对外直接投资统计公报。
③ Castel, V. & et al. BRICs in North Africa:Changing the Name of the Game [J]. North Africa Quarterly Analytical, 2011(23):08.
① Chinese Ministry of Commerce. Algeria Trade Statistics in August of 2010 [EB/32]. http://english.mofcom.gov. cn/aarticle/subject/minister/lanmub/201102/20110207420824.html,2011-02-13.
② China Railway Construction Corporation Limited. CRCC Wins USD2.6 bln Railway Contracts in Libya [EB/33]. http://www.crcc.cn/Page/536/SourceId/1711/InfoID/4099/defeult.aspx,2008-02-24.
① Foster.V. & Briceno-Garmendia, C. Africa's Infrastructure:a Time for Transformation [R]. World Bank, Washington, 2010(4):210-236.
② WTO的能力已经扩展到新的领域,如农业,服务业,与贸易有关的知识产权协定(TRIPs)和与贸易有关的投资措施(TRIMs)等。
③ Berger, A. The role of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in China's foreign policy [Z]. Bonn: German Development Institute,2008(3):10.
① Dijk, M.P. van. Einde van Multi-vezel-akkoord: Chinese textiel zondvloed [J]. Internationale Spectator,2009(59): 517-520.
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③ Jacoby, U. The new partnership between China and Africa for aid and trade [J]. Finance and Development,2010(14): 32-40.
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③ Kuada, John. Learning from Asia: Chinese Investment Inflows to Africa and Their Possible Impact on African Management Practices[N]. African Renaissance,2009(5):36-41.
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② De Lorenzo, Mauro. African Perspectives on China [J].American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2011(5):21-26.
③ Downs, Erica S. The Facts and Fiction of Sino-African Energy Relations[J]. China Security,2007(3):13-16.
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③ 温特沙尔公司(Wintershall)和利比亚的RWE DEA AG公司是个例外。
④ Kaplinsky, Raphael. Winners and losers:China's trade threats and opportunities for Africa [J]. IPPR,2007(4):13-26.
① Gaye, Adama. Chine-Afrique: Le dragon et l'autruche. Essai d'analyse de l'evolution contrastee des relations sino-africaines: sainte ou impie alliance du XXIeme siecle? [M]. L'Harmattan, Paris,2006:210-236.
② 尽管经济政策经验和当地的出口行业内容配额的政治规定可以混合,但是该仪器在建筑业的应用可以从一个更积极的角度看。
③ Hofmann, Katharina. Herausforderungen fur die internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit:Das Beispiel China [N]. FES Briefing Paper, Berlin,2011(3):12-16.
① Ademola, O., Bankole A.S & Adewuyi A.O. China-Africa trade Relations:Insight from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. European Journal of Development Research,2009(21):485-505.
② IMF. World Economic Outlook[R]. Washington DC, September 2004.
① Ademola, O., Bankole A.S & Adewuyi A.O. China-Africa trade Relations: Insight from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. European Journal of Development Research,2009(21):485-505.
② Giovannetti, G. & Sanfilippo, M. Do Chinese Exports Crowd-out African Goods? An Econometric Analysis by Country and Sector [J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2013(21):506-530.
③ Calderon, C., Chong, A. & E.Stein, E. Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Synchronization: Are Developing Countries any Different?[J]. Journal of International Economics,2011(71):2-21.
④ Fan, S. How can China's rapid growth benefit African poor through rural and agricultural development? [R]. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC,2011:125-134.
① Adenikinju, A. & Bamou, E. Evaluating Asian Drivers Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa Oil and Gas Industries: A Methodological Framework [R]. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi 2010: 201-256.
② Besada, H., Wang, Y. & Whalley, J. China's Growing Economic Activity in Africa [Z]. Working Paper 14024, National Bureau of Economic Research,2012(7):11.
③ Ajakaiye, O., Kaplinsky, R., Morris, M. & N'Zue, F. Seizing Opportunities and Confronting the Challenges of China- Africa Investment relations: Insights from AERC Scoping Studies [J]. Policy Issues Paper African Economic Research Consortium,2009(2):14-26.
① African Union. Declaration on Development of Transport and Energy Infrastructure in Africa [Z]. African Union, Doc Assembly/AU/9 (XII),2009(2):12-16,
② International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) & World Bank. Africa's Infrastructure:A Time for Transformation [R]. IBRD/World Bank Report, Washington D.C,2013(5):212-236.
① Business Day. Chinese Hunger for Africa projects [EB/34]. Business Day, http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/ Content. aspx?id=80023,2010-03-12.
① Kurlantzick, Joshua. Beijing's Safari: China's Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid, Development, and Governance [J]. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook,2009(3):22-36.
② China Daily. China to continue assistance for Africa: Premier [EB/35]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-05/16/content_873448.htm,2013-11-26.
① Princeton, Lyman. China's Rising Role in Africa [EB/36]. http://www.cfr.org/publication/8436/chinas_ rising_role_in_africa.html,03-11-2013.
② China Daily. China and Africa adopt key partnership [EB/37]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/06/content_725194.htm,2013-12-01.
③ Hickel, J. The US, the AU and the new scramble for Africa [EB/38]. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/ features/68088,2010-10-26.
① European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1402/2007 laying down rules for the management and distribution of textile quotas established for the year 2008 under Council Regulation (EC) [J].2008(517):94.
② Tazi, Mohamed. Association Marocaine des industries du textile et habillement (AMITH) [EB/39]. http://www. executivemagazine.com/getarticle.php?article=10602,18-01-2012.
① Navtej, Dhillon & et al. Missed by the Boom, Hurt by the Bust: making markets work for young people the Middle East [J]. Washington DC: Dubai School of Management/Wolfsenson Centre for Development, Brookings Institution, 2009: 8.
② World Bank. Country Brief: Algeria [EB/40]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ MENAEXT/ALGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20188043-pagePK:141137-piPK:141127-theSitePK:312509.00.html, 14-04-2011.
③ The World Bank. Doing Business in the Arab World 2010 [R]. The World Bank 2010, Washington, DC,2010:2-33.注意：一些对北非的描述也包括毛里塔尼亚,如果这样的话,在这项调查中他将会在阿尔及利亚的排名之下。
① Xinhua News Agency. Hu Jintao visits eight African countries and deepened friendship with the African continent[J]. Beijing,2007-02-10.
① Bush, George W. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America[Z]. Washington DC: The White House,2006-03:37-38.
② Millennium Challenge Corporation Home Page [EB/41]. http://www.mcc.gov,2013-01-16.
① Large, Alden. & De Oliveira, Soares. China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace [N]. London: Hurst & Company,2008(12):20.
② Bush, George W. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America [Z]. Washington DC: The White House,2006-03:41.
③ Millennium Project Home Page [EB/42]. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org,2013-11-12.
④ Large, Alden & De Oliveira, Soares. China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace [N]. London: Hurst & Company,2008(12):103.
① Holslag, Jonathan. China's New Security Strategy for Africa [M]. Parameters,2009(39):28-29.
① Pollack, Kenneth M. A Path Out of the Desert: A Grand Strategy for America in the Middle East [M]. New York, Random House,2012:422-423.
① 国家能源政策发展集团(The National Energy Policy Development Group NEPDG)通常指的是“切尼能源工作组”,创建于2001年,由副总统切尼任主席,该集团在2001年5月作出了国家能源政策的报告。
② China's Influence in Africa. Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Africa, Global Human Rights And International Operations Of The Committee On Relations House Of Representatives One Hundred Ninth Congress [Z].2009-07-28(109):9-10.
① U.S. Global Development Policy [EB/43]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policy,2010-09-22.
② Struye De Swielande, T. Afrique:Geopolitique et g6ostrategie-Le retour de Washington sur le continent africain [EB/44]. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/printable/201009170781.html,2012-11-10.
③ TRALAC. Africa-China trading relationship [EB/45]. http://www.tralac.org/cause_data/images/1694/Africa-China09.pdf,2013-11-26.
④ erdrix P. & Ballong S. L'AGOA montre ses limites [EB/46]. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articleimp_ ARTJAJA 2535p065-067. xm 10_1-agoa-montre-ses-limites.html,2013-12-02.
① Rotberg, Robert I. China into Africa Trade, aid and influence [J]. Brooking institution press,2012(3):30-35.
① McGreal, Chris. Chinese Aid to Africa May Do More Harm Than Good, Warns Benn [J]. Guardian,2011(56):10-16.
② Li, Qiangmin. EU envoy reportedly cautions Zambia against "mortgaging" country to China [Z]. BBC Monitoring, 2011(23):5-6.
① Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The EU, Africa and China: Towards trilateral dialogue and cooperation [EB/47]. http://ec. europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/COMM_PDF_COM_2008_0654_F_COMMUNICATION_en.pdf,2012-10-17.
② Wissenbach, Uwe. Much ado about nothing? China's quest for a place under the African sun [Z]. The international conference on "The EU and China: Partners or Competitors in Africa?", College of Europe, Bruges,2010-02-10.
① Hoslag, Jonathan & Van Hoeymissen, Sara. The Limits of Socialization-The Search for EU-China Cooperation towards Security Challenges in Africa [R]. Policy Report, Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies,2010(32): 10.
① British Petroleum (BP). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, and BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
① 汪勤梅.中非经贸合作飞跃发展的20年载西亚非洲[J].瞭望新闻,1998(5)：3-4
① 50个海外“经济贸易合作区”的建立最初是在中国的2006-2010年第十一个五年计划中提出的。
② Davies, Martyn. China's Developmental Model Comes to Africa: The Case of Special Economic Zones [J]. China-Africa Business Frontier,2010(15):2.
③ Opinion of the Committee on International Trade. Report on China's Policy and Its Effects on Africa [R].2008-03-28: 25-6.
④ The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. China's 12th Five-Year Plan Outline [EB/50]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-03/16/c_121193916.htm,2013-02-12.
① Huliaras, A. & Magliveras K. In search of a policy: EU and US reactions to the growing Chinese presence in Africa [N]. European Foreign Affairs Review,2008(13):409.
② Huliaras, A. & Magliveras K. In search of a policy:EU and US reactions to the growing Chinese presence in Africa [N]. European Foreign Affairs Review,2008(13):414.
① EU-Africa Joint Strategy [EB/51]. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_joint_strategy_en. pdf,2013-11-04.
② Commission of the European Communities. EU-China: Closer Partners, Growing Responsibilities [Z]. Brussels, 2006-10-24:4.
③ Commission of the European Communities. EU-China: Closer Partners, Growing Responsibilities [Z]. Brussels, 2006-10-24:5.
① 巩固欧盟与非洲关系的谈话从欧盟委员会到欧洲议会和理事会,布鲁塞尔,2011
① 王丰丰.非洲或可复制中国经济奇迹[N].参考消息,2010(4)
① Deichmann, U., & Gill, I. The Economic Geography of Regional Integration[J]. Finance and Development,2008(4): 15-23.
② Eichengreen, B., & Tong, H. How China is Reorganizing the World Economy[J]. Asian Economic Policy Review, 2010(1):73-97.
① Aning, Kwesi & Lecoutre, Delphine. China's Ventures in Africa [J]. African Security Review,2012(18):39-50.
② Anyu, J. Ndumbe & Afam Ifedi, J.-P. China's Ventures in Africa:Patterns, Prospects, and Implications for Africa's Development [J]. Mediterranean Quarterly,2012(20):91-110.
① Bamou, Ernest & Adenikinju, Adeola. Evaluating Asian Drivers Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa Oil and Gas Industries:A Methodological Framework [Z]. The African Economic Research Consortium,2006(2):2-26.
② Kaufmann, D. & Kraay, A. Governance Indicators:Where Are We, Where Should We Be Going? [R]. The World Bank Research Observer,2008(23):1-30.
③ Bello, Walden. China Eyes Africa: The New Imperialism? [J]. Multinational Monitor,2011(1):23-26.
④ 这种情况是由一些中国合作伙伴的管理松懈造成的,但它也主要来自机构内部的软弱无能。例如,拥有巨大的铜,钴等矿产储量的刚果金沙萨仍然很贫穷,因为州政府无法从数千家超出其控制的企业征税。
① Bergsten, C. Fred, Charles Freeman, Nicholas R. Lardy, & Derek J. Mitchell. China's Rise: Challenges and Opportunities[J]. Washington:Peterson Institute for International Economics,2008(3):3-16.
② Shinn, David H. China's Engagement in Africa [EB/52]. www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090127_africa_review_china draft.pdf,2013-12-02.
③ Zafar, A. The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment, and Aid Links[R]. The World Bank Research Observer,2007(22):103-130.
④ Shinn, David H. An Opportunistic Ally: China's Increasing Involvement in Africa [J]. Harvard International Review, 2011(2):52-56.
① Jiang, Chunglian. Les Relations de la Chine avec l'Afrique: Fondements, Realites et Perspectives [J]. Le Monde Chinois,2010(9):7-26.
② Wang, JianYe. What Drives China's Growing Role in Africa? [J]. IMF Working Paper,2009(63):1-30.
③ Jin, Yongjian. Talking Points on China's Foreign Policy [J]. African Renaissance,2005(4):30-35.
④ Wild, Leni & Mepham, David. The New Sinosphere: China in Africa, "Introduction" and "How do we engage with China on Africa?"[J]. IPPR,2010(24):62.
⑤ Maghan, Keita. Africans and Asians: Historiography and the Long View of Global Interaction [J]. Journal of World History,2011(1):1-30.
① Kitissou, Marcel. China and Africa: Neither Friends nor Enemies [N]. African Renaissance,2010(4):64-69.
② Kong, Minghui. Sino-African Relations and China's Policy towards Africa [M]. Institute of West Asian and African Studies,2009(2):378-392.
③ Konings, Piet. China and Africa:Building a Strategic Partnership [J]. Journal of Developing Societies,2011(3):341-367.
① FOCAC. FOCAC Archives [EB/53]. http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys/,2014-01-21.
② Liu, Yumei. China's Soft Power and the Development of China-Africa Relations[J]. China International Studies, 2007(7):81-96.
③ Ben-Dak, Joseph D. China in the Arab World [Z]. Current History,2012(59):147-152,174.
④ 选择这样的国家组合原因在于60%的中国出口品进入这些国家：南非19.92%,埃及11.88%,尼日利亚10.18%,阿尔及利亚7.25%,摩洛哥5.80%以及贝宁5.28%,同时70%的中国进口产品来自于这四个国家：安哥拉35.45%,南非18.20%,苏丹11.47%以及刚果共和国7.80%。
⑤ Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), FOCAC official website [EB/54]. www.focac.org,2013-11-08.
① Minson, A. China's preferential trade policy for Africa. China in Africa [Z]. South African Institute of International Affairs, China in Africa Briefing,2010(1):10.
① Besada Hany, Wang Yang & Whalley John. China's Growing Economic Presence in Africa [J]. Policy Brief, The Centre for International Governance Innovation,2012(7):1-6.
② Cisse, Mbaye. L'affirmation d'une Strategie de Puissance: La Politique Africaine de la Chine [EB/55]. www.diploweb.com/forum/chine07102.htm,2013-05-19.
③ 黄泽全.中非携手合作共迎新世纪,中非合作论坛—北京2000年部长级会议论坛透视[J].国际瞭望,2000(11)：5
① 贺文萍.中非合作论坛探讨新形势下中非关系,以新思路推动中非合作新发展[J].瞭望新闻,2000(42)：2-3
Amosu, A.中国瞄准非洲[EB/56]. http://www.fpif.org,2013-12-10.
② Amosu, A.中国在非洲C：(依然)是良政问题,笨蛋[EB/57]. http://www.fpif.org,2013-12-10.
③ Wild, L中国、非洲及8国集团：错失的链接[EB/58]. http://www.ippr.org,2013-12-11.
④ 贺文萍.相互依存的中非新型战略伙伴关系[J].中国社会科学院院报,2006(2)
① Berger, Bernt. China's Engagement in Africa: Can the EU Sit Back? [J]. South African Journal of International Affairs,2010(2):115-127.
② Berger, Bernt & Wissenbach, Uwe. EU-China-Africa Trilateral Development Cooperation: Common Challenges and New Directions [Z]. German Development Institute Discussion Paper,2011(1):1-27.
① Buckens, Marie-Martine. EU-Africa-China, A New Triangular Relationship? [EB/59]. www.acpeucourier.info/EU-Africa-China-a-ne.174.0.html,2013-12-10.
② 2005年西方政府宣称要双倍增加对非援助。但是从2004年对非援助金额并未变动,并且非洲从欧洲收到的援助资源越来越少。
① Eifert B., Gelb A. & Ramachandran, V. Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa: Evidence from the Investment Climate data [Z]. Center for Global Development, Working Paper,2009(56):5-13.
② Davies, Martyn. Special Economic Zones and Infrastructure Corridors: China's Development Model Comes to Africa [N]. Centre for Chinese Studies,2011(2):2-4.
① 尽管在中国经济增长奇迹和非洲的出发点以及实现工业化做出的努力之间没有直接的可比性,但是中国沿海省市经济特区的设立在国家结构型转变中起着重要的作用。通过建立经济特区,国家经历了市场自由化。
② 肯尼亚,埃及和毛里求斯可能是非洲建立这样的经济特区的领航者。
③ World Bank. Export Processing Zones in Sub-Saharan Africa [R]. Economic and Social Policy,2001(193):210-221.
④ frol News. Cape Verde joins struggle for Chinese economic zones [EB/60]. http://www.afrol.com/articles/26135, 2013-11-09.
① Sandrey, R. China-Africa merchandise trade for the December 2008 year [J]. Tralac Working Paper, Stellenbosch, 2013(09):19-22.
② 这是基于来自非洲的进口额,这样的进口额是依据从世界贸易组织(WTO)网站上下载的中国关税表进行的评估。
③ 然而,供应方在非洲的限制性因素和限制性的中国非关税壁垒例如原产地的规定都可能会破坏对非协议的可能性。
④ Courmont, Barthelemy & Irving, Lewis. Chine-Afrique: Une Strategie Donnant-Donnant? [N]. Defense Nationale et Securite Collective,2011(3):103-110.
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② Bulwaka, Michael. Excerpts from comments [Z]. The New Vision Embassy of Uganda in Beijing,2010-11-08.
③ Guo, Chunju. Africa Should Learn From China on Agricultural Development [EB/62]. Xinhua News http:// english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6977488.html,2010-05-07.
① World Bank. Addressing Africa's Infrastructure Needs [EB/63]. http://go.worldbank.org/UEBR8YNUR0,2012-04-12
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① Arbab, Farah. China-Africa Interaction:Prospects for a Strategic Partnership [EB/65]. www.issi.org.pk/journal/ 2007_files/no_3/article/a4.htm,2013-12-02.
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