任务转换中不同阶段的抑制过程
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摘要
多任务情境要求人们交替执行不同的任务。与重复执行同一任务相比,转换执行不同的任务会使绩效下降,出现转换代价。目前,对转换代价存在两类理论解释：重构理论和干扰理论。前者认为转换代价的产生是由于转换到不同任务需要额外的重构过程；后者认为引发转换代价的原因是无关任务对当前任务存在干扰。现有研究表明,为应对无关任务的干扰,任务转换过程中会对无关任务进行抑制。但迄今为止,抑制产生于任务加工过程中的什么阶段尚未达成共识,是有待进一步探究的重要问题之一。本研究采用任务线索范式,通过三部分实验研究,系统全面地考察了任务加工过程中线索呈现、刺激呈现和反应选择三个阶段可能产生的抑制效应。
研究一探讨线索呈现阶段的抑制效应,包括三个实验。实验一对比了三种不同透明度的线索引发的抑制效应,发现抑制效应随着线索透明度的提高而降低。当采用反应映射线索时,没有出现抑制效应。实验二随机变化每个试次的准备时间,发现抑制效应随着前一试次准备时间的延长而增大。实验三以中性线索为基线条件,发现切换线索能引发重构优势和抑制效应。研究二探讨刺激呈现阶段的抑制效应,包括两个实验。实验四以多价刺激为目标刺激,出现了显著的抑制效应。实验五设置了单价刺激和双价刺激两种不同类型的目标刺激,对比两类刺激诱发的抑制效应,发现双价刺激能引发对双价刺激和单价刺激的抑制,而单价刺激没有引发抑制效应。研究三探讨反应选择阶段的抑制效应,包括两个实验。实验六发现重合反应能引发抑制效应。实验七设置了重合反应和分离反应两种反应类型,对比两类反应产生的抑制效应,发现重合反应能产生对重合反应和分离反应的抑制,而分离反应没有产生抑制效应。本研究表明,在任务加工过程的线索呈现、刺激呈现和反应选择三个阶段中,任一阶段的冲突信息均能引发抑制效应,这一结果支持了反应式抑制观点。
In a multiple task environment, people often switch among different tasks. Comparing with repeating the same task, switching to another different task is associated with the switch cost. At present, there are two kinds of theories explaining the switch cost, i.e., the reconfiguration viewpoint and the interference viewpoint. The former regards the switch cost as the time needed to reconfigure the new task; the latter considers the switch cost as the consequence of interference between different tasks. A wealth of research has shown that inhibition is triggered to resolve the interference. Up to now, it still remains a question on what stage inhibition is generated. The present research adopted the task cuing paradigm and consists of three parts of experiments. The inhibition effects produced on stages of cue presentation, stimulus presentation and response selection were investigated in each part of experiments.
Part1examined the inhibition effects generated on the stage of cue presentation. Experiment1contrasted three types of cues with different transparency and found that the inhibition effect was smaller with more transparent cues. Response mapping cues produced no inhibition effects. Experiment2randomly manipulated the preparatory interval in every trial and found that inhibition effect was larger with longer preparatory interval in the previous trial. Experiment3set neutral cues as the control condition and found that transition cues exhibited reconfiguration effects and inhibition effects. Part2probed the inhibition effects generated on the stage of stimulus presentation. Experiment4showed that multivalent stimuli produced inhibition effects. Experiment5contrasted inhibition effects induced by univalent and bivalent stimuli and found that the bivalent stimuli could produce inhibition effects, but the univalent stimuli did not do so. Part3explored the inhibition effects generated on the stage of response selection. Experiment6found that overlapping responses could elicit inhibition effects. Experiment7contrasted the inhibition effects caused by overlapping and non-overlapping responses and found that overlapping responses could generate inhibition, while non-overlapping responses did not show the effect. In conclusion, these results indicate that inhibition effects could occur on any stage in task switching, and this inhibition is reactive to conflict information on these stages.
研究一探讨线索呈现阶段的抑制效应,包括三个实验。实验一对比了三种不同透明度的线索引发的抑制效应,发现抑制效应随着线索透明度的提高而降低。当采用反应映射线索时,没有出现抑制效应。实验二随机变化每个试次的准备时间,发现抑制效应随着前一试次准备时间的延长而增大。实验三以中性线索为基线条件,发现切换线索能引发重构优势和抑制效应。研究二探讨刺激呈现阶段的抑制效应,包括两个实验。实验四以多价刺激为目标刺激,出现了显著的抑制效应。实验五设置了单价刺激和双价刺激两种不同类型的目标刺激,对比两类刺激诱发的抑制效应,发现双价刺激能引发对双价刺激和单价刺激的抑制,而单价刺激没有引发抑制效应。研究三探讨反应选择阶段的抑制效应,包括两个实验。实验六发现重合反应能引发抑制效应。实验七设置了重合反应和分离反应两种反应类型,对比两类反应产生的抑制效应,发现重合反应能产生对重合反应和分离反应的抑制,而分离反应没有产生抑制效应。本研究表明,在任务加工过程的线索呈现、刺激呈现和反应选择三个阶段中,任一阶段的冲突信息均能引发抑制效应,这一结果支持了反应式抑制观点。
In a multiple task environment, people often switch among different tasks. Comparing with repeating the same task, switching to another different task is associated with the switch cost. At present, there are two kinds of theories explaining the switch cost, i.e., the reconfiguration viewpoint and the interference viewpoint. The former regards the switch cost as the time needed to reconfigure the new task; the latter considers the switch cost as the consequence of interference between different tasks. A wealth of research has shown that inhibition is triggered to resolve the interference. Up to now, it still remains a question on what stage inhibition is generated. The present research adopted the task cuing paradigm and consists of three parts of experiments. The inhibition effects produced on stages of cue presentation, stimulus presentation and response selection were investigated in each part of experiments.
Part1examined the inhibition effects generated on the stage of cue presentation. Experiment1contrasted three types of cues with different transparency and found that the inhibition effect was smaller with more transparent cues. Response mapping cues produced no inhibition effects. Experiment2randomly manipulated the preparatory interval in every trial and found that inhibition effect was larger with longer preparatory interval in the previous trial. Experiment3set neutral cues as the control condition and found that transition cues exhibited reconfiguration effects and inhibition effects. Part2probed the inhibition effects generated on the stage of stimulus presentation. Experiment4showed that multivalent stimuli produced inhibition effects. Experiment5contrasted inhibition effects induced by univalent and bivalent stimuli and found that the bivalent stimuli could produce inhibition effects, but the univalent stimuli did not do so. Part3explored the inhibition effects generated on the stage of response selection. Experiment6found that overlapping responses could elicit inhibition effects. Experiment7contrasted the inhibition effects caused by overlapping and non-overlapping responses and found that overlapping responses could generate inhibition, while non-overlapping responses did not show the effect. In conclusion, these results indicate that inhibition effects could occur on any stage in task switching, and this inhibition is reactive to conflict information on these stages.
引文
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