伊迪丝·华顿小说创作中的伦理取向
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摘要
个体伦理是华顿小说创作的逻辑起点。她对个体伦理境遇的关注是对社会结构内在矛盾根源的深层解读。在作品中，华顿把批判的矛头指向了传统社会伦理价值体系，其伦理诉求在于解构传统社会伦理秩序。
家庭是华顿展现个体伦理诉求的重要窗口。本文分析了华顿的六部重要作品。在这六部作品中，华顿描述了六种形态的家，反映了处于社会转型中的个体所处的伦理困境：《欢乐之家》中的遭丧之家、《伊坦·弗洛美》中的病态之家、《国家风俗》中的拜金之家、《纯真年代》中的隐忍之家、《元旦》中的有爱之家和《海盗》中的理想之家。通过对个体在不同家庭伦理环境中个体伦理状态的分析，华顿在这六部作品中显示出个体欲求与传统伦理价值体系的不调和，个体理想与社会现实的矛盾与对立。
华顿在一战前后对传统伦理价值体系持有不同的态度：一战前的作品反映出要求摆脱传统价值体系束缚，脱离社会等级关系的个体伦理需求；一战后的作品反映出要求确立伦理主体性地位的个体伦理诉求并没有改变，但仍然怀念传统伦理价值体系的稳定结构。
借鉴美国作家华顿小说的伦理取向研究，对于中国处于社会转型时期的社会主义和谐社会的建构同样具有现实意义。人的个体多样性应该受到尊重，但是个体的主体地位又需要受到相应的社会伦理道德规范的制约，使其对社会成员具有普遍约束力的同时，又能发挥个体在和谐社会建设中的积极能动性。
Edith Wharton (1862-1937) was active in the literary cirle of America at theturn of the19-20th century. During her life time, she was honored several times forher literary contributions as a female writer. Her works won her both commercialprofit and an important place in the history of American Literature. In1921, shebecame the first female writer to win the Pulitzer Prize in American literary history;in1923, she also was the first female to receive the honorary degree of the doctordegree from Yale University; and in1927, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize inliterature, for which Wharton’s was recognized as one of the literary masters by theliterary circle. At the beginning of21st century, American Library published EdithWharton: Selected Novellas and Short Stories, which makes her join the rank ofAmerican classical writers.
The standard of the Pulitzer Prize in literature was delivered to Wharton “forthe American novel which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of Americanlife and the highest standard of American manners and manhood.”①The committeeholds that Wharton’s The Age of the Innocence promoted American moral standard,which reflects that the literature area focuses its attention to the ethical issues. Andthe ethical issues are involved in the important aspect of social conflict. Whartondidn’t agree with the award word. But it shows that Wharton’s works do pay muchattention to ethical values.
Wharton once was regarded as the last female writer of Victorian Age, whichrelates to the themes that her works show. Victorian Age of Britain is an ageemphasizing moral standard. Wharton certainly is the right person to win the title for the ethical theme reflected in her works.
At the turning of the20th century, America is in the process of transition fromtraditional society to modern society. In this process ethical contradictions becomethe serious problem that cannot be ignored in social life. All these factors raise thestudy of Wharton’s works from the aspect of ethical issues. Therefore the study ofWharton’s works from the point of ethics criticism is the discussion from the bottomof the problem. Therefore, the study of Wharton’s works from the aspect of ethicalcriticism means that the academic circle pays high attention to essential problemsthat Wharton’s works concerns.
Because Wharton was in the transition period from traditional society tomodern capitalism society, the conflict between traditional ethical views and modernethical views is to show what kind of the position the individual occupies. Therefore,the conflict between individual ethics and collective ethics is one of the mostimportant one at that time. The development of capitalism market economy requiresestablishing individual’s principal status in the development of the society. Whartoncaught this conflict in her works, which reflects that she paid more attention to theindividual ethical status at the turning century. Therefore Margaret Drabble, thefamous British novelist and literary biographer, said that Wharton “caught up withthe age when she analyzed the society”①, sometimes “even beyond the age”.
This thesis analyzes Wharton’s six novels with the related theory of ethics andnarratology. Early in the “ancient Greece, Platon and Aristitle had emphasized theeffort of moral education of literary works.”②In1957, Northro Fry, the Canadianliterary critic, put forward “ethical criticism” in his work Anatomy of Criticism, andhe believes that “the study of literature arts in ethical criticism,takes the latter ascommunication between the past and today,……ethical criticism and historicalcriticism are just like scales on two ends of the balance”③, both are indispensable.Therefore, when ethically analyzing Wharton’s works, this thesis also evaluates themin that time’s socio-culture context and ethics. American scholar Adam Zachary Newton writes Narrative Ethics (1995), and he puts forward the concept of narrativeethics, meanwhile he applies it to the field of literary criticism.
In China, relatively early study works about ethical literary criticism which wecan find is Ethics of Literature and Art edited by Zeng Yaonong in1992. The authorexamines the development skeleton of ethics of literature east and west in the book’ssecond chapter, the further discussion the relations between literature, art and ethics,as well as it subjects characteristics etc.. In1997, Exploration of Ethics waspublished, the author Qiao Shan further discusses the relationship between literatureand ethics, and in its conclusion he points out that “aesthetics is the future ethics”. In2004, Professor Nie Zhenzhao in Huzhong Normal University published EthicalLiterary Criticism: A New Exploration to Literary Criticism Method in the journal ofForein Literature, and it pushes forward the development of ethical literary criticism.In1999, Liu Xiaofeng published Heavy Flesh: Narrative of Modern Ethics, and hecombined ethics and narrative. In2008, Wu Maoguo published Narrative Ethics ofModern Novels and further explained the interactive relationship between ethics andnarrative. In the process of narrative,“the essence of ethics is to establish a publicorder, so when the disordered life is reconstructed to orderly narrative by narrative,narrative is mentally fit the basic requirements of ethics. So in other words, theexistence of ethical order is the fundamental basis for the narrative unity”①.
Therefore, based on academic research achievements which have been obtained,as to the study of Wharton’s works, reviewers should firstly places it in its particularhistorical background, and explores the influence on her works which the historicaldevelopment and social ethics environment brought, then analyze ethicalcharacteristics of the works and the relationship between the narrative methodsadopted by the author and the presentation of ethics of the works.
Wharton takes family as an important window displaying the conflict betweenthe individuals and social ethics moral. In the six selected works, Wharton describessix kinds of home. It reflects the individual's ethical dilemmas in the period of socialtransition period: the house of mourning in which the individual loses the subject position of individual ethics; the house of illness in which the individual misbalancesin individual ethic and traditional ethic; the house of money worship in which theindividual are obsessed with consumption ethics; the house of forbearing in whichtraditional ethical systems suppresses individuals’ dominant position; the house fullof love in which the pursuit of individual ethics contradicts with the traditional ethics;and the house of ideal in which the individual finds the principal position ofindividual ethics. In the six works, based on the analysis of individual’s ethical statein the family ethical environment, Wharton indicates the discordance betweenindividual’s desires and the traditional ethical values, as well as the contradiction andopposites between individual’s ideal and reality of the society.
Wharton's six novels, The House of Mirth, Ethan, Frome, The Custom of theCountry, The Age of Innocence, New Year's day and The Buccaneers span a longperiod of time, which is a total of32years from1905to1937. During this time, notonly does the world history change a lot (outbreak of the First World War), but alsoWharton's living environment and social background has also undergone the changesof the time. Therefore, when criticizing Wharton's novels, the academic circlecouldn't ignore the historic study of Wharton's novels.
Takeing the First World War as the demarcation, Wharton's creation could bedivided into two main stages. The first stage is from1905to the eve of the FirstWorld War, and during this period, Wharton's major works include The House ofMirth (1905), Ethan Frome (1911) and The Custom of the Country (1913). InWharton’s pre-war works, the ethical conflicts between individuals and society isvery fierce, and the result is that the individual commits suicide to resolve the ethicalconflict. Facing the irreconcilable ethical conflicts and cruel social reality, Lily Bart,the heroine in The House of Mirth, died of taking overall sleeping pills; Ethan inEthan Frome attempts to suicide but failed; Ralph Marvell in The Custom of theCountry, shot and killed himself. These literary cases show Wharton’s attitude ofabandoning traditional ethical value systems.
The second stage is from the end of the First World War to Wharton's death in1937, which includes her major works: The Age of Innocence (1920), New Year’s Day (1924), and The Buccaneers (published after her death in1938). Relatively,although conflicts between individuals and society still exist after the First WorldWar, but they are more moderate in Wharton's works. In The Age of Innocence, shealso criticizes the shackles and bondage that the upper society’s traditional customsand ethics brought to individuals, but to a certain extent, she shows the miss andreflection to the past life and the old order. In New Year’s Day, Lizzy is abandonedby the upper society, but the author lamely set up a meaning world (seeking the lastspiritual comfort in religion) for her at the end of the novel. It is really the author’supset to make up the lack of human nature care that the ethics conduct in the realworld, which applying the ultimate power of religion.Due to the loss of the valuestandard after the First World War, Wharton has to build the transcendencedimensions of the ethics on the conversion of religion, and thus it reflects theauthor's pessimism. In the works of this period, Wharton shows her discontent to theethics in the real world, but she is short of corresponding measures to thetranscendence dimensions of reconstructing the ethics conception. There is greatdifference between the tone and her pre-war works, which highlights her moderatetreatments on the novel's theme as a writer of realism in the turning of the century.Most commentators think The Buccaneers is outstanding in Wharton's fictions, evenBritish television also shoots a TV series for it, and from the audience’s affection, wecould see readers’ welcome attitude towards her works. It shapes the image of Nan, arebel character in this novel. Nan manages to obtain love, and achieves his familyethics, which reflects Wharton’s construction of ideal family ethics.
In the processing of works’ narrative structure, Wharton sets aside theimplication of the work, and gives the traditional social ethics values a loud slap, theintegrated use of dual narrative structure, frame structure, shear jump (omitted),limited perspective, children's perspective narrative methods, and etc.
As a code of guiding human’s social behavior, ethics explores the relationshipbetween men, man and family, man and society, man and nature. And the literaturealso embodies the basic category of ethics, which takes the focus of man as its ownduty. Therefore, no matter in the past or in the futrure, it is full of important theoretical and practical significance for the construction of China's harmonioussociety in current period of social transformation to study the ethics of Wharton’snovels.
家庭是华顿展现个体伦理诉求的重要窗口。本文分析了华顿的六部重要作品。在这六部作品中，华顿描述了六种形态的家，反映了处于社会转型中的个体所处的伦理困境：《欢乐之家》中的遭丧之家、《伊坦·弗洛美》中的病态之家、《国家风俗》中的拜金之家、《纯真年代》中的隐忍之家、《元旦》中的有爱之家和《海盗》中的理想之家。通过对个体在不同家庭伦理环境中个体伦理状态的分析，华顿在这六部作品中显示出个体欲求与传统伦理价值体系的不调和，个体理想与社会现实的矛盾与对立。
华顿在一战前后对传统伦理价值体系持有不同的态度：一战前的作品反映出要求摆脱传统价值体系束缚，脱离社会等级关系的个体伦理需求；一战后的作品反映出要求确立伦理主体性地位的个体伦理诉求并没有改变，但仍然怀念传统伦理价值体系的稳定结构。
借鉴美国作家华顿小说的伦理取向研究，对于中国处于社会转型时期的社会主义和谐社会的建构同样具有现实意义。人的个体多样性应该受到尊重，但是个体的主体地位又需要受到相应的社会伦理道德规范的制约，使其对社会成员具有普遍约束力的同时，又能发挥个体在和谐社会建设中的积极能动性。
Edith Wharton (1862-1937) was active in the literary cirle of America at theturn of the19-20th century. During her life time, she was honored several times forher literary contributions as a female writer. Her works won her both commercialprofit and an important place in the history of American Literature. In1921, shebecame the first female writer to win the Pulitzer Prize in American literary history;in1923, she also was the first female to receive the honorary degree of the doctordegree from Yale University; and in1927, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize inliterature, for which Wharton’s was recognized as one of the literary masters by theliterary circle. At the beginning of21st century, American Library published EdithWharton: Selected Novellas and Short Stories, which makes her join the rank ofAmerican classical writers.
The standard of the Pulitzer Prize in literature was delivered to Wharton “forthe American novel which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of Americanlife and the highest standard of American manners and manhood.”①The committeeholds that Wharton’s The Age of the Innocence promoted American moral standard,which reflects that the literature area focuses its attention to the ethical issues. Andthe ethical issues are involved in the important aspect of social conflict. Whartondidn’t agree with the award word. But it shows that Wharton’s works do pay muchattention to ethical values.
Wharton once was regarded as the last female writer of Victorian Age, whichrelates to the themes that her works show. Victorian Age of Britain is an ageemphasizing moral standard. Wharton certainly is the right person to win the title for the ethical theme reflected in her works.
At the turning of the20th century, America is in the process of transition fromtraditional society to modern society. In this process ethical contradictions becomethe serious problem that cannot be ignored in social life. All these factors raise thestudy of Wharton’s works from the aspect of ethical issues. Therefore the study ofWharton’s works from the point of ethics criticism is the discussion from the bottomof the problem. Therefore, the study of Wharton’s works from the aspect of ethicalcriticism means that the academic circle pays high attention to essential problemsthat Wharton’s works concerns.
Because Wharton was in the transition period from traditional society tomodern capitalism society, the conflict between traditional ethical views and modernethical views is to show what kind of the position the individual occupies. Therefore,the conflict between individual ethics and collective ethics is one of the mostimportant one at that time. The development of capitalism market economy requiresestablishing individual’s principal status in the development of the society. Whartoncaught this conflict in her works, which reflects that she paid more attention to theindividual ethical status at the turning century. Therefore Margaret Drabble, thefamous British novelist and literary biographer, said that Wharton “caught up withthe age when she analyzed the society”①, sometimes “even beyond the age”.
This thesis analyzes Wharton’s six novels with the related theory of ethics andnarratology. Early in the “ancient Greece, Platon and Aristitle had emphasized theeffort of moral education of literary works.”②In1957, Northro Fry, the Canadianliterary critic, put forward “ethical criticism” in his work Anatomy of Criticism, andhe believes that “the study of literature arts in ethical criticism,takes the latter ascommunication between the past and today,……ethical criticism and historicalcriticism are just like scales on two ends of the balance”③, both are indispensable.Therefore, when ethically analyzing Wharton’s works, this thesis also evaluates themin that time’s socio-culture context and ethics. American scholar Adam Zachary Newton writes Narrative Ethics (1995), and he puts forward the concept of narrativeethics, meanwhile he applies it to the field of literary criticism.
In China, relatively early study works about ethical literary criticism which wecan find is Ethics of Literature and Art edited by Zeng Yaonong in1992. The authorexamines the development skeleton of ethics of literature east and west in the book’ssecond chapter, the further discussion the relations between literature, art and ethics,as well as it subjects characteristics etc.. In1997, Exploration of Ethics waspublished, the author Qiao Shan further discusses the relationship between literatureand ethics, and in its conclusion he points out that “aesthetics is the future ethics”. In2004, Professor Nie Zhenzhao in Huzhong Normal University published EthicalLiterary Criticism: A New Exploration to Literary Criticism Method in the journal ofForein Literature, and it pushes forward the development of ethical literary criticism.In1999, Liu Xiaofeng published Heavy Flesh: Narrative of Modern Ethics, and hecombined ethics and narrative. In2008, Wu Maoguo published Narrative Ethics ofModern Novels and further explained the interactive relationship between ethics andnarrative. In the process of narrative,“the essence of ethics is to establish a publicorder, so when the disordered life is reconstructed to orderly narrative by narrative,narrative is mentally fit the basic requirements of ethics. So in other words, theexistence of ethical order is the fundamental basis for the narrative unity”①.
Therefore, based on academic research achievements which have been obtained,as to the study of Wharton’s works, reviewers should firstly places it in its particularhistorical background, and explores the influence on her works which the historicaldevelopment and social ethics environment brought, then analyze ethicalcharacteristics of the works and the relationship between the narrative methodsadopted by the author and the presentation of ethics of the works.
Wharton takes family as an important window displaying the conflict betweenthe individuals and social ethics moral. In the six selected works, Wharton describessix kinds of home. It reflects the individual's ethical dilemmas in the period of socialtransition period: the house of mourning in which the individual loses the subject position of individual ethics; the house of illness in which the individual misbalancesin individual ethic and traditional ethic; the house of money worship in which theindividual are obsessed with consumption ethics; the house of forbearing in whichtraditional ethical systems suppresses individuals’ dominant position; the house fullof love in which the pursuit of individual ethics contradicts with the traditional ethics;and the house of ideal in which the individual finds the principal position ofindividual ethics. In the six works, based on the analysis of individual’s ethical statein the family ethical environment, Wharton indicates the discordance betweenindividual’s desires and the traditional ethical values, as well as the contradiction andopposites between individual’s ideal and reality of the society.
Wharton's six novels, The House of Mirth, Ethan, Frome, The Custom of theCountry, The Age of Innocence, New Year's day and The Buccaneers span a longperiod of time, which is a total of32years from1905to1937. During this time, notonly does the world history change a lot (outbreak of the First World War), but alsoWharton's living environment and social background has also undergone the changesof the time. Therefore, when criticizing Wharton's novels, the academic circlecouldn't ignore the historic study of Wharton's novels.
Takeing the First World War as the demarcation, Wharton's creation could bedivided into two main stages. The first stage is from1905to the eve of the FirstWorld War, and during this period, Wharton's major works include The House ofMirth (1905), Ethan Frome (1911) and The Custom of the Country (1913). InWharton’s pre-war works, the ethical conflicts between individuals and society isvery fierce, and the result is that the individual commits suicide to resolve the ethicalconflict. Facing the irreconcilable ethical conflicts and cruel social reality, Lily Bart,the heroine in The House of Mirth, died of taking overall sleeping pills; Ethan inEthan Frome attempts to suicide but failed; Ralph Marvell in The Custom of theCountry, shot and killed himself. These literary cases show Wharton’s attitude ofabandoning traditional ethical value systems.
The second stage is from the end of the First World War to Wharton's death in1937, which includes her major works: The Age of Innocence (1920), New Year’s Day (1924), and The Buccaneers (published after her death in1938). Relatively,although conflicts between individuals and society still exist after the First WorldWar, but they are more moderate in Wharton's works. In The Age of Innocence, shealso criticizes the shackles and bondage that the upper society’s traditional customsand ethics brought to individuals, but to a certain extent, she shows the miss andreflection to the past life and the old order. In New Year’s Day, Lizzy is abandonedby the upper society, but the author lamely set up a meaning world (seeking the lastspiritual comfort in religion) for her at the end of the novel. It is really the author’supset to make up the lack of human nature care that the ethics conduct in the realworld, which applying the ultimate power of religion.Due to the loss of the valuestandard after the First World War, Wharton has to build the transcendencedimensions of the ethics on the conversion of religion, and thus it reflects theauthor's pessimism. In the works of this period, Wharton shows her discontent to theethics in the real world, but she is short of corresponding measures to thetranscendence dimensions of reconstructing the ethics conception. There is greatdifference between the tone and her pre-war works, which highlights her moderatetreatments on the novel's theme as a writer of realism in the turning of the century.Most commentators think The Buccaneers is outstanding in Wharton's fictions, evenBritish television also shoots a TV series for it, and from the audience’s affection, wecould see readers’ welcome attitude towards her works. It shapes the image of Nan, arebel character in this novel. Nan manages to obtain love, and achieves his familyethics, which reflects Wharton’s construction of ideal family ethics.
In the processing of works’ narrative structure, Wharton sets aside theimplication of the work, and gives the traditional social ethics values a loud slap, theintegrated use of dual narrative structure, frame structure, shear jump (omitted),limited perspective, children's perspective narrative methods, and etc.
As a code of guiding human’s social behavior, ethics explores the relationshipbetween men, man and family, man and society, man and nature. And the literaturealso embodies the basic category of ethics, which takes the focus of man as its ownduty. Therefore, no matter in the past or in the futrure, it is full of important theoretical and practical significance for the construction of China's harmonioussociety in current period of social transformation to study the ethics of Wharton’snovels.
引文
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
①[英]德拉布尔,玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②夏文静.英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评[D].长春：吉林大学，2013：ⅱ.
③弗莱，诺思罗普.批评的解剖[M].陈惠等，译.天津：百花文艺出版社，2006：35.
①伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008：24.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
①Drabble, Margaret. Wharton’s Sharp Eyes [J]. Foreign Literature and Art (Translation)，2005(4)：74.
②Xia Wenjing. Ethical Criticism on British Victorian Female Novels[D]. Changchun: Jilin University,2013:ii.
③Fry, Northro. Anatomy of Criticism [M]. Chen hui. Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Press,2006:35.
①Wu Maoguo. Narrative Ethics of Modern Novels [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Press,2008:24.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
①常耀信.漫话英美文学[M].天津：南开大学出版社，2006:216.
②Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:516.
①宁.人所未知的伊迪丝·华顿[J].外国文学评论，2002（1）：151.
②申丹，韩加明，王丽亚.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2005：296.
③Wharton, Edith. The Letters of Edith Wharton [M]. R.W.B Lewis&Nancy Lewis ed., New York: MacmillanPublishing Company,1988:99.
①[英]德拉布尔,玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②夏文静.英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评[D].长春：吉林大学，2013：ⅱ.
③[加]弗莱，诺思罗普.批评的解剖[M].陈惠等，译.天津：百花文艺出版社，2006：35.
④程锡麟.析布思的小说伦理学[J].四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2000（1）:64.
⑤同上，65.
①参见[希]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学[M].邓安庆，译.北京：人民出版社，2010:3.
①[英]德拉布尔，玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②[美]霍顿，罗德；爱德华兹，赫伯特.美国文学思想背景[M].房炜，孟昭庆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，1991:206-210.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纽约旧事[M].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:376-377.
②[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.大转型时代[M].秦传安，译，北京：新世界出版社，2009:49.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纽约旧事[M].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:59.
②同上，113.
③同上，37.
①参见林克，阿瑟；卡顿，威廉.1900年以来的美国史（上）[M].刘绪贻，等，译，北京：中国科学出版社，1983:320.
①参见艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.仅仅是昨天[M].译科，孟洁冰，译，北京：法律出版社，2011:72-79.
②Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
③同①，86.
①[美]林克，阿瑟；卡顿，威廉.1900年以来的美国史[M].刘绪贻，等，译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1983：323.
②马克思，恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集第46卷(上)[M].北京：人民出版社，1979:104.
①Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:10.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:62.
②Ibid, see62.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Harper,1985:510.
④徐少锦，温克勤主编.伦理百科辞典[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社，1999:756.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.伊迪丝·华顿.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译.兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:228.
①参见林季杉. T.S.艾略特论“文学与宗教[J].西南民族大学学报，2008(7):196.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:69.
②. Wharton, Edith. The Unpublished Writings of Edith Wharton [M]. Laura Rattray ed., London: Picking&Chatto,2009:213.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:511.
①[德]西美尔.现代人与宗教[M].曹卫东，等，译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003:40.
②同上，40.
①参见[美]穆尔.基督教简史[M].郭舜平，等，译，北京：商务印书馆，1981:142.
②Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress,1995:37.
①Wharton, Edith. The Unpublished Writings of Edith Wharton [M]. London: Picking&Chatto,2009:196.
②See Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:71.
③See Coppee, Henry. Elements of Logic [M]. Philadelphia: E. H. Butler Co.,1858.
④同①，196-197.
①Mill, John Stuart. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy [M]. London: Longman, Green,Longman, Roberts&Green,1865:550.
②邓明言.赫胥黎[A].赵祥麟主编，外国教育家评传2[C].上海：上海教育出版社，1992:229.
③参见王远新编著.古代语言学简史[M].北京：中央民族大学出版社，2006：184.
④同上，184.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Harper,1985:86.
①[法]帕斯卡尔.思想录[M].何兆武,译，北京：商务印书馆，1985:26.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆,译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：13.
③同①，130-131.
①何怀宏.生命的沉思帕斯卡尔漫述[M].北京：中国文联出版社，1988：104-105.
②同上，158.
①何怀宏.生命的沉思帕斯卡尔漫述[M].北京：中国文联出版社，1988：89.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:93-94.
①华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜译,武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:163.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:69.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜,译,武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:87.
①Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:58.
①[英]赫胥黎.进化论与伦理学[M].宋启林，等，译，北京：北京大学出版社，2010：13.
①[英]赫胥黎.进化论与伦理学[M].宋启林，等，译，北京：北京大学出版社，2010:14.
②达尔文.人类的由来[M].吴德新，吴疆编，译，北京：人民日报出版社，2007：314-315.
②Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M] Princeton: Princeton University,1996:73.
①Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M] Princeton: Princeton University,1996:73.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:672.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:70.
①See Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M]. Frederick Wegener ed., Princeton: PrincetonUniversity,1996.
②Wharton, Edith. The Letters of Edith Wharton [M]. R.W.B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis ed., New York: Macmillan,1989:99.
①See Clubbe, John. Interiors and the Interior Life in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth[J]. Studies in theNovel,1996(4):546.
①See Bauerlein, Mark. Why Grand Central?[J]. The Yale Review,2003(3):1-9.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:5.
①参见陈忠.空间批判与发展伦理[J].学术月刊，2010（1）：17.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:65.
②同上，252.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M]张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:178.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:109.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:360.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M])张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:208.
①参见[美]弗洛姆.在幻想锁链的彼岸[M].张燕，译.长沙：湖南人民出版社，1986:94.
①[法]帕斯卡尔.思想录[M].何兆武，译，北京：商务印书馆,1985:158.
②See Saunders, Judith P. A New Look at the Oldest Profession in Wharton’s New Year’s Day [J]. Studies inShort Stories,1980(2):121-126
①任生名.西方现代悲剧论稿[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998:28-29.
①常兆忠.《<政治经济学批判>序言\导言》释注[M].西安：陕西人民出版社，1991：28.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：6-9.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:12.
②参见叶慧瑛.新英格兰地区文化初探[J].温州师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版），1994（4）:59-61.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：54.
①樊浩.道德形而上学体系的精神哲学基础[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，2006：191.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:164.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:432.
①See Quay, Sara Elisabeth. Edith Wharton’s Narrative of Inheritance [J]. American Literary Realism,1997(3):26-48.
②Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:460.
③Ibid.,458.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287-288.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:64.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:113.
①[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.大转型时代[M].北京：新世界出版社，2009:16.
②李宁.论基督教婚姻的伦理价值[J].学术研究，2008(7),45-49.
③[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:40.
①See Prinajmuddin, Hossein&Shahpoori Arani, Fatemeh. Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence: ACultural Studies Reading [J]. Studies Literature and Language,2011(2):88-95.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:153.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:200.
①董小川.儒家文化与美国基督新教文化[M].北京：商务印书馆，1999:13.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:292.
①廖小平.伦理的代际之维[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2003:1.
②[美]伯科维奇，萨克文.主编.剑桥美国文学史第3卷[M].蔡坚，张占军，鲁勤，译.北京：中央编译出版社，2010:205.
①Lowenthal, Leo. An Unmastered Past: The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal [M]. Berkeley:University of California Press,1987:125-171.转引自洛文塔尔，利奥.文学、通俗文化和社会[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2012：242.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:297.
③See Evron, Nir. Realism, Irony and Morality in Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence[J]. Journal Of ModernLiterature,2012(2):37-51.
①Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:3
①Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:423-424.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：170.
②同上，219.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：226.
②同上，226.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：225.
②Montqomery, Maureen E..Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton’s New York [M]. NewYork: Routledge,1998:37.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：217.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：171.
②[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.仅仅是昨天[M].译科，孟洁冰，译,北京：法律出版社，2011：65
③同上，81-87.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：227
②[美]特拉登堡，艾伦.美国的公司化[M].邵重，金莉，译，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1990:21.
③Giles, Paul. American Catholic Arts and Fictions: Culture, Ideology, Aesthetics [M]. Cambridge: Syndicate ofthe University of Cambridge,1992:99
①[美]凡勃伦.有有闲阶级论[M].蔡受百，译，北京：商务印书馆，2009:257
②Saunders, Judith P. A New Look at the Oldest Profession in Wharton’s New Year’s Day [J]. Studies in ShortStories,1980(2):121-126
③李维屏.论美国早期现代主义思想的性质与特征[J].外语研究.2013(1):91-94.
①See Tintner,.Adeline R. The Narrative Structure of “Old New York”: Text and Pictures in Edith Wharton’sQuartet of Linked Short Stories [J]. The Journal of Narrative Technique,1987(1):76-82.
②Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:528.
③[美]俄康纳，威廉·范编.美国现代七大小说家[M].张爱玲，等，译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1988:40.
①Nevius, Blake. Edith Wharton: A Study of Her Fiction [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press,1953:239.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:724.
②[美]埃文斯，科林.历史上的九大冤家[M].雷格，张弢译，北京：中信出版社,2003:99
③同①，728.
①Wharton,.Edith. The Buccaneers [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:33.
①朱立华.拉斐尔前派与十九世纪欧洲文化思潮[J].广东广播电视大学学报，2011（3）,72-75.
②同①，160.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:227.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:232.
②Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:728.
③同①，241.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:242.
②Ibid,254-255.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:107.
②Ibid,269.
①Straaf, Maria. In Between Cultures Franco-American Encounters in the Work of Edith Wharton [M].Linkoping: Liu-Tryck,2008:279.
②同上，see280.
①Bauer, Dale M. Edith Wharton’s Brave New Politics [M]. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press,1994:xi.
①伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008：24.
②Wharton,.Edith The Letters of Edith Wharton[M]. R.W.B Lewis&Nancy Lewis ed., New York: Macmillan,1988:99.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999：4.
②赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:195.
①赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:28-41.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999：351.
③胡亚敏.中西之间批评的历程[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2012:36.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋（注：今译欢乐之家）[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:355.
②See Benstock, Shari.“The word which made all clear”: The Silent Close of The House of Mirth [A]. EdithWharton’s The House of Mirth: A Case book[C]. Carol J. Singley ed., New York: Oxford University Press,2003:140
③Wharton, Edith. Fiction and Criticism [A]. The Uncollected Critical Writings [C]. Frederick Wegener ed.,Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996:295.
④赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:17.
①Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:122
①赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:58.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕淑湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:3.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕淑湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:4.
②同上，15.
③同上，9.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕叔湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:2.
②See Wharton, Edith. Wharton’s New England: Seven Stories and Ethan Frome[M]. Barbara A. White ed., NewHampshire: University Press of New England,1995:96.
③Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:123
①[美]拉巴泰，让-米歇尔·.1913:现代主义的摇篮[M].杨成虎，等，译，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2013：160
②同上，160.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:458.
②Ibid,459.
③Ibid,459.
①Kronenberger, Louis. Edith Wharton’s New York, Two Period Pieces[J]. Michigan Quarterly Review,1965(1):3-13.
①陶东风.文体演变及其文化意味[M].昆明：云南人民出版社，1994:136.
②赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:135.
③同上，127.
④[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:6-7.
①申丹，王丽亚.西方叙事学经典与后经典[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2010:121.
②胡亚敏.叙事学[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社[M].2004:81-83.
③[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:278.
①Linberg, Gary H. Edith Wharton and the Novel of Manners [M]. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia,1975:47
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:298.
②Orlando, Emily J. Rereading Wharton’s “poor Archer”: A Mr.“Might-have-been” in The Age of Innocence [J].American Literary Realism,1998(2):56-76.
①伍茂国.在时间中成就德性[J].郑州大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2012(6):112.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆等译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：170.
③同上，170-171.
①Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance: An Autobiography [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:127.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:580.
②[美]布斯.小说修辞学[M].付礼军，译.南宁：广西人民出版社，1987:276.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
④伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008:155.
⑤同③，433
⑥Vita-Finz,Penelope. Edith Wharton and the Art of Fiction [M]. London: Pinter Publishers Ltd.,1990:29.
①Wharton, Edith. The Writing of Fiction [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1997:58.
①渠敬东，缺席与断裂——有关失范的社会学研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1999：35.
[1][美]伊迪丝·华顿.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译.武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010.
[2][美]伊迪丝·华顿.豪门春秋[M].张澍智，译.北京：外国文学出版社，1999.
[3][美]伊迪丝·华顿.纽约旧事[M].蒲隆，等，译.兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997.
[4][美]伊迪丝·华顿.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译.北京：人民文学出版社，2006.
[1]常耀信.漫话英美文学[M].天津：南开大学出版社，2006.
[2]常兆忠.《<政治经济学批判>序言\导言》释注[M].西安：陕西人民出版社，1991.
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[1] Bauerlein, Mark. Why Grand Central?[J]. The Yale Review,2003(3):1-9
[2] Clubbe, John. Interiors and the Interior Life in Edith Wharton’s The House ofMirth [J]. Studies in the Novel,1996(4):542-564.
[3] Evor, Nir. Realism, Irony and Morality in Edith Wharton’s The Age ofInnocence[J]. Journal of Modern Literature,2012(2):37-51.
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[9] Tintner, Adeline R. The Narrative Structure of “old New York”: Text and Picturesin Edith Wharton’s Quartet of Linked Short Stories [J]. The Journal of NarrativeTechnique,1987(1):76-82.
[1] Benstock, Shari.“The word which made all clear”: The Silent Close of TheHouse of Mirth [A]. Singley, Carol J ed., Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth:A Casebook [C]. New York: Oxford University Press,2003:131-162.
[2] Wharton, Edith. Fiction and Criticism [A]. In Wegener, Frederick ed., TheUncollected Writings [C].Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996:293-298
①[英]德拉布尔,玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②夏文静.英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评[D].长春：吉林大学，2013：ⅱ.
③弗莱，诺思罗普.批评的解剖[M].陈惠等，译.天津：百花文艺出版社，2006：35.
①伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008：24.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
①Drabble, Margaret. Wharton’s Sharp Eyes [J]. Foreign Literature and Art (Translation)，2005(4)：74.
②Xia Wenjing. Ethical Criticism on British Victorian Female Novels[D]. Changchun: Jilin University,2013:ii.
③Fry, Northro. Anatomy of Criticism [M]. Chen hui. Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Press,2006:35.
①Wu Maoguo. Narrative Ethics of Modern Novels [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Press,2008:24.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
①常耀信.漫话英美文学[M].天津：南开大学出版社，2006:216.
②Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:516.
①宁.人所未知的伊迪丝·华顿[J].外国文学评论，2002（1）：151.
②申丹，韩加明，王丽亚.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2005：296.
③Wharton, Edith. The Letters of Edith Wharton [M]. R.W.B Lewis&Nancy Lewis ed., New York: MacmillanPublishing Company,1988:99.
①[英]德拉布尔,玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②夏文静.英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评[D].长春：吉林大学，2013：ⅱ.
③[加]弗莱，诺思罗普.批评的解剖[M].陈惠等，译.天津：百花文艺出版社，2006：35.
④程锡麟.析布思的小说伦理学[J].四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2000（1）:64.
⑤同上，65.
①参见[希]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学[M].邓安庆，译.北京：人民出版社，2010:3.
①[英]德拉布尔，玛格丽特.华顿的尖眼睛[J].外国文艺（译文），2005（4）：74.
②[美]霍顿，罗德；爱德华兹，赫伯特.美国文学思想背景[M].房炜，孟昭庆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，1991:206-210.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纽约旧事[M].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:376-377.
②[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.大转型时代[M].秦传安，译，北京：新世界出版社，2009:49.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纽约旧事[M].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:59.
②同上，113.
③同上，37.
①参见林克，阿瑟；卡顿，威廉.1900年以来的美国史（上）[M].刘绪贻，等，译，北京：中国科学出版社，1983:320.
①参见艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.仅仅是昨天[M].译科，孟洁冰，译，北京：法律出版社，2011:72-79.
②Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
③同①，86.
①[美]林克，阿瑟；卡顿，威廉.1900年以来的美国史[M].刘绪贻，等，译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1983：323.
②马克思，恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集第46卷(上)[M].北京：人民出版社，1979:104.
①Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:10.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:62.
②Ibid, see62.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Harper,1985:510.
④徐少锦，温克勤主编.伦理百科辞典[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社，1999:756.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.伊迪丝·华顿.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译.兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997:228.
①参见林季杉. T.S.艾略特论“文学与宗教[J].西南民族大学学报，2008(7):196.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:69.
②. Wharton, Edith. The Unpublished Writings of Edith Wharton [M]. Laura Rattray ed., London: Picking&Chatto,2009:213.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:511.
①[德]西美尔.现代人与宗教[M].曹卫东，等，译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003:40.
②同上，40.
①参见[美]穆尔.基督教简史[M].郭舜平，等，译，北京：商务印书馆，1981:142.
②Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress,1995:37.
①Wharton, Edith. The Unpublished Writings of Edith Wharton [M]. London: Picking&Chatto,2009:196.
②See Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:71.
③See Coppee, Henry. Elements of Logic [M]. Philadelphia: E. H. Butler Co.,1858.
④同①，196-197.
①Mill, John Stuart. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy [M]. London: Longman, Green,Longman, Roberts&Green,1865:550.
②邓明言.赫胥黎[A].赵祥麟主编，外国教育家评传2[C].上海：上海教育出版社，1992:229.
③参见王远新编著.古代语言学简史[M].北京：中央民族大学出版社，2006：184.
④同上，184.
①Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Harper,1985:86.
①[法]帕斯卡尔.思想录[M].何兆武,译，北京：商务印书馆，1985:26.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆,译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：13.
③同①，130-131.
①何怀宏.生命的沉思帕斯卡尔漫述[M].北京：中国文联出版社，1988：104-105.
②同上，158.
①何怀宏.生命的沉思帕斯卡尔漫述[M].北京：中国文联出版社，1988：89.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:93-94.
①华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜译,武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:163.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:69.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜,译,武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:87.
①Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:58.
①[英]赫胥黎.进化论与伦理学[M].宋启林，等，译，北京：北京大学出版社，2010：13.
①[英]赫胥黎.进化论与伦理学[M].宋启林，等，译，北京：北京大学出版社，2010:14.
②达尔文.人类的由来[M].吴德新，吴疆编，译，北京：人民日报出版社，2007：314-315.
②Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M] Princeton: Princeton University,1996:73.
①Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M] Princeton: Princeton University,1996:73.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage Books,2007:672.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:70.
①See Wharton, Edith. The Uncollected Critical Writing [M]. Frederick Wegener ed., Princeton: PrincetonUniversity,1996.
②Wharton, Edith. The Letters of Edith Wharton [M]. R.W.B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis ed., New York: Macmillan,1989:99.
①See Clubbe, John. Interiors and the Interior Life in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth[J]. Studies in theNovel,1996(4):546.
①See Bauerlein, Mark. Why Grand Central?[J]. The Yale Review,2003(3):1-9.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:5.
①参见陈忠.空间批判与发展伦理[J].学术月刊，2010（1）：17.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:65.
②同上，252.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M]张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:178.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:109.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:360.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M])张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:208.
①参见[美]弗洛姆.在幻想锁链的彼岸[M].张燕，译.长沙：湖南人民出版社，1986:94.
①[法]帕斯卡尔.思想录[M].何兆武，译，北京：商务印书馆,1985:158.
②See Saunders, Judith P. A New Look at the Oldest Profession in Wharton’s New Year’s Day [J]. Studies inShort Stories,1980(2):121-126
①任生名.西方现代悲剧论稿[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998:28-29.
①常兆忠.《<政治经济学批判>序言\导言》释注[M].西安：陕西人民出版社，1991：28.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：6-9.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:12.
②参见叶慧瑛.新英格兰地区文化初探[J].温州师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版），1994（4）:59-61.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美[M].吕叔湘，蒲隆，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006：54.
①樊浩.道德形而上学体系的精神哲学基础[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，2006：191.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:164.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:432.
①See Quay, Sara Elisabeth. Edith Wharton’s Narrative of Inheritance [J]. American Literary Realism,1997(3):26-48.
②Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:460.
③Ibid.,458.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287-288.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:64.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:113.
①[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.大转型时代[M].北京：新世界出版社，2009:16.
②李宁.论基督教婚姻的伦理价值[J].学术研究，2008(7),45-49.
③[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:40.
①See Prinajmuddin, Hossein&Shahpoori Arani, Fatemeh. Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence: ACultural Studies Reading [J]. Studies Literature and Language,2011(2):88-95.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:153.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:200.
①董小川.儒家文化与美国基督新教文化[M].北京：商务印书馆，1999:13.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:287.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:292.
①廖小平.伦理的代际之维[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2003:1.
②[美]伯科维奇，萨克文.主编.剑桥美国文学史第3卷[M].蔡坚，张占军，鲁勤，译.北京：中央编译出版社，2010:205.
①Lowenthal, Leo. An Unmastered Past: The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal [M]. Berkeley:University of California Press,1987:125-171.转引自洛文塔尔，利奥.文学、通俗文化和社会[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2012：242.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:297.
③See Evron, Nir. Realism, Irony and Morality in Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence[J]. Journal Of ModernLiterature,2012(2):37-51.
①Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:3
①Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:423-424.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：170.
②同上，219.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：226.
②同上，226.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：225.
②Montqomery, Maureen E..Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton’s New York [M]. NewYork: Routledge,1998:37.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：217.
①[美]华顿,伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：171.
②[美]艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯.仅仅是昨天[M].译科，孟洁冰，译,北京：法律出版社，2011：65
③同上，81-87.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆，等，译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：227
②[美]特拉登堡，艾伦.美国的公司化[M].邵重，金莉，译，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1990:21.
③Giles, Paul. American Catholic Arts and Fictions: Culture, Ideology, Aesthetics [M]. Cambridge: Syndicate ofthe University of Cambridge,1992:99
①[美]凡勃伦.有有闲阶级论[M].蔡受百，译，北京：商务印书馆，2009:257
②Saunders, Judith P. A New Look at the Oldest Profession in Wharton’s New Year’s Day [J]. Studies in ShortStories,1980(2):121-126
③李维屏.论美国早期现代主义思想的性质与特征[J].外语研究.2013(1):91-94.
①See Tintner,.Adeline R. The Narrative Structure of “Old New York”: Text and Pictures in Edith Wharton’sQuartet of Linked Short Stories [J]. The Journal of Narrative Technique,1987(1):76-82.
②Lewis, R. W. B Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:528.
③[美]俄康纳，威廉·范编.美国现代七大小说家[M].张爱玲，等，译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1988:40.
①Nevius, Blake. Edith Wharton: A Study of Her Fiction [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press,1953:239.
①Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:724.
②[美]埃文斯，科林.历史上的九大冤家[M].雷格，张弢译，北京：中信出版社,2003:99
③同①，728.
①Wharton,.Edith. The Buccaneers [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:33.
①朱立华.拉斐尔前派与十九世纪欧洲文化思潮[J].广东广播电视大学学报，2011（3）,72-75.
②同①，160.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:227.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:232.
②Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:728.
③同①，241.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:242.
②Ibid,254-255.
①Wharton, Edith. The Buccaneer [M]. New York: D. Appleton-century Company,1938:107.
②Ibid,269.
①Straaf, Maria. In Between Cultures Franco-American Encounters in the Work of Edith Wharton [M].Linkoping: Liu-Tryck,2008:279.
②同上，see280.
①Bauer, Dale M. Edith Wharton’s Brave New Politics [M]. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press,1994:xi.
①伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008：24.
②Wharton,.Edith The Letters of Edith Wharton[M]. R.W.B Lewis&Nancy Lewis ed., New York: Macmillan,1988:99.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋(注：今译欢乐之家)[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999：4.
②赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:195.
①赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:28-41.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999：351.
③胡亚敏.中西之间批评的历程[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2012:36.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.豪门春秋（注：今译欢乐之家）[M].张澍智，译，北京：外国文学出版社，1999:355.
②See Benstock, Shari.“The word which made all clear”: The Silent Close of The House of Mirth [A]. EdithWharton’s The House of Mirth: A Case book[C]. Carol J. Singley ed., New York: Oxford University Press,2003:140
③Wharton, Edith. Fiction and Criticism [A]. The Uncollected Critical Writings [C]. Frederick Wegener ed.,Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996:295.
④赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:17.
①Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:122
①赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:58.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕淑湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:3.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕淑湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:4.
②同上，15.
③同上，9.
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.伊坦·弗洛美.[M].吕叔湘，译，北京：人民文学出版社，2006:2.
②See Wharton, Edith. Wharton’s New England: Seven Stories and Ethan Frome[M]. Barbara A. White ed., NewHampshire: University Press of New England,1995:96.
③Singley, Carol J. Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995:123
①[美]拉巴泰，让-米歇尔·.1913:现代主义的摇篮[M].杨成虎，等，译，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2013：160
②同上，160.
①Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country [M]. New York: Bantam Dell,2008:458.
②Ibid,459.
③Ibid,459.
①Kronenberger, Louis. Edith Wharton’s New York, Two Period Pieces[J]. Michigan Quarterly Review,1965(1):3-13.
①陶东风.文体演变及其文化意味[M].昆明：云南人民出版社，1994:136.
②赵毅衡.当说者被说的时候[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998:135.
③同上，127.
④[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:6-7.
①申丹，王丽亚.西方叙事学经典与后经典[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2010:121.
②胡亚敏.叙事学[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社[M].2004:81-83.
③[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:278.
①Linberg, Gary H. Edith Wharton and the Novel of Manners [M]. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia,1975:47
①[美]华顿，伊迪丝.纯真年代[M].赵明炜，译，武汉：长江文艺出版社，2010:298.
②Orlando, Emily J. Rereading Wharton’s “poor Archer”: A Mr.“Might-have-been” in The Age of Innocence [J].American Literary Realism,1998(2):56-76.
①伍茂国.在时间中成就德性[J].郑州大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2012(6):112.
②[美]华顿，伊迪丝.元旦[A].杨士虎，祁小云，译.纽约旧事[C].蒲隆等译，兰州：敦煌文艺出版社，1997：170.
③同上，170-171.
①Wharton, Edith. A Backward Glance: An Autobiography [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1998:127.
①See Lee, Hermione. Edith Wharton [M]. London: Vintage,2008:580.
②[美]布斯.小说修辞学[M].付礼军，译.南宁：广西人民出版社，1987:276.
③Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography [M]. New York: Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1985:433.
④伍茂国.现代小说叙事伦理[M].北京：新华出版社，2008:155.
⑤同③，433
⑥Vita-Finz,Penelope. Edith Wharton and the Art of Fiction [M]. London: Pinter Publishers Ltd.,1990:29.
①Wharton, Edith. The Writing of Fiction [M]. New York: Simon&Schuster,1997:58.
①渠敬东，缺席与断裂——有关失范的社会学研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1999：35.
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