级联型STATCOM故障诊断与容错控制研究
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摘要
在中压配电网的无功补偿和谐波治理领域，级联型静止同步补偿器（StaticSynchronous Compensator-STATCOM）因其具有模块化、大容量、谐波特性好和易于实现冗余控制等优点，近年来得到了广泛应用，其可靠性已经成为保障电力系统安全运行的一项关键技术。为此，近年来高容错STATCOM系统的概念被提出并成为了国内外研究的热点。高容错STATCOM系统是指当故障发生后，通过在线故障诊断装置在允许时间内诊断出故障类型和位置，在不停机的情况下在线重新配置系统的拓扑结构并采取相应的容错控制策略，使得系统能够在满足一定性能要求下继续运行。研究表明，在STATCOM系统中，变流器是实现各种控制策略的关键部分，但由于其长期处于高频动作和能量变换的工作环境，其功率开关器件也最容易发生故障，若故障后不及时处理将会造成STATCOM系统输出不平衡、谐波增加等危害，严重时还会造成保护停机。因此，研究STATCOM系统中变流器的故障诊断和容错控制将具有十分重要的理论意义和实际意义。
高容错STATCOM系统实现的首要条件是快速准确的故障诊断，其诊断精度和诊断时间直接影响到容错控制的效果。STATCOM系统中的变流器环节是一个典型的包含连续状态变量和开关离散变量的复杂系统，且时刻处于对负载变化的动态响应中，使得传统的以输出电流或输出电压为原始信号的基于解析模型和信号处理的方法并不能有效地揭示系统的故障特性，不适合于变流器内部故障的分析和诊断。因此，本文针对传统方法在诊断时间、负载变化影响、故障样本需求等方面的缺点，以变流器中各功率模块电容电压为原始信号，将小波多分辨率分析、特征降维技术和多核最小二乘支持向量机等理论引入到故障诊断过程中，建立了针对变流器中功率器件开路故障的综合故障诊断系统。首先利用db40小波对原始信号进行8尺度分解，将各频带的高频小波分解序列的能量作为故障特征。在故障分类方面，引入了多核最小二乘支持向量机，并利用混沌粒子群优化算法对其进行参数优化，提出了基于核主成分分析和谱系聚类算法的故障特征降维方法。仿真和实验证明此方法克服了标准支持向量机计算复杂的缺点，提高了故障诊断的鲁棒性，继承了小样本学习的优点，在保证诊断准确率的同时缩短了诊断时间。
针对空间矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）方法在级联型STATCOM中实现难度大的缺点，研究了统一空间矢量脉宽调制（GSVPWM）方法的实现。通过零序分量的叠加将SVPWM方法等效为基于载波的方式，并且可通过改变零矢量分配系数方便的实现各种PWM方法的切换。提出了一种简单快速的GSVPWM数字化实现方法。此方法避免了传统SVPWM方法复杂的三角运算、坐标变换、空间矢量选择和矢量作用时间的计算，具有电压利用率高、开关损耗小、响应速度快、易于实现容错控制等特点。
STATCOM的容错控制是指故障后通过调整系统的软硬件结构来保证装置在故障情况下稳定可靠的运行能力。本文对级联型STATCOM的容错拓扑及其控制策略展开了研究。采取了带1级冗余的模块冗余方案和仅旁路故障模块的隔离方案。系统正常运行时，各功率模块降额运行，当故障发生后通过封锁驱动脉冲和旁路机构将故障模块同主电路隔离。在分析故障对系统各控制环节影响的基础上，提出了具有容错功能的相间电容电压平衡控制策略、相内电容电压平衡控制策略和PWM控制策略，实现了STATCOM系统的容错运行。
设计了8级联STATCOM的故障诊断和容错控制实验平台。基于FPGA的分布式集中控制结构使得系统具有模块化、控制简单、易于安装维护等优点。实验结果表明装置具有良好的动态补偿效果，对功率器件开路故障具有良好的诊断能力，容错控制响应迅速，具有良好的工业应用前景。
Cascaded static synchronous compensators(STATCOM) are widely used inreactive compensation and harmonic suppression on medium voltage distributionnetwork because of their advantages such as modularity, high power capacity, goodharmonic characteristic, and easily realized redundancy control. The reliability of theSTATCOM is directly related to the safe operation of the power grid. Therefore, theSTATCOM system with fault-tolerant capabilities is recently proposed and hasbecome a research focus for scholars both domestic and abroad. The STATCOMsystem with fault-tolerant capabilities can diagnose and analyze faults in a timelymanner as well as reconstruct both the software and hardware structures of the systemupon fault diagnosis to ensure that the device continues to operate safely without anyreduction or partly reduction in performance indicators. Research shows that thepower semiconductors in power converters are weak links of the STATCOM systembecause of their high frequency and energy transformation environment. Onlinereal-time fault diagnosis of power semiconductors and appropriate fault-tolerantcontrol strategies are effective means to improve the reliability of the STATCOMsystem. Therefore, research on fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies ofconverters in the STATCOM system has important significance both in theory andpractical value.
The precondition of realization of the fault-tolerant STATCOM system isaccurate fault diagnosis. Immediacy and reliability of fault diagnosis is directlyimpacted to the effect of the fault-tolerant strategies. The converter in the STATCOMsystem is a typical hybrid system which include both continuous state variables anddiscrete switching variables. It is always in dynamic response of the load change.Therefore, the traditional analytical modeling method or signal processing methodwhich takes the output current or voltage as the original signal can not effectivelyreveal the fault features of the system. The traditional method can not be used foranalyzing and diagnosing faults inside converters. A comprehensive fault diagnosismethod for converters is proposed by using wavelet multi-resolution analysis(MRA),fault feature dimension reduction techniques and multi-kernel least squares supportvector machines(MLS-SVM). Capacitor voltages of power modules in the converter isselected for the original signal. The method overcomes the traditional shortcomings indiagnosis time, load changes, fault samples requirements, etc. First, the original signals are decomposed into eight layers via the db40wavelet, and the detailcoefficient energy of each layer is selected as the fault features. The fault classifier isthen constructed by using MLS-SVM. The parameters of the MLS-SVM is optimizedbased on chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm(CPSO). Finally, thedimensions of the features are reduced by using kernel principal componentanalysis(KPCA) and hierarchical clustering algorithm(HCA). The simulation andexperimental results demonstrate that it overcome the complex calculation of thetraditional SVM, improved the robustness of fault diagnosis, maintained theadvantages on small sample learning, and reduced diagnostic time while maintainingdiagnostic accuracy.
Due to the space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) method is difficult toachieve in the cascaded STATCOM, a generalized SVPWM(GSVPWM) method isproposed with the aim of reducing switch loss and easily implement. The SVPWMcan be equivalent to a carrier-based method by adding one zero sequence component.Different PWM methods are obtained easily by changing the zero vector distributioncoefficient. A simple digital realization method for the GSVPWM is also proposed toavoid calculations such as complex trigonometric function, coordinate transformations,space vector selections, and duration time calculations. The advantages of theGSVPWM method are highest DC voltage utilization ratio, low switch loss, quicklyresponse, and easily realized fault-tolerant control, etc.
By reconfiguring software and hardware structures fault-tolerant controlstrategies of the STATCOM system can ensure post-fault systems have such reliableand stable operation capability. The fault-tolerant topologies and control strategies ofthe cascade STATCOM are discussed. Redundancy scheme with one stageredundancy and isolation scheme with only bypassing the fault module are applied inthe system. The power modules run less than its rated value when normal operation.When the fault happens, the drive pulses are secured and the fault module is isolatedfrom main circuit with bypass device. The influences of fault on each system controllink are analyzed. Fault-tolerant control strategies such as phase-to-phase capacitorvoltage balance control, one phase capacitor voltage balance control and PWMcontrol are proposed to guarantee the reliable and stable operation of the STATCOM.
An eight cascaded STATCOM experiment platform is designed for faultdiagnosis and fault-tolerant control. The distributed control structure based on fieldprogrammable gate array(FPGA) is chose for its advantages such as modularity, easily control and maintenance. The experimental results demonstrate that the platform havegood dynamic compensation effects, accurate diagnostic ability, and fine fault-tolerantcontrol performance. It has a good prospect in industry application.
高容错STATCOM系统实现的首要条件是快速准确的故障诊断，其诊断精度和诊断时间直接影响到容错控制的效果。STATCOM系统中的变流器环节是一个典型的包含连续状态变量和开关离散变量的复杂系统，且时刻处于对负载变化的动态响应中，使得传统的以输出电流或输出电压为原始信号的基于解析模型和信号处理的方法并不能有效地揭示系统的故障特性，不适合于变流器内部故障的分析和诊断。因此，本文针对传统方法在诊断时间、负载变化影响、故障样本需求等方面的缺点，以变流器中各功率模块电容电压为原始信号，将小波多分辨率分析、特征降维技术和多核最小二乘支持向量机等理论引入到故障诊断过程中，建立了针对变流器中功率器件开路故障的综合故障诊断系统。首先利用db40小波对原始信号进行8尺度分解，将各频带的高频小波分解序列的能量作为故障特征。在故障分类方面，引入了多核最小二乘支持向量机，并利用混沌粒子群优化算法对其进行参数优化，提出了基于核主成分分析和谱系聚类算法的故障特征降维方法。仿真和实验证明此方法克服了标准支持向量机计算复杂的缺点，提高了故障诊断的鲁棒性，继承了小样本学习的优点，在保证诊断准确率的同时缩短了诊断时间。
针对空间矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）方法在级联型STATCOM中实现难度大的缺点，研究了统一空间矢量脉宽调制（GSVPWM）方法的实现。通过零序分量的叠加将SVPWM方法等效为基于载波的方式，并且可通过改变零矢量分配系数方便的实现各种PWM方法的切换。提出了一种简单快速的GSVPWM数字化实现方法。此方法避免了传统SVPWM方法复杂的三角运算、坐标变换、空间矢量选择和矢量作用时间的计算，具有电压利用率高、开关损耗小、响应速度快、易于实现容错控制等特点。
STATCOM的容错控制是指故障后通过调整系统的软硬件结构来保证装置在故障情况下稳定可靠的运行能力。本文对级联型STATCOM的容错拓扑及其控制策略展开了研究。采取了带1级冗余的模块冗余方案和仅旁路故障模块的隔离方案。系统正常运行时，各功率模块降额运行，当故障发生后通过封锁驱动脉冲和旁路机构将故障模块同主电路隔离。在分析故障对系统各控制环节影响的基础上，提出了具有容错功能的相间电容电压平衡控制策略、相内电容电压平衡控制策略和PWM控制策略，实现了STATCOM系统的容错运行。
设计了8级联STATCOM的故障诊断和容错控制实验平台。基于FPGA的分布式集中控制结构使得系统具有模块化、控制简单、易于安装维护等优点。实验结果表明装置具有良好的动态补偿效果，对功率器件开路故障具有良好的诊断能力，容错控制响应迅速，具有良好的工业应用前景。
Cascaded static synchronous compensators(STATCOM) are widely used inreactive compensation and harmonic suppression on medium voltage distributionnetwork because of their advantages such as modularity, high power capacity, goodharmonic characteristic, and easily realized redundancy control. The reliability of theSTATCOM is directly related to the safe operation of the power grid. Therefore, theSTATCOM system with fault-tolerant capabilities is recently proposed and hasbecome a research focus for scholars both domestic and abroad. The STATCOMsystem with fault-tolerant capabilities can diagnose and analyze faults in a timelymanner as well as reconstruct both the software and hardware structures of the systemupon fault diagnosis to ensure that the device continues to operate safely without anyreduction or partly reduction in performance indicators. Research shows that thepower semiconductors in power converters are weak links of the STATCOM systembecause of their high frequency and energy transformation environment. Onlinereal-time fault diagnosis of power semiconductors and appropriate fault-tolerantcontrol strategies are effective means to improve the reliability of the STATCOMsystem. Therefore, research on fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies ofconverters in the STATCOM system has important significance both in theory andpractical value.
The precondition of realization of the fault-tolerant STATCOM system isaccurate fault diagnosis. Immediacy and reliability of fault diagnosis is directlyimpacted to the effect of the fault-tolerant strategies. The converter in the STATCOMsystem is a typical hybrid system which include both continuous state variables anddiscrete switching variables. It is always in dynamic response of the load change.Therefore, the traditional analytical modeling method or signal processing methodwhich takes the output current or voltage as the original signal can not effectivelyreveal the fault features of the system. The traditional method can not be used foranalyzing and diagnosing faults inside converters. A comprehensive fault diagnosismethod for converters is proposed by using wavelet multi-resolution analysis(MRA),fault feature dimension reduction techniques and multi-kernel least squares supportvector machines(MLS-SVM). Capacitor voltages of power modules in the converter isselected for the original signal. The method overcomes the traditional shortcomings indiagnosis time, load changes, fault samples requirements, etc. First, the original signals are decomposed into eight layers via the db40wavelet, and the detailcoefficient energy of each layer is selected as the fault features. The fault classifier isthen constructed by using MLS-SVM. The parameters of the MLS-SVM is optimizedbased on chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm(CPSO). Finally, thedimensions of the features are reduced by using kernel principal componentanalysis(KPCA) and hierarchical clustering algorithm(HCA). The simulation andexperimental results demonstrate that it overcome the complex calculation of thetraditional SVM, improved the robustness of fault diagnosis, maintained theadvantages on small sample learning, and reduced diagnostic time while maintainingdiagnostic accuracy.
Due to the space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) method is difficult toachieve in the cascaded STATCOM, a generalized SVPWM(GSVPWM) method isproposed with the aim of reducing switch loss and easily implement. The SVPWMcan be equivalent to a carrier-based method by adding one zero sequence component.Different PWM methods are obtained easily by changing the zero vector distributioncoefficient. A simple digital realization method for the GSVPWM is also proposed toavoid calculations such as complex trigonometric function, coordinate transformations,space vector selections, and duration time calculations. The advantages of theGSVPWM method are highest DC voltage utilization ratio, low switch loss, quicklyresponse, and easily realized fault-tolerant control, etc.
By reconfiguring software and hardware structures fault-tolerant controlstrategies of the STATCOM system can ensure post-fault systems have such reliableand stable operation capability. The fault-tolerant topologies and control strategies ofthe cascade STATCOM are discussed. Redundancy scheme with one stageredundancy and isolation scheme with only bypassing the fault module are applied inthe system. The power modules run less than its rated value when normal operation.When the fault happens, the drive pulses are secured and the fault module is isolatedfrom main circuit with bypass device. The influences of fault on each system controllink are analyzed. Fault-tolerant control strategies such as phase-to-phase capacitorvoltage balance control, one phase capacitor voltage balance control and PWMcontrol are proposed to guarantee the reliable and stable operation of the STATCOM.
An eight cascaded STATCOM experiment platform is designed for faultdiagnosis and fault-tolerant control. The distributed control structure based on fieldprogrammable gate array(FPGA) is chose for its advantages such as modularity, easily control and maintenance. The experimental results demonstrate that the platform havegood dynamic compensation effects, accurate diagnostic ability, and fine fault-tolerantcontrol performance. It has a good prospect in industry application.
引文
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