特长高速铁路隧道火灾人员疏散研究
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摘要
我国投入使用的或正在修建、计划修建的高速铁路隧道数量越来越多,长隧道及特长隧道的存在也越来越普遍。隧道火灾具有燃烧速度快、易出现轰燃现象、火场周围能见度极低以及高温、浓烟、毒气危害严重等特点。特长高速铁路隧道的火灾安全日益成为社会各方关注的问题。本文对高速列车乘客构成、疏散心理和行为调研,开展列车及隧道横通道人员疏散试验,同时结合数值模拟对水下高速铁路隧道火灾时人员疏散进行了研究。本文取得以下创新成果：
(1)根据高速列车影响疏散模式选择的关键性能,分析继续运行疏散模式及停车疏散模式的可行性、情形及过程,给出了高速列车在运行速度、制动性能、牵引性能、与隧道的位置关系、着火部位等因素交叉影响下疏散模式选择方案。
(2)通过调查研究,获得了高速列车的乘客构成、列车紧急事故时疏散行为及心理特征、获得了乘客对高速列车及高速铁路隧道消防设施的认知度、高速列车人员疏散的主要影响因素。
(3)开展动车组车厢人员疏散试验、普通列车人员疏散试验、横通道通过能力试验,获得了动车组车厢和普通列车人员疏散时间,经隧道横通道进行疏散的疏散速率、人员通过率等关键参数。
(4)使用火灾动力学软件(FDS)对高速列车火灾进行模拟,建立安全疏散准则,获得了高速列车着火车厢内和隧道内的温度、能见度、CO浓度等分布规律,给出了着火车厢疏散及全部人员疏散时的可用安全疏散时间。
(5)结合各车厢人员分布特征,对紧急情况下列车内人员的疏散过程进行研究,获得了车厢内毓散通道及疏散出口的通过能力、着火车厢人员疏散至安全车厢的必需安全疏散时间。
(6)分析隧道救援通道的宽度、横通道间距与宽度对人员疏散的影响,建立了高速列车在隧道火灾时横通道间距、横通道宽度、救援通道宽度多因素耦合下对疏散时间交叉影响的数学模型。
通过对特长高速铁路水下盾构隧道人员逃生疏散进行研究,为进一步提高高速铁路隧道火灾时的逃生疏散与救援能力、确保火灾时生命与财产的安全以及制定国内特长高速铁路隧道火灾时营运安全管理及相关规范导则提供技术支持和参考。
本文工作获得了中国铁路总公司科技研究开发计划课题重大课题(2013T001)“长大隧道及特殊环境防灾安全技术——长大及大规模隧道群的防灾救援技术"的资助。
More and more high-speed railway tunnels have been putting into use, or are under construction or planing to be builded, and long or extra-long tunnels are also increasingly common. Tunnel fire has the characteristics of burning fast, easy to flashover, extremely low visibility and high temperature, filling with dense smoke and noxious gas. Fire safety of extra-long tunnel has increasingly become the focus of attention. Through surveying of composition of high-speed trains passenger and evacuation psychological and behavioral, carrying out evacuation tests and numerical simulation of the train and tunnel cross-channel, the paper shows a series of findings. The main work of the paper are as follows:
(1)According to high-speed train's key performance impacting evacuation mode selection, analysed the feasibility and situation, process of continuing running and parking evacuation model. Given the model selection of high-speed train under the cross influence of speed, braking ability, tractive performance, location, fire coach.
(2)Through investigation and study, gotten the composition of passengers in high-speed train, evacuation behavior and psychological characteristics when train in emergency and passengers awareness of fire control facilities in high-speed railway and the main influencing factor of the high-speed train personnel evacuation.
(3)Through carrying out EMU and ordinary train evacuation experiment, personnel access rate of connected aisle testing, gotten the EMU carriages and trains personnel evacuation time, get evacuation time, personnel pass rate and other key parameters of evacuating through connected aisle in tunnel.
(4)Using the Fire Dynamics Software (FDS) to simulate the fire on high-speed trains, built the safe evacuation standards, gotten the distribution regularity of temperature, visibility, CO concentration in fire coach and tunnel and the available security egress time.
(5)Based on the personnel distribution characteristics of the train coach and evacuation process in emergency, gotten the through capacity of coach's routes and exits, then analysis the required safe egress time.
(6)Analysis influence to evacuation of the rescue channel width, connected aisle spacing and width in railway tunnel, established a mathematical model of evacuation time when high-speed train fire in tunnel taking into account rescue channel width, connected aisle spacing under high-speed train in a tunnel fire cross channel spacing..
It can provide technical support and reference for improving the high speed railway tunnel fire escape evacuation and rescue capabilities,to ensure safety of lives and property and to design of tunnel fire safety management and relevant specification guidelines, through research of personnel escape in extra-long tunnel of high-speed railway.
(1)根据高速列车影响疏散模式选择的关键性能,分析继续运行疏散模式及停车疏散模式的可行性、情形及过程,给出了高速列车在运行速度、制动性能、牵引性能、与隧道的位置关系、着火部位等因素交叉影响下疏散模式选择方案。
(2)通过调查研究,获得了高速列车的乘客构成、列车紧急事故时疏散行为及心理特征、获得了乘客对高速列车及高速铁路隧道消防设施的认知度、高速列车人员疏散的主要影响因素。
(3)开展动车组车厢人员疏散试验、普通列车人员疏散试验、横通道通过能力试验,获得了动车组车厢和普通列车人员疏散时间,经隧道横通道进行疏散的疏散速率、人员通过率等关键参数。
(4)使用火灾动力学软件(FDS)对高速列车火灾进行模拟,建立安全疏散准则,获得了高速列车着火车厢内和隧道内的温度、能见度、CO浓度等分布规律,给出了着火车厢疏散及全部人员疏散时的可用安全疏散时间。
(5)结合各车厢人员分布特征,对紧急情况下列车内人员的疏散过程进行研究,获得了车厢内毓散通道及疏散出口的通过能力、着火车厢人员疏散至安全车厢的必需安全疏散时间。
(6)分析隧道救援通道的宽度、横通道间距与宽度对人员疏散的影响,建立了高速列车在隧道火灾时横通道间距、横通道宽度、救援通道宽度多因素耦合下对疏散时间交叉影响的数学模型。
通过对特长高速铁路水下盾构隧道人员逃生疏散进行研究,为进一步提高高速铁路隧道火灾时的逃生疏散与救援能力、确保火灾时生命与财产的安全以及制定国内特长高速铁路隧道火灾时营运安全管理及相关规范导则提供技术支持和参考。
本文工作获得了中国铁路总公司科技研究开发计划课题重大课题(2013T001)“长大隧道及特殊环境防灾安全技术——长大及大规模隧道群的防灾救援技术"的资助。
More and more high-speed railway tunnels have been putting into use, or are under construction or planing to be builded, and long or extra-long tunnels are also increasingly common. Tunnel fire has the characteristics of burning fast, easy to flashover, extremely low visibility and high temperature, filling with dense smoke and noxious gas. Fire safety of extra-long tunnel has increasingly become the focus of attention. Through surveying of composition of high-speed trains passenger and evacuation psychological and behavioral, carrying out evacuation tests and numerical simulation of the train and tunnel cross-channel, the paper shows a series of findings. The main work of the paper are as follows:
(1)According to high-speed train's key performance impacting evacuation mode selection, analysed the feasibility and situation, process of continuing running and parking evacuation model. Given the model selection of high-speed train under the cross influence of speed, braking ability, tractive performance, location, fire coach.
(2)Through investigation and study, gotten the composition of passengers in high-speed train, evacuation behavior and psychological characteristics when train in emergency and passengers awareness of fire control facilities in high-speed railway and the main influencing factor of the high-speed train personnel evacuation.
(3)Through carrying out EMU and ordinary train evacuation experiment, personnel access rate of connected aisle testing, gotten the EMU carriages and trains personnel evacuation time, get evacuation time, personnel pass rate and other key parameters of evacuating through connected aisle in tunnel.
(4)Using the Fire Dynamics Software (FDS) to simulate the fire on high-speed trains, built the safe evacuation standards, gotten the distribution regularity of temperature, visibility, CO concentration in fire coach and tunnel and the available security egress time.
(5)Based on the personnel distribution characteristics of the train coach and evacuation process in emergency, gotten the through capacity of coach's routes and exits, then analysis the required safe egress time.
(6)Analysis influence to evacuation of the rescue channel width, connected aisle spacing and width in railway tunnel, established a mathematical model of evacuation time when high-speed train fire in tunnel taking into account rescue channel width, connected aisle spacing under high-speed train in a tunnel fire cross channel spacing..
It can provide technical support and reference for improving the high speed railway tunnel fire escape evacuation and rescue capabilities,to ensure safety of lives and property and to design of tunnel fire safety management and relevant specification guidelines, through research of personnel escape in extra-long tunnel of high-speed railway.
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