钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤识别研究
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摘要
钢管混凝土拱桥因其高承载力、优良的塑性和韧性、较强的耐火性能和耐冲击性能、良好的施工性及卓越的经济性，在中国甫一出现便得到了广泛的应用，但是其设计理论、计算方法、规范编制等技术发展远落后于实际工程建设。早期建设的钢管混凝土桥梁由于规范缺失导致部分设计或者施工不足产生了一定的缺陷，随着桥梁运营日久，加之环境的影响，这些缺陷导致的桥梁病害也日益显现出来，严重影响桥梁的运营安全。为准确判断桥梁结构的损伤，进而对桥梁的安全状况进行评估，以提出切实可行的应对措施，保证此类桥梁的安全运营，本文以钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁杜坑特大桥为背景，针对此类桥梁损伤识别工作进行了如下几个方面的研究和探讨：1)结构有限元模型修正研究；2)结构传感器优化布置与结构振型扩阶分析；3)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤机理、损伤指标及损伤识别方法研究；4)结构损伤程度评估和损伤结构安全状况评级研究。本文主要研究内容如下：
(1)结构有限元模型修正研究。将Kriging模型引入结构有限元模型修正领域，采用遗传算法优化Kriging模型参数，以设计参数变量与结构有限元分析频率作为训练样本训练Kriging模型，以实测结构频率作为输入样本，得到优化后设计参数变量。与神经网络方法和遗传算法有限元模型修正方法相比较，基于Kringing模型的有限元模型修正方法采用较少量训练样本即可得到较高精度的修正模型，且具有更高的计算效率。
(2)结构传感器测点优化布置研究。改进奇异值分解法可以得到最大线性无关的传感器测点布置组合，节点模态应变能则表征了节点的活跃度。以指数函数作为候选测点奇异值信任度计算函数，将测点信任度与节点模态应变能进行融合，取目标值较大的候选测点作为传感器布置测点，该方法得到的传感器测点布置方案能够以较高的信噪比获得尽可能多的模态信息。
(3)结构振型扩阶分析。介绍了Kidder动态扩阶法、系统等效缩聚扩阶方法及改进缩聚系统方法三种结构振型扩阶方法，并采用一座钢桁架简支梁模型与杜坑桥主梁为例做了振型扩阶比较分析。研究结果表明，对于钢桁架这类简单结构，三种扩阶方法都能得到较高精度的扩阶振型，其中系统等效缩聚扩阶方法扩阶精度最高；对于杜坑桥这类复杂结构，三种振型扩阶方法存在较大误差，说明振型扩阶方法在复杂结构中的应用依然存在局限。
(4)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤机理研究。将钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁离散成钢管混凝土拱肋、预应力混凝土主梁及吊杆体系三种构件，针对最容易发生的拱肋核心混凝土脱空、主梁预应力混凝土主梁裂缝及吊杆腐蚀三种损伤进行了发生机理分析。重点推导了拱肋核心混凝土在轴向受压、内外温差及核心混凝土收缩徐变三种因素下的脱空临界条件，建立了钢管混凝土构件有限元实体模型，对推导的钢管混凝土在承受轴压与内外温差因素下的脱空临界条件进行了检验。
(5)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤指标研究。比较了常用的几种基于动力、静力的结构损伤指标，针对钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁提出了需根据不同构件类型采用合适的损伤指标。推导了圆弧拱的波动方程，建议以小波包分解应力波信号得到的能量谱特征频带能量比偏差作为钢管混凝土拱肋的损伤指标；以应变模态差分为预应力混凝土主梁的损伤指标，并定义了有效面积比作为传感器布置密度的建议值；以吊杆内力差作为吊杆体系的损伤指标并运用神经网络方法对吊杆进行损伤识别研究。
(6)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁结构损伤程度研究。建立了钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤程度评估模型，采用模糊数学理论方法，将确定的各种因素用定量的方法表示出来，通过计算各因素的隶属度，对结构损伤程度进行评级，并对一座实际检测钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁进行了损伤程度评级。
(7)损伤结构安全状态评估分级研究。采用基于人工神经网络改进响应面法进行结构极限承载力可靠度分析，提出基于可靠度指标的有效极限承载能力比作为结构安全状况分级指标，对桥梁安全状况进行分级。以杜坑桥为例进行了结构安全状况评估分级。
Concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge is the one whose main load-bearingcomponent is arch rib that is composed of steel tubes filled with concrete. Due to its excellentperformance such as superior capacity, good plasticity and toughness, high fire-resistance andimpact-resistance, easy construction and remarkable economical efficiency, CFST arch bridgehas been widely used since it first appeared in China in1990. However, the development ofits technical such as design theory, computational methods, codes establishment fall behind itsconstruction speed. Thus, there are some certain defects in the design and construction ofCFST arch bridges in the early days. With the long time operation and environmental effect,these bridge diseases led by these defects have been appeared increasingly, which seriouslyaffect the operational safety of these bridges. To determine the bridge structural damageaccurately, and then assess security situation, put forward some practical response measures,ensure the operational safety of these bridges, this dissertation took the CFST arch-beamcomposite bridge-Dukeng Bridge as the background, some issues about the damageidentification of this type of bridge were studied as follows:1) model updating of structuralfinite element (FE);2) optimization of sensors placement and Structural modal expansion;3)damage mechanism, damage index and damage identification on CFST arch-beam compositebridge were investigated;4) and structural damage extent assessment and damaged structuresafety condition evaluation. The main content of this dissertation are shown as follows:
(1) The structural FE model updating. Kriging model is presented for structural FEmodel updating in this dissertation, in which the Kriging model parameters is optimized withgenetic algorithm (GA). Taking the design parameter variables and FE structural analysisfrequency as the training sample to train Kriging model, taking the measured structuralfrequency as input sample, then the optimized design parameter variables are outputted.Compared with neural network (NN) method and GA method, the FE model updating methodbased on Kriging model will obtain the higher accuracy of updated model but using a littleamount of training samples, and less time consumed.
(2) Sensors placement optimization. A new approach which combine the improvedsingular value decomposition and modal strain energy (MSE) was proposed in thisdissertation. Improved SVD can get the maximum linearly independent combination ofsensors measuring points. Node MSE characterizes the activity of the node. Exponentialfunction was taken as the belief function to calculate the belief of candidate measuring point.And then measuring points belief and node MSE were fused. The candidate measuring points which have greater targets were set as formal measuring points. The measuring pointplacement scheme obtained by this method can get much more modal information with highersignal to noise ratio (SNR).
(3) Structural modal expansion analysis. This dissertation introduced three methods ofstructural vibration modal expansion, such as the Kidder dynamic modal expansion method,system equivalent reduction expansion process (SEREP) method and the improved reducedsystem (IRS) method. Implement the modal expansion of a steel truss structure and main girdof Dukeng Bridge by three modal expansion methods. The applicability and accuracy of threemethods was analyzed according to modal expansion results. Modal expansion results showthat all three methods proposed above have high accuracy to simple structures like the trussand SEREP method shows the highest accuracy. However, the accuracy to complex structureslike Dukeng bridge is unsatisfactory. The three modal expansion methods have limitation tocomplex structures real application
(4) Damage mechanism for CFST arch-beam composite bridge. CFST arch-beamcomposite bridge was dispersed into3main components in this dissertation, which wereCFST arch rib, pre-stressed concrete main girder, and suspenders system. The mechanisms ofCFST arch rib separation, cracks in pre-stressed concrete main girder and suspenderscorrosion were analyzed. These three damage mentioned above were considered to be mostprone to occur. Especially, this dissertation derived the critical condition of axial pressure, thetemperature difference and concrete shrinkage which lead to CFST arch rib separation.Besides, solid FE model was established to test the correctness of CFST componentseparation critical condition that derived.
(5) CFST arch-beam composite bridge damage index. Several common static/dynamicstructural damage indices and damage identification methods were compared with each otherin this dissertation. The author proposed different type of component should apply appropriatedamage index for component characteristics. Wave equation of arc arch was derived in thisdissertation. Wavelet packet was applied to decompose the stress wave signal. And energyratio variation deviation (ERVD) of wavelet packet energy spectrum was taken as the damageindex of CFST arch rib. Strain mode difference was taken as the damage index of pre-stressedconcrete girder and the effective area ratio was defined as recommended value of sensorsplacement density. Difference of internal forces were taken as the damage index of suspenderssystem and NN was applied to identify suspenders damage.
(6) CFST arch-beam composite bridge damage extent assessment. A damage extentassessment model of CFST arch-beam composite bridge was established in this dissertation. Fuzzy theory was used to quantify the various factors, then the membership of each factorwas calculated to grade structural damage extent. An actual tested CFST arch bridge damageextent assessment was demonstrated in this dissertation.
(7) Safety condition evaluation for damaged structure. An improved response surfacemethod with neural network was applied to structural ultimate bearing capacity reliabilityanalysis. Effective ultimate bearing capacity ratio based on reliability index was defined toevaluate the damaged structure safety condition. Dukeng Bridge was taken as an example todemonstrate the process of safety condition evaluation.
(1)结构有限元模型修正研究。将Kriging模型引入结构有限元模型修正领域，采用遗传算法优化Kriging模型参数，以设计参数变量与结构有限元分析频率作为训练样本训练Kriging模型，以实测结构频率作为输入样本，得到优化后设计参数变量。与神经网络方法和遗传算法有限元模型修正方法相比较，基于Kringing模型的有限元模型修正方法采用较少量训练样本即可得到较高精度的修正模型，且具有更高的计算效率。
(2)结构传感器测点优化布置研究。改进奇异值分解法可以得到最大线性无关的传感器测点布置组合，节点模态应变能则表征了节点的活跃度。以指数函数作为候选测点奇异值信任度计算函数，将测点信任度与节点模态应变能进行融合，取目标值较大的候选测点作为传感器布置测点，该方法得到的传感器测点布置方案能够以较高的信噪比获得尽可能多的模态信息。
(3)结构振型扩阶分析。介绍了Kidder动态扩阶法、系统等效缩聚扩阶方法及改进缩聚系统方法三种结构振型扩阶方法，并采用一座钢桁架简支梁模型与杜坑桥主梁为例做了振型扩阶比较分析。研究结果表明，对于钢桁架这类简单结构，三种扩阶方法都能得到较高精度的扩阶振型，其中系统等效缩聚扩阶方法扩阶精度最高；对于杜坑桥这类复杂结构，三种振型扩阶方法存在较大误差，说明振型扩阶方法在复杂结构中的应用依然存在局限。
(4)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤机理研究。将钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁离散成钢管混凝土拱肋、预应力混凝土主梁及吊杆体系三种构件，针对最容易发生的拱肋核心混凝土脱空、主梁预应力混凝土主梁裂缝及吊杆腐蚀三种损伤进行了发生机理分析。重点推导了拱肋核心混凝土在轴向受压、内外温差及核心混凝土收缩徐变三种因素下的脱空临界条件，建立了钢管混凝土构件有限元实体模型，对推导的钢管混凝土在承受轴压与内外温差因素下的脱空临界条件进行了检验。
(5)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤指标研究。比较了常用的几种基于动力、静力的结构损伤指标，针对钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁提出了需根据不同构件类型采用合适的损伤指标。推导了圆弧拱的波动方程，建议以小波包分解应力波信号得到的能量谱特征频带能量比偏差作为钢管混凝土拱肋的损伤指标；以应变模态差分为预应力混凝土主梁的损伤指标，并定义了有效面积比作为传感器布置密度的建议值；以吊杆内力差作为吊杆体系的损伤指标并运用神经网络方法对吊杆进行损伤识别研究。
(6)钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁结构损伤程度研究。建立了钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁损伤程度评估模型，采用模糊数学理论方法，将确定的各种因素用定量的方法表示出来，通过计算各因素的隶属度，对结构损伤程度进行评级，并对一座实际检测钢管混凝土拱—连续梁组合体系桥梁进行了损伤程度评级。
(7)损伤结构安全状态评估分级研究。采用基于人工神经网络改进响应面法进行结构极限承载力可靠度分析，提出基于可靠度指标的有效极限承载能力比作为结构安全状况分级指标，对桥梁安全状况进行分级。以杜坑桥为例进行了结构安全状况评估分级。
Concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge is the one whose main load-bearingcomponent is arch rib that is composed of steel tubes filled with concrete. Due to its excellentperformance such as superior capacity, good plasticity and toughness, high fire-resistance andimpact-resistance, easy construction and remarkable economical efficiency, CFST arch bridgehas been widely used since it first appeared in China in1990. However, the development ofits technical such as design theory, computational methods, codes establishment fall behind itsconstruction speed. Thus, there are some certain defects in the design and construction ofCFST arch bridges in the early days. With the long time operation and environmental effect,these bridge diseases led by these defects have been appeared increasingly, which seriouslyaffect the operational safety of these bridges. To determine the bridge structural damageaccurately, and then assess security situation, put forward some practical response measures,ensure the operational safety of these bridges, this dissertation took the CFST arch-beamcomposite bridge-Dukeng Bridge as the background, some issues about the damageidentification of this type of bridge were studied as follows:1) model updating of structuralfinite element (FE);2) optimization of sensors placement and Structural modal expansion;3)damage mechanism, damage index and damage identification on CFST arch-beam compositebridge were investigated;4) and structural damage extent assessment and damaged structuresafety condition evaluation. The main content of this dissertation are shown as follows:
(1) The structural FE model updating. Kriging model is presented for structural FEmodel updating in this dissertation, in which the Kriging model parameters is optimized withgenetic algorithm (GA). Taking the design parameter variables and FE structural analysisfrequency as the training sample to train Kriging model, taking the measured structuralfrequency as input sample, then the optimized design parameter variables are outputted.Compared with neural network (NN) method and GA method, the FE model updating methodbased on Kriging model will obtain the higher accuracy of updated model but using a littleamount of training samples, and less time consumed.
(2) Sensors placement optimization. A new approach which combine the improvedsingular value decomposition and modal strain energy (MSE) was proposed in thisdissertation. Improved SVD can get the maximum linearly independent combination ofsensors measuring points. Node MSE characterizes the activity of the node. Exponentialfunction was taken as the belief function to calculate the belief of candidate measuring point.And then measuring points belief and node MSE were fused. The candidate measuring points which have greater targets were set as formal measuring points. The measuring pointplacement scheme obtained by this method can get much more modal information with highersignal to noise ratio (SNR).
(3) Structural modal expansion analysis. This dissertation introduced three methods ofstructural vibration modal expansion, such as the Kidder dynamic modal expansion method,system equivalent reduction expansion process (SEREP) method and the improved reducedsystem (IRS) method. Implement the modal expansion of a steel truss structure and main girdof Dukeng Bridge by three modal expansion methods. The applicability and accuracy of threemethods was analyzed according to modal expansion results. Modal expansion results showthat all three methods proposed above have high accuracy to simple structures like the trussand SEREP method shows the highest accuracy. However, the accuracy to complex structureslike Dukeng bridge is unsatisfactory. The three modal expansion methods have limitation tocomplex structures real application
(4) Damage mechanism for CFST arch-beam composite bridge. CFST arch-beamcomposite bridge was dispersed into3main components in this dissertation, which wereCFST arch rib, pre-stressed concrete main girder, and suspenders system. The mechanisms ofCFST arch rib separation, cracks in pre-stressed concrete main girder and suspenderscorrosion were analyzed. These three damage mentioned above were considered to be mostprone to occur. Especially, this dissertation derived the critical condition of axial pressure, thetemperature difference and concrete shrinkage which lead to CFST arch rib separation.Besides, solid FE model was established to test the correctness of CFST componentseparation critical condition that derived.
(5) CFST arch-beam composite bridge damage index. Several common static/dynamicstructural damage indices and damage identification methods were compared with each otherin this dissertation. The author proposed different type of component should apply appropriatedamage index for component characteristics. Wave equation of arc arch was derived in thisdissertation. Wavelet packet was applied to decompose the stress wave signal. And energyratio variation deviation (ERVD) of wavelet packet energy spectrum was taken as the damageindex of CFST arch rib. Strain mode difference was taken as the damage index of pre-stressedconcrete girder and the effective area ratio was defined as recommended value of sensorsplacement density. Difference of internal forces were taken as the damage index of suspenderssystem and NN was applied to identify suspenders damage.
(6) CFST arch-beam composite bridge damage extent assessment. A damage extentassessment model of CFST arch-beam composite bridge was established in this dissertation. Fuzzy theory was used to quantify the various factors, then the membership of each factorwas calculated to grade structural damage extent. An actual tested CFST arch bridge damageextent assessment was demonstrated in this dissertation.
(7) Safety condition evaluation for damaged structure. An improved response surfacemethod with neural network was applied to structural ultimate bearing capacity reliabilityanalysis. Effective ultimate bearing capacity ratio based on reliability index was defined toevaluate the damaged structure safety condition. Dukeng Bridge was taken as an example todemonstrate the process of safety condition evaluation.
引文
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