城市地下交通空间爆炸人员及结构毁伤研究
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摘要
近年来各种恐怖爆炸事件和突发性公共生产安全事故时有发生，研究地下交通空间内爆炸灾害事故对人员及结构毁伤效应的重要性日益凸显。为了保证人民生命财产安全，必须对地下交通空间內爆炸冲击波传播规律进行深入系统地研究，有效评估爆炸事故所造成的危害程度，从而将爆炸事故所产生的损失及不利影响降至最低。
本文采用归纳分析，理论推演和有限元数值模拟方法，对城市地铁车站、交通隧道等建筑物内爆炸的人员和结构毁伤进行了较为系统的研究。
首先，在对地下交通建（构）筑物内发生的爆炸灾害事故全面梳理的基础上，提出“人体伤害当量”的概念，结合其内部爆炸超压峰值大，作用时间长的特点和人体“靶器官”致伤机理，基于判定耳膜破裂、肺出血死亡的超压准则及超压-冲量准则，给出了一整套适用于地下交通空间爆炸对人员伤害的判定准则、伤害分区原则及工作流程；
其次，针对地铁站内可能发生的爆炸袭击，通过数值模拟，得到了站内冲击波空间分布规律；结合人员伤害的判定准则及伤害分区原则，绘制了地铁站内爆炸对相应站台特征人群的伤情分布图；
第三，根据站内爆炸人员伤情统计及经济损失分析，得到爆炸造成人员伤害的最不利起爆位置为站台平面中心；从减小人员伤情角度出发，提出地铁站内楼梯口布置、立柱布设形式等结构空间优化建议；
第四，系统地研究了爆炸冲击波在两车道、三车道城市公路隧道中的传播特性；以数值模拟结果为基础，采用量纲分析方法，结合爆源当量、爆高、截面形状尺寸等因素，分别给出了爆炸作用下空气冲击波超压峰值、正相冲量在隧道内的沿程衰减解析公式；
第五，结合地下交通空间内爆炸对人员伤害判定准则及伤害分区原则，给出了爆源一侧沿隧道纵向的伤情分布，并建立了一套针对隧道内爆炸场景的人员伤情预测方法；
最后，对城市交通隧道内爆炸作用下衬砌结构的响应及破损进行了统计分析，提出城市隧道结构抗爆―结构强度差异化设计‖原则；通过―经济与非经济趋势线‖比较分析，得到常规交通隧道合理的经济安全结构强度比区间为2.65～2.67。
With the frequent occurrence of various terrorist attacks and sudden-public safetyincidents in recent years, evaluation on personal injury and structural damage due to thebuilding (structure) explosion has become increasingly prominent. In order to ensure safety oflife and property of people, the rules and characteristics of explosion in ordinary undergroundspace and structure must be studied systematically and thoroughly. Meanwhile the explosiondamage should also be effectively evaluated, so as to minimize its unfavorable impact andcost.
In this paper, the methods of inductive analysis, theoretical deduction and finite elementnumerical simulation were applied to systematically investigate the personal injury andstructural damage due to explosion occurred in subway stations and traffic tunnels.
Firstly, based on comprehensive summary of explosion disasters that may occur in theunderground transportation construction (structures), the concept-"bodily harm equivalent" ofunderground space explosion was proposed. Considering the characteristics of explosion in aconfined space with a big over pressure and long action time and the injury mechanism ofbody target organ, a set of criteria aimed at determining the injury of people caused byexplosion in underground traffic space and the injury partition process were establishedrelying on the over pressure criteria and over pressure-impulse criteria which reflects theupturned ear drum injury and death induced by pulmonary hemorrhage.
Secondly, aiming at explosion attacks possibly appeared in subway stations, thedistribution law of blast wave was presented by the way of numerical simulation. Combiningthe injury judge criteria and the injury partition rule, the injury distribution of characteristiccrowd on prefixed platforms were depicted.
Thirdly, according to the injury statistic and economic lose caused by explosion insubway station, the explosion position which is most disadvantage to people was at the centerof the platform. In order to reduce the injury state, suggestions for structure spaceoptimization were provided such as the arrangement of stair opening position and columnlayout.
Fourthly, the propagation rules of the impulsion shock wave in two lane and three lanetunnel were systemically studied. Based on the simulation results, using dimensional analysisand considering the explosion source equivalent, explosion height, shape and site of tunnelsection, the analytical attenuation formulas of over pressure peak value of air blast wave andpositive explosion along its transition path in various condition were proposed.
Fifthly, in combination of injury judge criteria and the injury partition rule for peopleinjured by explosion happened in underground tunnel traffic space, the injury distributionrange by one side of the explosion source along the longitudinal tunnel was concluded.Besides, a set of people injury prediction method was set up for the explosion happened intraffic tunnel.
Finally, statistical analysis were carried out for the lining response and damageinfluenced by explosion within traffic tunnel, from which the structure strength variationdesign method was derived. Through comparison between economical and uneconomicaltrend lines, it can deduced that the economical safety structure ratio varies from2.65to2.67which manifests the anti-explosion performance of common traffic tunnel.
本文采用归纳分析，理论推演和有限元数值模拟方法，对城市地铁车站、交通隧道等建筑物内爆炸的人员和结构毁伤进行了较为系统的研究。
首先，在对地下交通建（构）筑物内发生的爆炸灾害事故全面梳理的基础上，提出“人体伤害当量”的概念，结合其内部爆炸超压峰值大，作用时间长的特点和人体“靶器官”致伤机理，基于判定耳膜破裂、肺出血死亡的超压准则及超压-冲量准则，给出了一整套适用于地下交通空间爆炸对人员伤害的判定准则、伤害分区原则及工作流程；
其次，针对地铁站内可能发生的爆炸袭击，通过数值模拟，得到了站内冲击波空间分布规律；结合人员伤害的判定准则及伤害分区原则，绘制了地铁站内爆炸对相应站台特征人群的伤情分布图；
第三，根据站内爆炸人员伤情统计及经济损失分析，得到爆炸造成人员伤害的最不利起爆位置为站台平面中心；从减小人员伤情角度出发，提出地铁站内楼梯口布置、立柱布设形式等结构空间优化建议；
第四，系统地研究了爆炸冲击波在两车道、三车道城市公路隧道中的传播特性；以数值模拟结果为基础，采用量纲分析方法，结合爆源当量、爆高、截面形状尺寸等因素，分别给出了爆炸作用下空气冲击波超压峰值、正相冲量在隧道内的沿程衰减解析公式；
第五，结合地下交通空间内爆炸对人员伤害判定准则及伤害分区原则，给出了爆源一侧沿隧道纵向的伤情分布，并建立了一套针对隧道内爆炸场景的人员伤情预测方法；
最后，对城市交通隧道内爆炸作用下衬砌结构的响应及破损进行了统计分析，提出城市隧道结构抗爆―结构强度差异化设计‖原则；通过―经济与非经济趋势线‖比较分析，得到常规交通隧道合理的经济安全结构强度比区间为2.65～2.67。
With the frequent occurrence of various terrorist attacks and sudden-public safetyincidents in recent years, evaluation on personal injury and structural damage due to thebuilding (structure) explosion has become increasingly prominent. In order to ensure safety oflife and property of people, the rules and characteristics of explosion in ordinary undergroundspace and structure must be studied systematically and thoroughly. Meanwhile the explosiondamage should also be effectively evaluated, so as to minimize its unfavorable impact andcost.
In this paper, the methods of inductive analysis, theoretical deduction and finite elementnumerical simulation were applied to systematically investigate the personal injury andstructural damage due to explosion occurred in subway stations and traffic tunnels.
Firstly, based on comprehensive summary of explosion disasters that may occur in theunderground transportation construction (structures), the concept-"bodily harm equivalent" ofunderground space explosion was proposed. Considering the characteristics of explosion in aconfined space with a big over pressure and long action time and the injury mechanism ofbody target organ, a set of criteria aimed at determining the injury of people caused byexplosion in underground traffic space and the injury partition process were establishedrelying on the over pressure criteria and over pressure-impulse criteria which reflects theupturned ear drum injury and death induced by pulmonary hemorrhage.
Secondly, aiming at explosion attacks possibly appeared in subway stations, thedistribution law of blast wave was presented by the way of numerical simulation. Combiningthe injury judge criteria and the injury partition rule, the injury distribution of characteristiccrowd on prefixed platforms were depicted.
Thirdly, according to the injury statistic and economic lose caused by explosion insubway station, the explosion position which is most disadvantage to people was at the centerof the platform. In order to reduce the injury state, suggestions for structure spaceoptimization were provided such as the arrangement of stair opening position and columnlayout.
Fourthly, the propagation rules of the impulsion shock wave in two lane and three lanetunnel were systemically studied. Based on the simulation results, using dimensional analysisand considering the explosion source equivalent, explosion height, shape and site of tunnelsection, the analytical attenuation formulas of over pressure peak value of air blast wave andpositive explosion along its transition path in various condition were proposed.
Fifthly, in combination of injury judge criteria and the injury partition rule for peopleinjured by explosion happened in underground tunnel traffic space, the injury distributionrange by one side of the explosion source along the longitudinal tunnel was concluded.Besides, a set of people injury prediction method was set up for the explosion happened intraffic tunnel.
Finally, statistical analysis were carried out for the lining response and damageinfluenced by explosion within traffic tunnel, from which the structure strength variationdesign method was derived. Through comparison between economical and uneconomicaltrend lines, it can deduced that the economical safety structure ratio varies from2.65to2.67which manifests the anti-explosion performance of common traffic tunnel.
引文
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