内蒙古大兴安岭汗马国家级自然保护区森林保护成效研究
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摘要
随着人类社会发展和进步,对原生态的自然保护越来越受到重视。自然保护区的建设也应运而生,自然保护区建设也为人类认识自然、改造自然提供了依据。论文以内蒙古大兴安岭汗马国家级自然保护区原始森林为主要研究对象,以森林资源二类小班调查资料为主线,在搜集、调查相关材料基础上,对内蒙古大兴安岭汗马国家级自然保护区森林资源数量、质量、功效及景观保护效果进行了系统评价分析。主要研究工作如下：
1、森林资源数量保护效果分析。系统分析了1954年-2012年内蒙古汗马国家级自然保护区森林资源面积、蓄积数量变化,在此基础上利用ARCGIS方法,对森林资源结构变化过程进行了分析。结果表明,1954年-2012年自然保护区无论森林面积还是森林蓄积增长迅速。2012年林业用地面积占保护区总面积的93.23%,有林地占林地总面积的94.96%,面积比1954年扩增30.16%。林分单位面积蓄积逐渐增加,从1954年到1989年单位面积蓄积增加了18m3/hm2,年增长率0.8%；从1989年到2012年单位面积蓄积增加了7m3/hm2,年增长率0.6%。1989年至2012年,汗马国家级自然保护区有林地面积增加了10147hm2,疏林地、灌木林地和沼泽和裸岩面积在减少,疏林地面积减少了4564hm2,灌木林地面积减少了4129hm2,沼泽和裸岩面积减少了2113hm2。火烧迹地面积增加了1081hm2。经过半个多世纪的保护,具有典型寒温带明亮针叶林得到了有效的保护,有林地地类的主体地位越来越显著,优势树种兴安落叶松的主体地位也不断增强。同时,钻天柳、甜杨等乡土树种从散生逐渐形成林分,也标志着保护区环境的变化越来越适宜资源的多样性。
2.森林资源质量保护效果分析。从森林可持续性、森林自然性两个方面对森林资源的质量进行了探讨。构建了二类调查资料基础上的森林自然性、可持续性的评价指标体系,利用此次分析法进行了评价,在此基础上以横向、纵向对比方法对汗马自然保护区森林资源质量保护效果进行了分析。结果表明,兴安落叶松各林型间可持续性有一定差异,1989年各林型森林可持续性指数分布在2.09-4.85之间,2012年各林型可持续性指数分布在2.72-4.97之间。2012年与1989年相比,森林可持续性有所提升,森林可持续性综合评价指数增加了0.16。森林可持续性有了明显提高；兴安落叶松各林型间自然性差异也较大,1989年各林型森林自然性指数分布在2.09-4.45之间,2012年各林型自然性指数分布在3.5-4.78之间,森林自然性有了明显提高。2012年与1989年相比,森林自然性综合指数增加了0.52,森林自然性保护成效显著。与周边林场相比,汗马国家级自然保护区森林自然性整体优于周边的坤河、秀山林场,综合评价指数比坤河、秀山林场分别高2.74和2.71。
3.森林资源功效保护效果分析。以2008年发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),参照内蒙古自治区森林生态系统服务功能监测与评估报告,结合保护区多期森林资源调查资料及监测实际情况,构建了汗马自然保护区水土保护、净化环境、生物多样性等三个方面的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、滞尘能力及吸收S02六个指标潜在功能评价体系。利用TOPSIS与AHP相结合的评价方法,通过纵向对比分析系统分析了汗马自然保护区森林资源功效保护成效。结果表明,不同林型间各功能指标有所差异,但都有不同程度的提高；就整体而言,森林资源功效保护效果显著。2012年与1989年相比,涵养水源功效总体评价指数提高了0.42；保育土壤功效总体评价指数提高了0.42；固碳释氧功效总体评价指数提高了0.44；滞尘能力功效总体评价指数提高了0.43；吸收SO2能力功效总体评价指数提高了0.46；生物多样性功效总体评价指数提高了0.23。
4.景观保护成效。以保护区林相图和小班二类调查数据为基础数据资料,围绕景观完整性及景观格局变化,从景观因素构成、景观异质性及景观空间格局三个方面选取景观完整性评价指数,以小班作为景观评价单元,采用ARCGIS与FRAGSTATS软件相结合的方法进行指数计算,通过对保护区景观纵向(1989年及2012年比较)和横向(汗马自然保护区与周边相同立地条件的三个林场)比较,量化探讨了保护区景观保护成效。结果表明,汗马自然保护区经过多年保护,景观从要素构成及数量、景观异质性、景观空间格局都发生了很大变化,景观趋于完整,保护区景观保护成效显著。
半个多世纪以来,以森林生态系统为保护对象的汗马自然保护区中,森林资源,特别是典型寒温带明亮针叶林得到了有效地保护,森林面积、蓄积大幅增加,森林资源质量有所提高,功能得以有效发挥；自然保护区景观趋于完整,保护成效显著。
论文系统探讨了自然保护区保护效果评价问题,目前,以森林资源数量、质量、功效及景观为内容探讨自然保护区保护成效的研究成果未见报道。论文首次以自然性、可持续性为主线构建自然保护区森林资源质量评价指标体系对汗马自然保护区森林资源质量进行评价,并得到了较好的评价效果；以多期森林资源调查数据为基础,以《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)为指导,利用TOPSIS与AHP相结合的评价方法评价自然保护区不同时空森林资源保护成效也是本研究的一个亮点。
With the development and progress of human society, more and more importance is attached to nature protection of original ecology. The construction of natural protection areas has emerged as the times require, which provides a basis for the human beings to understand nature and change nature. This paper takes the virgin forest of Hanma National Nature Reserve as the main study object. Based on the second-class sublot survey data of the forest resources, and on the basis of the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the quality of forestland, we have made quantitative analysis on the protection effects of forest resources, forest sustainability, naturality of forest and its landscapes, and compared the changes of forest resources in the natural protection area and the processes of land-type transformation, explored the effect of the over-20-year forest protection in Hanma National Nature Reserve from1989to2012. The main research work is as follows:
First, The protective effect of the number of forest resources protection. Based on the analysis of the area, volume changes in the number of forest resources conservation in1954-2012year Inner Mongolia Hanma national level, based on the use of ARCGIS method, the structure of forest resources change process was analyzed. The results show that, regardless of the forest area in1954-2012nature reserve and forest stock volume growth. In2012, the forest land area accounts for93.23%of the total area of protected areas, forest land accounts for94.96%of the total area of forest land area ratio was30.16%,1954. The stand volume per unit area increased gradually from1954to1989, volume per unit area increased from65m3/hm2to84m3/hm2, increased18m3/hm2, annual growth rate of0.8%; from1989to2012, volume per unit area increased from84m3/hm2to91m3/hm2, increased7m3/hm2, annual growth rate of0.6%. From1989to2012, Hanma national nature reserve forest area increased, and the increasing speed is very quick, increased10147hm2, woodland, shrub land and marsh and bare rock area in decline, woodland area decreased by4564hm2, shrub forest area decreased4129hm2, marsh and bare rock area was reduced by2113hm2Burned area increased by1081hm2. Through the protection of more than half a century, with typical bright cold temperate coniferous forest are effectively protected, forest land to the class body is becoming more and more significant, the dominant species of Larch in Xingan's main body status has been enhanced. At the same time, Zuan Tianliu, sweet Yang and other native species from scattered gradually formed stand, also marks the diversity of environmental protection is more and more appropriate resources.
Second, The effect of the quality of forest resources protection.Quality of forest resources were discussed from the sustainable and natural of forest. Constructing two kinds of investigation data of forest natural, sustainable evaluation index system, analysis method was evaluated by comparison. Based on the transverse, longitudinal comparison method on the natural protection zone Hanma quality of forest resources protection were analyzed. The results show that, Xingan Larch had certain differences between the types of forest sustainability, in1989the forest sustainability index distribution between2.09-4.85, each forest type in2012sustainability index distribution between2.72-4.97. In2012compared with1989, sustainable forest has improved, the comprehensive evaluation of forest sustainability index increased0.16. Sustainable forest has been significantly improved; the difference of the natural forests of Xingan Larch also larger, each forest type1989forest natural exponential distribution between2.09-4.45in2012, each forest type natural exponential distribution between3.5-4.78, forest naturalness is obviously improved. In2012compared with1989, forest natural comprehensive index increased0.52, to protect the forest naturalness with remarkable results. Compared with the surrounding forest, forest natural overall better than the surrounding Kun River, Xiushan farm Hanma National Nature Reserve, the comprehensive evaluation index than the Kun River, mountain forest were higher by2.74and2.71.
Third, The analysis protection effect of forest resources, based on 《Specifications for assessment of forest ecosystem service function》 Released in2008(LY/T1721-2008) and referring to the service function of forest ecosystem in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region monitoring and evaluation report, combining with the investigation data and monitoring the actual situation, Construction of soil and water conservation, environmental purification, biodiversity conservation from three aspects such as water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, dust removal and absorption of SO2six index potential function evaluation system were constructed. Combining TOPSIS and AHP, through the longitudinal contrast analysis system the effectiveness of forest resource protection nature protection Khan ma were analyzed. The results showed that, function index are differences among different forest types. on the whole, the forest resources protection effect is Significant. In2012compared with1989, the overall evaluation of water conservation function index increased by0.42; soil conservation effect evaluation index increased by0.42; the overall evaluation of the efficacy of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen index increased by0.44; the overall evaluation of dust removal efficiency index increased by0.43; SO2absorption efficiency evaluation index increased by0.46; the overall biodiversity evaluation efficacy index increased by0.23.
Fourth, Landscape protection effectiveness. In two kinds of investigation data reserve forest map and subcompartment as the basic data, the integrity of the surrounding landscape and landscape pattern changes, landscape integrity evaluation index selected three factors, from the landscape heterogeneity and landscape factors of landscape spatial pattern, landscape evaluation in class as single element, method using ARCGIS combined with FRAGSTATS software index calculation.Inner Mongolia National Nature Reserve landscape Khan MA vertical (compared to1989and2012) and transverse (Khan MA Nature Reserve in three forest nature reserve and around the same site conditions) compared Khan MA National Nature Reserve after more than ten protection of the landscape from the elements of composition and the number of landscape heterogeneity, landscape pattern have undergone great changes, the nature reserve overall landscape integrity direction of development. Natural areas protection effect evaluation of forest were discussed in this paper. Take the forest number quantity, function and landscape as the content of study on the nature reserve protection has not been reported. In this paper, nature reserve forest resources quality wrere first evaluated by natural, sustainable of forest and get the better effect of evaluation on Han Ma nature reserve forest resources quality evaluation. A bright spot in study is protecting different spatio-temporal Results of forest resources protection by combining TOPSIS and AHP Based on the survey data of forest resources based on multi period and 《Specifications for assessment of forest ecosystem service function》
This paper discusses problems, effect evaluation of nature reserve at present, take the forest resources quantity, quality, function and landscape as the content of the nature reserve protection effect results not reported. In this paper, for the first time on the protection of natural forest resources quality evaluation index system of Hanma nature reserve forest resources quality evaluation of natural, sustainable for the construction of the main line, and get the better effect of evaluation; the survey data in multi period of forest resources as the foundation, to "assess the forest ecosystem service function specification"(LY/T1721-2008) as a guide one of the highlights, effectiveness is also in the study area, different forest resources protection and evaluation method by combining TOPSIS and AHP natural protection.
1、森林资源数量保护效果分析。系统分析了1954年-2012年内蒙古汗马国家级自然保护区森林资源面积、蓄积数量变化,在此基础上利用ARCGIS方法,对森林资源结构变化过程进行了分析。结果表明,1954年-2012年自然保护区无论森林面积还是森林蓄积增长迅速。2012年林业用地面积占保护区总面积的93.23%,有林地占林地总面积的94.96%,面积比1954年扩增30.16%。林分单位面积蓄积逐渐增加,从1954年到1989年单位面积蓄积增加了18m3/hm2,年增长率0.8%；从1989年到2012年单位面积蓄积增加了7m3/hm2,年增长率0.6%。1989年至2012年,汗马国家级自然保护区有林地面积增加了10147hm2,疏林地、灌木林地和沼泽和裸岩面积在减少,疏林地面积减少了4564hm2,灌木林地面积减少了4129hm2,沼泽和裸岩面积减少了2113hm2。火烧迹地面积增加了1081hm2。经过半个多世纪的保护,具有典型寒温带明亮针叶林得到了有效的保护,有林地地类的主体地位越来越显著,优势树种兴安落叶松的主体地位也不断增强。同时,钻天柳、甜杨等乡土树种从散生逐渐形成林分,也标志着保护区环境的变化越来越适宜资源的多样性。
2.森林资源质量保护效果分析。从森林可持续性、森林自然性两个方面对森林资源的质量进行了探讨。构建了二类调查资料基础上的森林自然性、可持续性的评价指标体系,利用此次分析法进行了评价,在此基础上以横向、纵向对比方法对汗马自然保护区森林资源质量保护效果进行了分析。结果表明,兴安落叶松各林型间可持续性有一定差异,1989年各林型森林可持续性指数分布在2.09-4.85之间,2012年各林型可持续性指数分布在2.72-4.97之间。2012年与1989年相比,森林可持续性有所提升,森林可持续性综合评价指数增加了0.16。森林可持续性有了明显提高；兴安落叶松各林型间自然性差异也较大,1989年各林型森林自然性指数分布在2.09-4.45之间,2012年各林型自然性指数分布在3.5-4.78之间,森林自然性有了明显提高。2012年与1989年相比,森林自然性综合指数增加了0.52,森林自然性保护成效显著。与周边林场相比,汗马国家级自然保护区森林自然性整体优于周边的坤河、秀山林场,综合评价指数比坤河、秀山林场分别高2.74和2.71。
3.森林资源功效保护效果分析。以2008年发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),参照内蒙古自治区森林生态系统服务功能监测与评估报告,结合保护区多期森林资源调查资料及监测实际情况,构建了汗马自然保护区水土保护、净化环境、生物多样性等三个方面的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、滞尘能力及吸收S02六个指标潜在功能评价体系。利用TOPSIS与AHP相结合的评价方法,通过纵向对比分析系统分析了汗马自然保护区森林资源功效保护成效。结果表明,不同林型间各功能指标有所差异,但都有不同程度的提高；就整体而言,森林资源功效保护效果显著。2012年与1989年相比,涵养水源功效总体评价指数提高了0.42；保育土壤功效总体评价指数提高了0.42；固碳释氧功效总体评价指数提高了0.44；滞尘能力功效总体评价指数提高了0.43；吸收SO2能力功效总体评价指数提高了0.46；生物多样性功效总体评价指数提高了0.23。
4.景观保护成效。以保护区林相图和小班二类调查数据为基础数据资料,围绕景观完整性及景观格局变化,从景观因素构成、景观异质性及景观空间格局三个方面选取景观完整性评价指数,以小班作为景观评价单元,采用ARCGIS与FRAGSTATS软件相结合的方法进行指数计算,通过对保护区景观纵向(1989年及2012年比较)和横向(汗马自然保护区与周边相同立地条件的三个林场)比较,量化探讨了保护区景观保护成效。结果表明,汗马自然保护区经过多年保护,景观从要素构成及数量、景观异质性、景观空间格局都发生了很大变化,景观趋于完整,保护区景观保护成效显著。
半个多世纪以来,以森林生态系统为保护对象的汗马自然保护区中,森林资源,特别是典型寒温带明亮针叶林得到了有效地保护,森林面积、蓄积大幅增加,森林资源质量有所提高,功能得以有效发挥；自然保护区景观趋于完整,保护成效显著。
论文系统探讨了自然保护区保护效果评价问题,目前,以森林资源数量、质量、功效及景观为内容探讨自然保护区保护成效的研究成果未见报道。论文首次以自然性、可持续性为主线构建自然保护区森林资源质量评价指标体系对汗马自然保护区森林资源质量进行评价,并得到了较好的评价效果；以多期森林资源调查数据为基础,以《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)为指导,利用TOPSIS与AHP相结合的评价方法评价自然保护区不同时空森林资源保护成效也是本研究的一个亮点。
With the development and progress of human society, more and more importance is attached to nature protection of original ecology. The construction of natural protection areas has emerged as the times require, which provides a basis for the human beings to understand nature and change nature. This paper takes the virgin forest of Hanma National Nature Reserve as the main study object. Based on the second-class sublot survey data of the forest resources, and on the basis of the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the quality of forestland, we have made quantitative analysis on the protection effects of forest resources, forest sustainability, naturality of forest and its landscapes, and compared the changes of forest resources in the natural protection area and the processes of land-type transformation, explored the effect of the over-20-year forest protection in Hanma National Nature Reserve from1989to2012. The main research work is as follows:
First, The protective effect of the number of forest resources protection. Based on the analysis of the area, volume changes in the number of forest resources conservation in1954-2012year Inner Mongolia Hanma national level, based on the use of ARCGIS method, the structure of forest resources change process was analyzed. The results show that, regardless of the forest area in1954-2012nature reserve and forest stock volume growth. In2012, the forest land area accounts for93.23%of the total area of protected areas, forest land accounts for94.96%of the total area of forest land area ratio was30.16%,1954. The stand volume per unit area increased gradually from1954to1989, volume per unit area increased from65m3/hm2to84m3/hm2, increased18m3/hm2, annual growth rate of0.8%; from1989to2012, volume per unit area increased from84m3/hm2to91m3/hm2, increased7m3/hm2, annual growth rate of0.6%. From1989to2012, Hanma national nature reserve forest area increased, and the increasing speed is very quick, increased10147hm2, woodland, shrub land and marsh and bare rock area in decline, woodland area decreased by4564hm2, shrub forest area decreased4129hm2, marsh and bare rock area was reduced by2113hm2Burned area increased by1081hm2. Through the protection of more than half a century, with typical bright cold temperate coniferous forest are effectively protected, forest land to the class body is becoming more and more significant, the dominant species of Larch in Xingan's main body status has been enhanced. At the same time, Zuan Tianliu, sweet Yang and other native species from scattered gradually formed stand, also marks the diversity of environmental protection is more and more appropriate resources.
Second, The effect of the quality of forest resources protection.Quality of forest resources were discussed from the sustainable and natural of forest. Constructing two kinds of investigation data of forest natural, sustainable evaluation index system, analysis method was evaluated by comparison. Based on the transverse, longitudinal comparison method on the natural protection zone Hanma quality of forest resources protection were analyzed. The results show that, Xingan Larch had certain differences between the types of forest sustainability, in1989the forest sustainability index distribution between2.09-4.85, each forest type in2012sustainability index distribution between2.72-4.97. In2012compared with1989, sustainable forest has improved, the comprehensive evaluation of forest sustainability index increased0.16. Sustainable forest has been significantly improved; the difference of the natural forests of Xingan Larch also larger, each forest type1989forest natural exponential distribution between2.09-4.45in2012, each forest type natural exponential distribution between3.5-4.78, forest naturalness is obviously improved. In2012compared with1989, forest natural comprehensive index increased0.52, to protect the forest naturalness with remarkable results. Compared with the surrounding forest, forest natural overall better than the surrounding Kun River, Xiushan farm Hanma National Nature Reserve, the comprehensive evaluation index than the Kun River, mountain forest were higher by2.74and2.71.
Third, The analysis protection effect of forest resources, based on 《Specifications for assessment of forest ecosystem service function》 Released in2008(LY/T1721-2008) and referring to the service function of forest ecosystem in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region monitoring and evaluation report, combining with the investigation data and monitoring the actual situation, Construction of soil and water conservation, environmental purification, biodiversity conservation from three aspects such as water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, dust removal and absorption of SO2six index potential function evaluation system were constructed. Combining TOPSIS and AHP, through the longitudinal contrast analysis system the effectiveness of forest resource protection nature protection Khan ma were analyzed. The results showed that, function index are differences among different forest types. on the whole, the forest resources protection effect is Significant. In2012compared with1989, the overall evaluation of water conservation function index increased by0.42; soil conservation effect evaluation index increased by0.42; the overall evaluation of the efficacy of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen index increased by0.44; the overall evaluation of dust removal efficiency index increased by0.43; SO2absorption efficiency evaluation index increased by0.46; the overall biodiversity evaluation efficacy index increased by0.23.
Fourth, Landscape protection effectiveness. In two kinds of investigation data reserve forest map and subcompartment as the basic data, the integrity of the surrounding landscape and landscape pattern changes, landscape integrity evaluation index selected three factors, from the landscape heterogeneity and landscape factors of landscape spatial pattern, landscape evaluation in class as single element, method using ARCGIS combined with FRAGSTATS software index calculation.Inner Mongolia National Nature Reserve landscape Khan MA vertical (compared to1989and2012) and transverse (Khan MA Nature Reserve in three forest nature reserve and around the same site conditions) compared Khan MA National Nature Reserve after more than ten protection of the landscape from the elements of composition and the number of landscape heterogeneity, landscape pattern have undergone great changes, the nature reserve overall landscape integrity direction of development. Natural areas protection effect evaluation of forest were discussed in this paper. Take the forest number quantity, function and landscape as the content of study on the nature reserve protection has not been reported. In this paper, nature reserve forest resources quality wrere first evaluated by natural, sustainable of forest and get the better effect of evaluation on Han Ma nature reserve forest resources quality evaluation. A bright spot in study is protecting different spatio-temporal Results of forest resources protection by combining TOPSIS and AHP Based on the survey data of forest resources based on multi period and 《Specifications for assessment of forest ecosystem service function》
This paper discusses problems, effect evaluation of nature reserve at present, take the forest resources quantity, quality, function and landscape as the content of the nature reserve protection effect results not reported. In this paper, for the first time on the protection of natural forest resources quality evaluation index system of Hanma nature reserve forest resources quality evaluation of natural, sustainable for the construction of the main line, and get the better effect of evaluation; the survey data in multi period of forest resources as the foundation, to "assess the forest ecosystem service function specification"(LY/T1721-2008) as a guide one of the highlights, effectiveness is also in the study area, different forest resources protection and evaluation method by combining TOPSIS and AHP natural protection.
引文
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