急倾斜突出煤层群煤与瓦斯共采理论及应用
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摘要
急倾斜突出煤层群开采由于其倾角较大,带来了“三小五大”问题,即井型小、矿山压力小、回采率小和瓦斯防治难度大、巷道掘进率大、倾斜上向影响范围大、吨煤消耗大、工人劳动强度大等。如何进行这类煤层的煤与瓦斯共采,是一个技术难题。根据《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》的要求,在开采此类煤层时首先必须解决开采前后的瓦斯问题,再进行煤层开采,这是对单一突出煤层开采的要求；对于煤层群开采还需进行采后邻近层瓦斯的治理；瓦斯作为一种清洁能源,不能单纯进行抽放治理,必须积极进行瓦斯的抽采利用。为此,在“急倾斜突出煤层群煤与瓦斯共采”课题中,通过实验研究、理论分析、数值模拟和现场测试,对急倾斜突出煤层群的矿山压力及其对瓦斯影响,瓦斯卸压消突理论,煤与瓦斯共采的协同开采方法,保护层选择及开采过程中的瓦斯运移规律与治理技术进行了系统的研究,取得了一系列成果,确保了急倾斜突出煤层群煤与瓦斯共采过程中的高产、高效、安全。
1)瓦斯卸压消突理论研究。突出煤层透气性系数低,但若煤层松动,其透气性系数会成百倍的增大,使瓦斯压力降低和瓦斯流量增大,降低甚至消除了煤与瓦斯突出。根据瓦斯运移与围岩破碎规律,提出了“切-抽-掘-采”的瓦斯卸压消突理论：在突出煤层开采前先进行煤层切割,使煤层开裂松动,促进煤层瓦斯由吸附态向流离态的转变,再进行瓦斯抽采,使未开采突出煤层瓦斯在巷道施工前卸压消突；在巷道掘进和煤层开采过程中,利用矿山压力重新分布规律,使保护层开采范围的被保护层瓦斯应力得到释放,促进高位瓦斯抽采,实现突出煤层开采过程和开采后的卸压消突。
2)瓦斯运移理论研究。对煤岩体孔隙、裂隙在瓦斯运移过程中作用进行细观分析,提出了考虑裂隙作用的裂隙煤岩体流固耦合模型,建立其本构关系,并进行了裂隙煤岩体的固流耦合实验,结果表明,在有贯通裂隙的煤岩体中,瓦斯运移较快；孔隙煤岩体瓦斯运移滞后于裂隙煤岩体瓦斯运移的；揭示了孔隙单元有效体积应力、裂隙单元有效法向应力随渗流发展的时效演化规律。
3)急倾斜突出煤层群开采中煤层顶板冒落带与裂隙带理论研究。
基于卸压理论,进行了回采工作面竖向“三带”的实测和模拟。采用注水法测试了回采工作面冒落带和裂隙带的高度,冒落带高度为回采工作面采高的4-8倍,裂隙带高度为回采工作面采高的6-10倍；冒落带和裂隙带均有向工作面回风巷上方偏移的趋势。急倾斜煤层群的垂直“三带”有别于缓倾斜煤层,为急倾斜突出煤层群开采提供了个理论依据。
4)新的回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测方法研究。基于未确知测度理论,建立了回采工作面瓦斯涌出量的均值属性测度聚类预测模型。模型以样本均值为聚类中心,以熵权确定评价指标测度的权重,通过计算样本熵权综合测度与所属类别目标均值乘积之和获得瓦斯涌出量的预测值。实例分析表明,模型的预测值与实测值的误差较小,建模过程简单,便于实际工程应用。
5)急倾斜突出煤层群保护层开采技术研究。急倾斜突出煤层群煤的开采首先是保护层的开采。以蛇形山煤矿为例,通过理论分析和技术经济比较,选取下保护层进行开采。现场实测和数值分析结果表明,下保护层开采后采场上部开采移动角减小,采场下部开采移动角增大,采场沿走向左右边界开采移动角分别减少,为矿井今后保护层开采提供了理论依据。
6)煤与瓦斯共采的协同开采理论研究。在高位巷抽采瓦斯研究的基础上,首次提出了高位钻孔群煤与瓦斯协同开采理论与技术,并进行了现场实验。研究表明,该技术施工简单、快捷、易于掌握,且抽采的瓦斯浓度和瓦斯纯量等均得到显著的提高,既解决了保护层工作面回采过程中瓦斯超限问题,又为工作面采后被保护层瓦斯抽采提供新的思路。
7)保护层开采时被保护层瓦斯作用机理研究。被保护层的瓦斯压力大小关系到保护层开采的成败。通过FLAC3D对不同被保护层瓦斯压力下的保护层开采进行了数值分析。结果表明,瓦斯压力增大可以加速致裂保护层顶板岩层,特别是被保护层瓦斯压力在大于2MPa时,加剧了保护层顶板岩层致裂,甚至造成突出。这就要求在保护层开采过程中,加强被保护层瓦斯的抽采,减少较高压力的瓦斯对保护层开采的危害。图118幅,表16个,公式42个,参考文献
Due to the large inclination, there are problems called as "three small five big" in the steeply inclining outburst coal seam group mining, such as small coal mine, low mine pressure, low recovery rate, gas control difficulty, high drivage rate of roadway, large influenced range, high consumption for every tons of coal and high labor intensity. How to carry out extracting coal and gas in this kind of coal seam is a difficult technical problem. According to the requirements of "coal and gas outburst prevention regulations", in the exploitation of such coal, what should be solved is the problem of gas before and after the coal seam is mined, and after that the coal can be mined. This is requirement for single outburst coal seam mining. As for the mining of coal seam, the gas in adjacent seams should be treated additionally. As a clean energy, gas can not be simply extracted and it should be actively utilized. Therefore, in the project of " Study on the Common Mining Theory of Steeply Coal Seams and Gas", through experiments, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field tests, systematic studies have been done on the mining pressure of steep coal seam group and its influence to gas, the theory on gas pressure relief and outburst elimination, collaborative mining method of coal and gas, the selection of protection lay, the migration law of gas in the mining process and its control technology, and a series of achievements have been made, which ensure high yield, efficiency and safety in the mining process of steep coal and gas outburst coal seams.
1) Study on the theory about gas pressure relief and outburst elimination. Although the permeability coefficient of outburst coal is low, once the coal seam is loose, the permeability coefficient will be increased hundreds times, as a result, the gas pressure will be reduced while its emergence rate is increased, and the danger of coal and gas outburst will also be reduces and even eliminated. According to the law of gas migration and surrounding rock broken, the theory " Cutting-Pumping-Digging-Mining" for gas pressure relief and outburst elimination has been put forward:making the coal cracking and loose by cutting the coal seam to promote the transformation of gas from adsorption state to flow state, and then to extract gas to meet the requirement of relieving gas pressure and eliminating the danger of gas outburst before the roadway is constructed. In the process of tunneling and mining, the law of mine pressure redistribution is used to release the gas pressure of protected seam in the area of protective layer mining so that the gas in high place is drained and the gas pressure relief and coal outburst elimination in the process of mining and after mining has been achieved.
2) Study on the theory of gas migration. Careful analysis on the role of coal rock pore, fissure in gas transportation process has been made., and a fluid-solid coupling model of considering the effect of coal rock and its constitutive relation has been put forward, and the solid-liquid coupling tests of coal mass have been conducted. The results show that in the coal and rock mass through cracks, gas migration is fast; gas migration in pore of coal and rock lags behind that in fissure coal and rock. The time evolution law that the pore unit effective volume stress and fracture unit effective normal stress develop with the seepage has been revealed.
3) Study on the theory of roof caving zone and fractured zone in steeply inclining outburst coal seam group mining. Based on the pressure relief theory, the "three vertical mining face" has been tested and simulated. Through water injection test, the height of caving zone and fractured zone in working face has been measured. It is showed that the height of caving zone is4～8times of the height of working face, the height of fracture zone is6-10times of that. The caving zone and fractured zone have a tendency of shifting to the return airflow roadway above. The vertical three-zone in inclined coal seams is different from that of gently inclined seam, which provides a theoretical basis for the mining of outburst coal seam group.
4) Study on the new forecasting techniques of the gas emission quantity from working face. Based on the uncertainty measurement theory, the mean attribute measure clustering model for coal face gas emission prediction is established. In this model, the sample mean is set as the cluster center, the weight index of evaluation parameters are determine by the mean of entropy. Through calculating the sum of the product of sample entropy weight comprehensive measure and target mean of classification that the sample belonged, the gas emission prediction value is obtained. The analysis of examples indicates that the error between predicted values and the measured values is small. As the modeling process is simple, the model is practical in engineering.
5) Study on the protective coal seam mining technology in the steeply inclining outburst coal seam group. The first step on mining inclined outburst coal seam group is the mining of protective coal seam. Taking Shexingshan Coal Mine as an example, through technical and economic comparison, the down protective layer is chosen to be exploited. The results of field tests and numerical analysis show that after the down protective layer has been mined the moving angle of upper stope decrease, while the moving angle of lower stope increase, the moving angle along the left and right boundary also decrease, which provides the theoretical basis for protection layer mining in the future.
6) Study on the theory of together mining of coal and gas. Based on the study of gas extraction in elevated lane, the coal and gas exploitation theory and technology have been proposed firstly, and a field experiment has been conducted. The results show that the construction technology is simple, quick and easy to master for workers and the concentration and the scalar of gas has been improved significantly, which solve the overrun problem of gas in the mining process of protective layer, but also provide a new way for the gas extraction of protected layer.
7) Study on the mechanism of gas in protective layer while the protective layer is being mined. The mining of protected layer is closely related to gas pressure. Through the FLAC3D, the numerical analysis is carried out on protected layer mining while the protected layer with different gas pressure. It is shown that the increase of gas pressure can accelerate the fracture of protection layer roof, especially when the gas pressure of protected layer is higher than2MPa, the fracture of protective layer roof is exacerbated, and even serious outburst is caused. So it is required that in the process of protective layer mining, the gas drainage of protective layer should be strengthened to reduce the harm of high gas pressure to the mining of protection layer.
1)瓦斯卸压消突理论研究。突出煤层透气性系数低,但若煤层松动,其透气性系数会成百倍的增大,使瓦斯压力降低和瓦斯流量增大,降低甚至消除了煤与瓦斯突出。根据瓦斯运移与围岩破碎规律,提出了“切-抽-掘-采”的瓦斯卸压消突理论：在突出煤层开采前先进行煤层切割,使煤层开裂松动,促进煤层瓦斯由吸附态向流离态的转变,再进行瓦斯抽采,使未开采突出煤层瓦斯在巷道施工前卸压消突；在巷道掘进和煤层开采过程中,利用矿山压力重新分布规律,使保护层开采范围的被保护层瓦斯应力得到释放,促进高位瓦斯抽采,实现突出煤层开采过程和开采后的卸压消突。
2)瓦斯运移理论研究。对煤岩体孔隙、裂隙在瓦斯运移过程中作用进行细观分析,提出了考虑裂隙作用的裂隙煤岩体流固耦合模型,建立其本构关系,并进行了裂隙煤岩体的固流耦合实验,结果表明,在有贯通裂隙的煤岩体中,瓦斯运移较快；孔隙煤岩体瓦斯运移滞后于裂隙煤岩体瓦斯运移的；揭示了孔隙单元有效体积应力、裂隙单元有效法向应力随渗流发展的时效演化规律。
3)急倾斜突出煤层群开采中煤层顶板冒落带与裂隙带理论研究。
基于卸压理论,进行了回采工作面竖向“三带”的实测和模拟。采用注水法测试了回采工作面冒落带和裂隙带的高度,冒落带高度为回采工作面采高的4-8倍,裂隙带高度为回采工作面采高的6-10倍；冒落带和裂隙带均有向工作面回风巷上方偏移的趋势。急倾斜煤层群的垂直“三带”有别于缓倾斜煤层,为急倾斜突出煤层群开采提供了个理论依据。
4)新的回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测方法研究。基于未确知测度理论,建立了回采工作面瓦斯涌出量的均值属性测度聚类预测模型。模型以样本均值为聚类中心,以熵权确定评价指标测度的权重,通过计算样本熵权综合测度与所属类别目标均值乘积之和获得瓦斯涌出量的预测值。实例分析表明,模型的预测值与实测值的误差较小,建模过程简单,便于实际工程应用。
5)急倾斜突出煤层群保护层开采技术研究。急倾斜突出煤层群煤的开采首先是保护层的开采。以蛇形山煤矿为例,通过理论分析和技术经济比较,选取下保护层进行开采。现场实测和数值分析结果表明,下保护层开采后采场上部开采移动角减小,采场下部开采移动角增大,采场沿走向左右边界开采移动角分别减少,为矿井今后保护层开采提供了理论依据。
6)煤与瓦斯共采的协同开采理论研究。在高位巷抽采瓦斯研究的基础上,首次提出了高位钻孔群煤与瓦斯协同开采理论与技术,并进行了现场实验。研究表明,该技术施工简单、快捷、易于掌握,且抽采的瓦斯浓度和瓦斯纯量等均得到显著的提高,既解决了保护层工作面回采过程中瓦斯超限问题,又为工作面采后被保护层瓦斯抽采提供新的思路。
7)保护层开采时被保护层瓦斯作用机理研究。被保护层的瓦斯压力大小关系到保护层开采的成败。通过FLAC3D对不同被保护层瓦斯压力下的保护层开采进行了数值分析。结果表明,瓦斯压力增大可以加速致裂保护层顶板岩层,特别是被保护层瓦斯压力在大于2MPa时,加剧了保护层顶板岩层致裂,甚至造成突出。这就要求在保护层开采过程中,加强被保护层瓦斯的抽采,减少较高压力的瓦斯对保护层开采的危害。图118幅,表16个,公式42个,参考文献
Due to the large inclination, there are problems called as "three small five big" in the steeply inclining outburst coal seam group mining, such as small coal mine, low mine pressure, low recovery rate, gas control difficulty, high drivage rate of roadway, large influenced range, high consumption for every tons of coal and high labor intensity. How to carry out extracting coal and gas in this kind of coal seam is a difficult technical problem. According to the requirements of "coal and gas outburst prevention regulations", in the exploitation of such coal, what should be solved is the problem of gas before and after the coal seam is mined, and after that the coal can be mined. This is requirement for single outburst coal seam mining. As for the mining of coal seam, the gas in adjacent seams should be treated additionally. As a clean energy, gas can not be simply extracted and it should be actively utilized. Therefore, in the project of " Study on the Common Mining Theory of Steeply Coal Seams and Gas", through experiments, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field tests, systematic studies have been done on the mining pressure of steep coal seam group and its influence to gas, the theory on gas pressure relief and outburst elimination, collaborative mining method of coal and gas, the selection of protection lay, the migration law of gas in the mining process and its control technology, and a series of achievements have been made, which ensure high yield, efficiency and safety in the mining process of steep coal and gas outburst coal seams.
1) Study on the theory about gas pressure relief and outburst elimination. Although the permeability coefficient of outburst coal is low, once the coal seam is loose, the permeability coefficient will be increased hundreds times, as a result, the gas pressure will be reduced while its emergence rate is increased, and the danger of coal and gas outburst will also be reduces and even eliminated. According to the law of gas migration and surrounding rock broken, the theory " Cutting-Pumping-Digging-Mining" for gas pressure relief and outburst elimination has been put forward:making the coal cracking and loose by cutting the coal seam to promote the transformation of gas from adsorption state to flow state, and then to extract gas to meet the requirement of relieving gas pressure and eliminating the danger of gas outburst before the roadway is constructed. In the process of tunneling and mining, the law of mine pressure redistribution is used to release the gas pressure of protected seam in the area of protective layer mining so that the gas in high place is drained and the gas pressure relief and coal outburst elimination in the process of mining and after mining has been achieved.
2) Study on the theory of gas migration. Careful analysis on the role of coal rock pore, fissure in gas transportation process has been made., and a fluid-solid coupling model of considering the effect of coal rock and its constitutive relation has been put forward, and the solid-liquid coupling tests of coal mass have been conducted. The results show that in the coal and rock mass through cracks, gas migration is fast; gas migration in pore of coal and rock lags behind that in fissure coal and rock. The time evolution law that the pore unit effective volume stress and fracture unit effective normal stress develop with the seepage has been revealed.
3) Study on the theory of roof caving zone and fractured zone in steeply inclining outburst coal seam group mining. Based on the pressure relief theory, the "three vertical mining face" has been tested and simulated. Through water injection test, the height of caving zone and fractured zone in working face has been measured. It is showed that the height of caving zone is4～8times of the height of working face, the height of fracture zone is6-10times of that. The caving zone and fractured zone have a tendency of shifting to the return airflow roadway above. The vertical three-zone in inclined coal seams is different from that of gently inclined seam, which provides a theoretical basis for the mining of outburst coal seam group.
4) Study on the new forecasting techniques of the gas emission quantity from working face. Based on the uncertainty measurement theory, the mean attribute measure clustering model for coal face gas emission prediction is established. In this model, the sample mean is set as the cluster center, the weight index of evaluation parameters are determine by the mean of entropy. Through calculating the sum of the product of sample entropy weight comprehensive measure and target mean of classification that the sample belonged, the gas emission prediction value is obtained. The analysis of examples indicates that the error between predicted values and the measured values is small. As the modeling process is simple, the model is practical in engineering.
5) Study on the protective coal seam mining technology in the steeply inclining outburst coal seam group. The first step on mining inclined outburst coal seam group is the mining of protective coal seam. Taking Shexingshan Coal Mine as an example, through technical and economic comparison, the down protective layer is chosen to be exploited. The results of field tests and numerical analysis show that after the down protective layer has been mined the moving angle of upper stope decrease, while the moving angle of lower stope increase, the moving angle along the left and right boundary also decrease, which provides the theoretical basis for protection layer mining in the future.
6) Study on the theory of together mining of coal and gas. Based on the study of gas extraction in elevated lane, the coal and gas exploitation theory and technology have been proposed firstly, and a field experiment has been conducted. The results show that the construction technology is simple, quick and easy to master for workers and the concentration and the scalar of gas has been improved significantly, which solve the overrun problem of gas in the mining process of protective layer, but also provide a new way for the gas extraction of protected layer.
7) Study on the mechanism of gas in protective layer while the protective layer is being mined. The mining of protected layer is closely related to gas pressure. Through the FLAC3D, the numerical analysis is carried out on protected layer mining while the protected layer with different gas pressure. It is shown that the increase of gas pressure can accelerate the fracture of protection layer roof, especially when the gas pressure of protected layer is higher than2MPa, the fracture of protective layer roof is exacerbated, and even serious outburst is caused. So it is required that in the process of protective layer mining, the gas drainage of protective layer should be strengthened to reduce the harm of high gas pressure to the mining of protection layer.
引文
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