煤与瓦斯压出动力演化过程及机理实验研究
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摘要
随着煤矿开采深度的增加，地应力和瓦斯压力越来越大，应力、瓦斯压力和煤体耦合作用越来越复杂，煤岩动力灾害发生越发频繁，造成的危害越来越严重，以往较少出现的煤与瓦斯压出动力灾害日趋增多，而针对其发生机理鲜见研究。本文建立煤岩动力现象模拟试验系统，试验研究不同煤岩动力现象的显现特征，分析压出过程中应力和瓦斯压力的变化规律及影响因素；研究含瓦斯煤体层裂结构的形成过程，建立煤与瓦斯压出层次破坏演化模型；分析现场煤与瓦斯压出灾害的关键因素，对现场工作面危险性进行划分，提出防治措施。全文主要取得了以下研究成果：
建立了煤岩动力现象模拟试验系统，试验研究了不同煤岩动力现象的显现特征，并探讨了煤岩动力现象显现特征不同的原因。研究发现：煤与瓦斯压出抛出煤体距离较小，造成的动力效应不明显；煤与瓦斯突出煤体破碎程度最大，抛出距离大并且具有明显的方向性；含瓦斯煤冲击破坏煤体破裂成块状，煤体破裂面光滑。煤体弹性能和瓦斯潜能的释放比例以及煤体性质的不同是动力现象显现特征不同的主要原因。
研究了煤与瓦斯压出的发展变化规律及影响因素。研究发现：煤体压出是一个较缓慢的力学过程，应力呈现出先升高后降低的趋势，瓦斯压力释放速度较慢，并且释放速度与其和压出口之间的距离密切相关，煤体发生层裂破坏。随着瓦斯压力和应力的升高，残留孔洞从无到有并逐渐增大，煤体破坏越发剧烈；随煤体强度的升高，残留孔洞逐渐缩小并且趋于消失；顶底板强度越大，煤体变形破裂越严重。
通过数值模拟研究了工作面回采过程中，应力、瓦斯压力和煤体塑性变形区的变化规律，分析了埋藏深度、煤层参数和初始瓦斯压力对压出危险性的影响。研究表明随埋藏深度、瓦斯压力的升高以及煤层厚度和强度的降低，煤体发生压出的危险性逐渐升高。
基于弹塑性断裂力学计算得到了含瓦斯煤裂纹的临界扩展角度及方位角，推导得出了考虑游离瓦斯和吸附瓦斯的煤体强度准则，分析了裂纹扩展长度与三向应力的关系；以工作面前方极限平衡区为对象，研究了煤体层裂结构形成过程以及不同外界扰动形式对煤体稳定性的影响，计算得到了含瓦斯层裂结构失稳破裂的临界载荷及压出发动的能量条件，分析了压出发动煤体破裂失稳形式。研究得到了压出发展过程煤体发生逐层破坏的形式及应力、瓦斯压力演化规律，分析了煤体破裂面形成原因，揭示了固气逐层变化的破坏失稳机理。
研究分析了煤与瓦斯压出灾害发生的关键影响因素，基于此对工作面进行了危险区域划分，制定了有针对性的分区域动力灾害防治措施，保证了工作面的安全生产。
研究成果对进一步认识深部回采过程中应力、瓦斯和煤体耦合作用规律，为防治煤与瓦斯压出事故提供了理论基础和科学依据。
With the increase of mining depth, stress and gas pressure is becoming higher and higher,the coupling effect of stress, gas, coal and others is more and more complicated. And the coaland rock dynamic disasters occurrences are on the rise, so does their harm. The coal and gasextrusion disaster which happened ever less is recently on the rise, but researches on itsmechanism is rare. In this paper, the coal and rock dynamic phenomenon simulation systemwas established, the behavior characteristic of different coal and rock dynamic phenomenawas studied; the variation laws of stress and gas pressure and the influence factors during theextrusion process were analyzed. The layer-crack structure formation process ofgas-containing coal was studied, and the layer-crack damage evolution model of coal and gasextrusion was established. The key influence factors of coal and gas extrusion disaster in fieldwere analyzed, rank division of the working face hazard area was carried out, so did theprevention measures. The main research achievements are as follows:
The coal and rock dynamic phenomenon simulate testing system was established andused to study the behavior characteristics of different coal and rock dynamic phenomena. Thereason of different behavior characteristics of the dynamic phenomenon was discussed. It isfound that thrown distance of coal and gas extrusion is smaller, and the dynamic effect isunobvious. Both the coal fragmentation degree and the thrown distance of coal and gasoutburst reach the maximum with obvious directivity. As to gas-containing coal burst, the coalmass bursts into blocks without obvious directivity. The main reason the behaviorcharacteristics of dynamic phenomena are different results from the difference of coalproperties and the release ratio of coal elastic energy and gas potential energy.
The variation rule and influence factors of coal and gas extrusion were studied. It isfound that coal extrusion is a relatively slow mechanics process, the stress deceases afterearlier increase; the release speed of gas pressure tends slower with the distance deeper fromthe extrusion outlets. The layer-crack damage happened in coal mass which makes the coalmass fracture further into blocks. With the increase of gas pressure and stress, residual cavityoccurs from nothing and becomes bigger gradually and the coal destruction is increasinglyviolent. With the increase of coal strength, the residual cavity reduces gradually and tends todisappear. The higher the roof and floor rocks’ strength is, the more serious the coaldeformation and fracture will be.
Through the numerical simulation of mining process, the variation laws of stress, gaspressure and coal plastic deformation zone were studied, the impact of burial depth, coal seam parameters and initial gas pressure on the extrusion risk was analyzed. Research shows thatwith the increasing of the burial depth, gas pressure and the decreasing of thickness, strengthof coal seam, the danger of coal extrusion gradually increased.
Based on the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the critical extension angle and theazimuth angle of gas-containing coal crack were calculated. The coal strength criterionconsidering the free and adsorbed gas was derived and the relation between crack extensionlength and three directional stresses was analyzed. Take the limit equilibrium zone forwardthe working face as the study object, the coal layer-crack formation process and the differenteffects of disturbances on the stability of coal body were researched. The critical rupture loadof the layer-crack structure was calculated, and the failure form of coal extrusion wasanalyzed. The―layer by layer‖failure form and variation law of stress and gas pressure duringthe coal extrusion process were obtained in the research, the reason for cavity formation incoal body was analyzed, and the instability mechanism of―layer by layer‖failure during thecoal extrusion process was revealed.
The key influencing factors of coal and gas extrusion disaster were analyzed, based onwhich, the working face danger zones division was made. For ensuring the safety productionof working face, specific dynamic disaster prevention measures for different danger zoneswere formulated.
Research findings provides theoretical foundation and scientific basis for furtherunderstanding the coupling effects of stress, gas, coal mass and the others during the deepmining process, and for the prevention and controlling of coal and gas extrusion disasters.
建立了煤岩动力现象模拟试验系统，试验研究了不同煤岩动力现象的显现特征，并探讨了煤岩动力现象显现特征不同的原因。研究发现：煤与瓦斯压出抛出煤体距离较小，造成的动力效应不明显；煤与瓦斯突出煤体破碎程度最大，抛出距离大并且具有明显的方向性；含瓦斯煤冲击破坏煤体破裂成块状，煤体破裂面光滑。煤体弹性能和瓦斯潜能的释放比例以及煤体性质的不同是动力现象显现特征不同的主要原因。
研究了煤与瓦斯压出的发展变化规律及影响因素。研究发现：煤体压出是一个较缓慢的力学过程，应力呈现出先升高后降低的趋势，瓦斯压力释放速度较慢，并且释放速度与其和压出口之间的距离密切相关，煤体发生层裂破坏。随着瓦斯压力和应力的升高，残留孔洞从无到有并逐渐增大，煤体破坏越发剧烈；随煤体强度的升高，残留孔洞逐渐缩小并且趋于消失；顶底板强度越大，煤体变形破裂越严重。
通过数值模拟研究了工作面回采过程中，应力、瓦斯压力和煤体塑性变形区的变化规律，分析了埋藏深度、煤层参数和初始瓦斯压力对压出危险性的影响。研究表明随埋藏深度、瓦斯压力的升高以及煤层厚度和强度的降低，煤体发生压出的危险性逐渐升高。
基于弹塑性断裂力学计算得到了含瓦斯煤裂纹的临界扩展角度及方位角，推导得出了考虑游离瓦斯和吸附瓦斯的煤体强度准则，分析了裂纹扩展长度与三向应力的关系；以工作面前方极限平衡区为对象，研究了煤体层裂结构形成过程以及不同外界扰动形式对煤体稳定性的影响，计算得到了含瓦斯层裂结构失稳破裂的临界载荷及压出发动的能量条件，分析了压出发动煤体破裂失稳形式。研究得到了压出发展过程煤体发生逐层破坏的形式及应力、瓦斯压力演化规律，分析了煤体破裂面形成原因，揭示了固气逐层变化的破坏失稳机理。
研究分析了煤与瓦斯压出灾害发生的关键影响因素，基于此对工作面进行了危险区域划分，制定了有针对性的分区域动力灾害防治措施，保证了工作面的安全生产。
研究成果对进一步认识深部回采过程中应力、瓦斯和煤体耦合作用规律，为防治煤与瓦斯压出事故提供了理论基础和科学依据。
With the increase of mining depth, stress and gas pressure is becoming higher and higher,the coupling effect of stress, gas, coal and others is more and more complicated. And the coaland rock dynamic disasters occurrences are on the rise, so does their harm. The coal and gasextrusion disaster which happened ever less is recently on the rise, but researches on itsmechanism is rare. In this paper, the coal and rock dynamic phenomenon simulation systemwas established, the behavior characteristic of different coal and rock dynamic phenomenawas studied; the variation laws of stress and gas pressure and the influence factors during theextrusion process were analyzed. The layer-crack structure formation process ofgas-containing coal was studied, and the layer-crack damage evolution model of coal and gasextrusion was established. The key influence factors of coal and gas extrusion disaster in fieldwere analyzed, rank division of the working face hazard area was carried out, so did theprevention measures. The main research achievements are as follows:
The coal and rock dynamic phenomenon simulate testing system was established andused to study the behavior characteristics of different coal and rock dynamic phenomena. Thereason of different behavior characteristics of the dynamic phenomenon was discussed. It isfound that thrown distance of coal and gas extrusion is smaller, and the dynamic effect isunobvious. Both the coal fragmentation degree and the thrown distance of coal and gasoutburst reach the maximum with obvious directivity. As to gas-containing coal burst, the coalmass bursts into blocks without obvious directivity. The main reason the behaviorcharacteristics of dynamic phenomena are different results from the difference of coalproperties and the release ratio of coal elastic energy and gas potential energy.
The variation rule and influence factors of coal and gas extrusion were studied. It isfound that coal extrusion is a relatively slow mechanics process, the stress deceases afterearlier increase; the release speed of gas pressure tends slower with the distance deeper fromthe extrusion outlets. The layer-crack damage happened in coal mass which makes the coalmass fracture further into blocks. With the increase of gas pressure and stress, residual cavityoccurs from nothing and becomes bigger gradually and the coal destruction is increasinglyviolent. With the increase of coal strength, the residual cavity reduces gradually and tends todisappear. The higher the roof and floor rocks’ strength is, the more serious the coaldeformation and fracture will be.
Through the numerical simulation of mining process, the variation laws of stress, gaspressure and coal plastic deformation zone were studied, the impact of burial depth, coal seam parameters and initial gas pressure on the extrusion risk was analyzed. Research shows thatwith the increasing of the burial depth, gas pressure and the decreasing of thickness, strengthof coal seam, the danger of coal extrusion gradually increased.
Based on the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the critical extension angle and theazimuth angle of gas-containing coal crack were calculated. The coal strength criterionconsidering the free and adsorbed gas was derived and the relation between crack extensionlength and three directional stresses was analyzed. Take the limit equilibrium zone forwardthe working face as the study object, the coal layer-crack formation process and the differenteffects of disturbances on the stability of coal body were researched. The critical rupture loadof the layer-crack structure was calculated, and the failure form of coal extrusion wasanalyzed. The―layer by layer‖failure form and variation law of stress and gas pressure duringthe coal extrusion process were obtained in the research, the reason for cavity formation incoal body was analyzed, and the instability mechanism of―layer by layer‖failure during thecoal extrusion process was revealed.
The key influencing factors of coal and gas extrusion disaster were analyzed, based onwhich, the working face danger zones division was made. For ensuring the safety productionof working face, specific dynamic disaster prevention measures for different danger zoneswere formulated.
Research findings provides theoretical foundation and scientific basis for furtherunderstanding the coupling effects of stress, gas, coal mass and the others during the deepmining process, and for the prevention and controlling of coal and gas extrusion disasters.
引文
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