黑河下游历史时期人类活动遗迹的遥感调查研究
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摘要
绿洲是干旱区特有的地理景观,是干旱区人类生活和生产的基本场所。过去2000余年来,在自然因素与不同历史阶段人类活动的共同驱动下,中国西北干旱区的古绿洲生态环境发生了很大变化,特别是绿洲沙漠化现象极为严重。历史是现在的一面镜子,当前绿洲与历史时期的古绿洲变化有着密切联系,开展历史时期绿洲人类活动及其演变过程研究,对于保护干旱区生态环境、合理开发和利用流域内有限的水资源、以及实现流域和绿洲的可持续发展有着重要意义。
黑河是中国西北内陆干旱区最重要的内陆河流域之一,其下游额济纳河流域的古居延地区人类文明历史悠久,曾有过繁荣的绿洲农业活动,在古丝绸之路上发挥过重要作用。古居延绿洲在汉代之前是北方匈奴民族的游牧之地,水草丰美,适于牲畜繁殖,生态环境基本处于自然状态。西汉时将黑河下游的古居延地区纳入中原王朝的版图,并通过修筑边塞、徙民戍边、兴修水利、开垦屯田、设立地方政府等措施对尚处于自然状态的古居延绿洲进行大规模的开发,绿洲内土地利用/覆盖方式发生了巨大变化。此后经过魏、晋、隋、唐等历史阶段不同程度的人类农业活动后,在西夏-元时期经历了历史上再一次大规模的人类农业屯垦活动。元代灭亡之后,古居延地区于明朝洪武年间被弃为酒泉和张掖的边外地,人类农业活动几乎消失。直到清朝乾隆年问旧土尔扈特部族人回归定牧于黑河下游,古居延地区才又一次出现了人类活动的足迹,但这时旧土尔扈特部族人的游牧生活却已转移到黑河下游的现代额济纳绿洲,而原来生态环境良好的古居延绿洲则逐渐沙漠化。时至今日,古居延绿洲的沙漠化程度不断在加剧,沙漠的侵蚀范围不断在扩大,历史时期大量人类活动的各种遗存残留于无数的沙包和沙丘中。以历史时期的汉代和西夏-元时期为主要研究时段,历史文档资料、野外考古报告、多源遥感影像和野外实地详细调查等多源数据综合用于本研究中。论文主要研究内容包括以下几个部分：
1.依据近一百多年来多次正式出版/发表的野外考古调查报告中所记录资料,分别建立了黑河下游流域汉代和西夏-元时期人类活动古遗址电子数据库古遗址数据库的建立避免了传统考古遗址管理方式的低效率、难更新和编辑、易丢失和损坏等众多缺点,实现了遗址点空间位置信息和属性信息的实时一体化,非常有利于研究区考古遗址的管理、查看、更新、编辑和分析等工作。
2.传统的田野考古方法难以兼顾所有的调查区域,特别是调查人员更是难以进入一些严重沙漠化的地方；而对于那些隐藏于沙包和沙丘中的小型人类活动古遗址,传统的野外考古调查等手段更是无能为力。经过野外多个样点实地验证发现,高分辨率遥感影像在沙漠环境中历史时期小型人类活动古遗址的辨识中可以发挥重要作用,通过遥感影像新发现的遗址信息极大地丰富了研究区的古遗址数据库,为开展古绿洲历史时期的人类活动研究提供了重要的新证据。
3.通过高分辨率遥感影像识别和提取了古居延绿洲历史时期的人工农业灌溉渠系,给出了研究区历史时期农业灌溉渠系的空间精细化分布,是研究区在古代曾有过大面积灌溉农业的可视化定量证据。通过对比分析发现,研究区古代利用层级灌溉系统分级引水进行农业灌溉的方式与我国现代干旱区施行的农业灌溉引水方式基本类似,但古今人工灌溉渠系的原材料和修筑方法不同。
4.绿城遗址周围是古居延绿洲上历史时期最大的一块农业屯垦区,垦区内现存的历史时期人工农业灌溉渠系是古绿洲内保存最为完好的区域,可看作是研究区历史时期农业灌溉方式的缩影和典型代表。依据绿城垦区内现存的历史时期人类活动古遗存与农业灌溉渠系的空间叠加关系、以及绿城垦区内农业灌溉渠系的保存现状和已有的14C测年结果,可以推测分布于绿城垦区内的绝大多数人工农业灌溉渠系遗迹主要修建和使用于西夏-元时期。
5.依据历史时期不同类别人类活动遗存在古居延绿洲的空间分布特征,解译和确定了研究区汉代和西夏-元时期人类农业屯垦活动的空间范围。同时,借鉴现代土地利用变化研究中使用的净耕地系数概念和数值,粗略推测和估计研究区在古代的非耕地系数至少约为30%-50%,由此计算可得研究区在汉代耕地面积约为(3.39～4.75)×104ha,在西夏-元时期耕地面积约为(2.18～3.05)×104ha。
Oasis is a unique geographical landscape, which is an important region for supporting the human life and agricultural production in arid zone. Due to the driving forces by natural factors and human activities in different historical periods, ecological environments of the ancient oases have undergone great changes over the past2000years in arid regions, northwestern China. Particularly, oases have undergone serious desertification. History is a mirror to be compared with the present, and the current oases have relations with the ancient oases during the past times. In order to protecting the arid ecological environment and utilizing the limited resources in the basin, it is very important to conduct the research of past human activities and ancient oases evolution. It also has great significance for the basin and oases to be sustainable development.
Heihe River Basin is one of the important inland river basins in arid regions of northwestern China, and Ejin River Basin is the lower reaches of this river. The ancient Juyan region is located in the downstream of Ejin River Basin, which has a long history of human activities. This region was lush and suitable for livestock breeding, where was the nomadic areas of Northern Huns before the Han Dynasty. The ancient Juyan region belonged to the territory of the Central Plains during the Western Han Dynasty. The natural oasis was first large-scale developed by construction of the military facilities, resettlement and protection the frontiers, build the water conservancies, reclamation and irrigation, establishment of local governments, which caused the dramatic changes in land use and land cover in the ancient Juyan Oasis. Another large-scale human agricultural activities was performed during the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties thereafter some changes during different historical periods, i.e., Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the ancient Juyan region was abandoned to be the exclusive area of Jiuquan and Zhangye Citities in the Hongwu Reign of the Ming Dynasty, and the human activities were almost disappeared. Human activities in this region appeared once again until the return of Old Tuerhute's Tribal people, living downstream of Heihe River Basin in the Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty. However, the nomadic livings of the Old Tuerhute were moved to the Ejin Oasis due to the desertification of the ancient Juyan Oasis. Now, desertification of the ancient Juyan Oasis is intensified, and the desertified area is constantly expanding. A large number of archaeological remains that reflected past human activities exist among the numerous nebkhas and sand dunes. The Han Dynasty and the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties were selected to be the main periods to conduct this study. Historical documents, previous archaeological reports, multi-sources remotely sensed data and field investigations were combined to conduct this research. All of the doctoral dissertation works are comprised of below:
1. According to the documents recorded in many previous archaeological reports over the past one hundred years, the databases of the archaeological sites of past human activities in the downstream of the Heihe River Basin were established during the Han Dynasty and Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties, respectively. These new databases avoid many shortcomings of the traditional management method for archaeological sites, e.g., inefficiency management, difficulty to update and edit, easily lose and damage. The databases include the spatial locations and the attributions of the archaeological sites. It is very useful and convenient to conduct the following operations for the archaeological sites in the databases, including management, view, update, edit and analysis.
2. It is difficult for the traditional outdoor archaeology to cover all of the investigated areas. Particularly, investigators are difficult to access some severe desertification region. It is impossible for the traditional surveys to find those ruins of past human activities with small shapes that are dispersed and covered in the nebkhas and sand dunes. After the field in-truth validation using sampling sites, it is found that the high-resolution remote sensing imagery can play an important role in identification of the archaeological sites in the desertification environment. These new sites obtained from the remotely sensed data have greatly enriched the database of the archaeogical sites and provided important additional information to conduct the study of past human activities.
3. Ancient artificial irrigation canals were identified and extracted using high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Spatial quantitative distribution of the agricultural irrigation canals was mapped in the ancient Juyan Oasis. These foundings imply that the oasis had been well-developed irrigated agriculture with large areas during the historical periods. After comparing with the modern irrigation systems. it is shown that the agricultural irrigation system has the similarities between the ancient irrigation methods and the modern irrigation system in arid region of northwestern China, which both develope the hierachical irrigation systems to irrigate farmlands. However, the raw materials and the construction styles are different.
4. Lvcheng reclamation area was the largest sub-region to conduct the agricultural activities in the oasis. Ancient irrigation canals in this region are the best well-preserved in the ancient Juyan Oasis, and it can be seen as a microcosm and typical represent of the historical irrigation farming in the study area in historical period. According to the spatial relationships between the archaeological sites and the agricultural irrigation canals, as well as the remaining conditions of the irrigation canals, it can be speculated that mcst of the remains of artificial irrigation canals could be mostly built and used during the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties in the Lvcheng reclamation area.
5. Based on the spatial distributions of the large number of the archaeological remains that reflected past human activities, the spatial extent of ancient agricultural oasis was determined and extracted in the Han Dynasty and the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties, respectively. Furthermore, according to the concept and values of the arable land coefficient that are used in modern researches of land use change in arid regions of northwestern China, the value of non-arable land factor was roughly conservatively estimated at a minimum of30%～50%in the ancient Juyan Oasis. Then, it is calculated that the farmland area was approximately (3.39～4.75)×104ha in the Han Dynasty and the farmland area was approximately (2.18～3.05)×104ha in the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties.
黑河是中国西北内陆干旱区最重要的内陆河流域之一,其下游额济纳河流域的古居延地区人类文明历史悠久,曾有过繁荣的绿洲农业活动,在古丝绸之路上发挥过重要作用。古居延绿洲在汉代之前是北方匈奴民族的游牧之地,水草丰美,适于牲畜繁殖,生态环境基本处于自然状态。西汉时将黑河下游的古居延地区纳入中原王朝的版图,并通过修筑边塞、徙民戍边、兴修水利、开垦屯田、设立地方政府等措施对尚处于自然状态的古居延绿洲进行大规模的开发,绿洲内土地利用/覆盖方式发生了巨大变化。此后经过魏、晋、隋、唐等历史阶段不同程度的人类农业活动后,在西夏-元时期经历了历史上再一次大规模的人类农业屯垦活动。元代灭亡之后,古居延地区于明朝洪武年间被弃为酒泉和张掖的边外地,人类农业活动几乎消失。直到清朝乾隆年问旧土尔扈特部族人回归定牧于黑河下游,古居延地区才又一次出现了人类活动的足迹,但这时旧土尔扈特部族人的游牧生活却已转移到黑河下游的现代额济纳绿洲,而原来生态环境良好的古居延绿洲则逐渐沙漠化。时至今日,古居延绿洲的沙漠化程度不断在加剧,沙漠的侵蚀范围不断在扩大,历史时期大量人类活动的各种遗存残留于无数的沙包和沙丘中。以历史时期的汉代和西夏-元时期为主要研究时段,历史文档资料、野外考古报告、多源遥感影像和野外实地详细调查等多源数据综合用于本研究中。论文主要研究内容包括以下几个部分：
1.依据近一百多年来多次正式出版/发表的野外考古调查报告中所记录资料,分别建立了黑河下游流域汉代和西夏-元时期人类活动古遗址电子数据库古遗址数据库的建立避免了传统考古遗址管理方式的低效率、难更新和编辑、易丢失和损坏等众多缺点,实现了遗址点空间位置信息和属性信息的实时一体化,非常有利于研究区考古遗址的管理、查看、更新、编辑和分析等工作。
2.传统的田野考古方法难以兼顾所有的调查区域,特别是调查人员更是难以进入一些严重沙漠化的地方；而对于那些隐藏于沙包和沙丘中的小型人类活动古遗址,传统的野外考古调查等手段更是无能为力。经过野外多个样点实地验证发现,高分辨率遥感影像在沙漠环境中历史时期小型人类活动古遗址的辨识中可以发挥重要作用,通过遥感影像新发现的遗址信息极大地丰富了研究区的古遗址数据库,为开展古绿洲历史时期的人类活动研究提供了重要的新证据。
3.通过高分辨率遥感影像识别和提取了古居延绿洲历史时期的人工农业灌溉渠系,给出了研究区历史时期农业灌溉渠系的空间精细化分布,是研究区在古代曾有过大面积灌溉农业的可视化定量证据。通过对比分析发现,研究区古代利用层级灌溉系统分级引水进行农业灌溉的方式与我国现代干旱区施行的农业灌溉引水方式基本类似,但古今人工灌溉渠系的原材料和修筑方法不同。
4.绿城遗址周围是古居延绿洲上历史时期最大的一块农业屯垦区,垦区内现存的历史时期人工农业灌溉渠系是古绿洲内保存最为完好的区域,可看作是研究区历史时期农业灌溉方式的缩影和典型代表。依据绿城垦区内现存的历史时期人类活动古遗存与农业灌溉渠系的空间叠加关系、以及绿城垦区内农业灌溉渠系的保存现状和已有的14C测年结果,可以推测分布于绿城垦区内的绝大多数人工农业灌溉渠系遗迹主要修建和使用于西夏-元时期。
5.依据历史时期不同类别人类活动遗存在古居延绿洲的空间分布特征,解译和确定了研究区汉代和西夏-元时期人类农业屯垦活动的空间范围。同时,借鉴现代土地利用变化研究中使用的净耕地系数概念和数值,粗略推测和估计研究区在古代的非耕地系数至少约为30%-50%,由此计算可得研究区在汉代耕地面积约为(3.39～4.75)×104ha,在西夏-元时期耕地面积约为(2.18～3.05)×104ha。
Oasis is a unique geographical landscape, which is an important region for supporting the human life and agricultural production in arid zone. Due to the driving forces by natural factors and human activities in different historical periods, ecological environments of the ancient oases have undergone great changes over the past2000years in arid regions, northwestern China. Particularly, oases have undergone serious desertification. History is a mirror to be compared with the present, and the current oases have relations with the ancient oases during the past times. In order to protecting the arid ecological environment and utilizing the limited resources in the basin, it is very important to conduct the research of past human activities and ancient oases evolution. It also has great significance for the basin and oases to be sustainable development.
Heihe River Basin is one of the important inland river basins in arid regions of northwestern China, and Ejin River Basin is the lower reaches of this river. The ancient Juyan region is located in the downstream of Ejin River Basin, which has a long history of human activities. This region was lush and suitable for livestock breeding, where was the nomadic areas of Northern Huns before the Han Dynasty. The ancient Juyan region belonged to the territory of the Central Plains during the Western Han Dynasty. The natural oasis was first large-scale developed by construction of the military facilities, resettlement and protection the frontiers, build the water conservancies, reclamation and irrigation, establishment of local governments, which caused the dramatic changes in land use and land cover in the ancient Juyan Oasis. Another large-scale human agricultural activities was performed during the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties thereafter some changes during different historical periods, i.e., Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the ancient Juyan region was abandoned to be the exclusive area of Jiuquan and Zhangye Citities in the Hongwu Reign of the Ming Dynasty, and the human activities were almost disappeared. Human activities in this region appeared once again until the return of Old Tuerhute's Tribal people, living downstream of Heihe River Basin in the Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty. However, the nomadic livings of the Old Tuerhute were moved to the Ejin Oasis due to the desertification of the ancient Juyan Oasis. Now, desertification of the ancient Juyan Oasis is intensified, and the desertified area is constantly expanding. A large number of archaeological remains that reflected past human activities exist among the numerous nebkhas and sand dunes. The Han Dynasty and the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties were selected to be the main periods to conduct this study. Historical documents, previous archaeological reports, multi-sources remotely sensed data and field investigations were combined to conduct this research. All of the doctoral dissertation works are comprised of below:
1. According to the documents recorded in many previous archaeological reports over the past one hundred years, the databases of the archaeological sites of past human activities in the downstream of the Heihe River Basin were established during the Han Dynasty and Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties, respectively. These new databases avoid many shortcomings of the traditional management method for archaeological sites, e.g., inefficiency management, difficulty to update and edit, easily lose and damage. The databases include the spatial locations and the attributions of the archaeological sites. It is very useful and convenient to conduct the following operations for the archaeological sites in the databases, including management, view, update, edit and analysis.
2. It is difficult for the traditional outdoor archaeology to cover all of the investigated areas. Particularly, investigators are difficult to access some severe desertification region. It is impossible for the traditional surveys to find those ruins of past human activities with small shapes that are dispersed and covered in the nebkhas and sand dunes. After the field in-truth validation using sampling sites, it is found that the high-resolution remote sensing imagery can play an important role in identification of the archaeological sites in the desertification environment. These new sites obtained from the remotely sensed data have greatly enriched the database of the archaeogical sites and provided important additional information to conduct the study of past human activities.
3. Ancient artificial irrigation canals were identified and extracted using high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Spatial quantitative distribution of the agricultural irrigation canals was mapped in the ancient Juyan Oasis. These foundings imply that the oasis had been well-developed irrigated agriculture with large areas during the historical periods. After comparing with the modern irrigation systems. it is shown that the agricultural irrigation system has the similarities between the ancient irrigation methods and the modern irrigation system in arid region of northwestern China, which both develope the hierachical irrigation systems to irrigate farmlands. However, the raw materials and the construction styles are different.
4. Lvcheng reclamation area was the largest sub-region to conduct the agricultural activities in the oasis. Ancient irrigation canals in this region are the best well-preserved in the ancient Juyan Oasis, and it can be seen as a microcosm and typical represent of the historical irrigation farming in the study area in historical period. According to the spatial relationships between the archaeological sites and the agricultural irrigation canals, as well as the remaining conditions of the irrigation canals, it can be speculated that mcst of the remains of artificial irrigation canals could be mostly built and used during the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties in the Lvcheng reclamation area.
5. Based on the spatial distributions of the large number of the archaeological remains that reflected past human activities, the spatial extent of ancient agricultural oasis was determined and extracted in the Han Dynasty and the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties, respectively. Furthermore, according to the concept and values of the arable land coefficient that are used in modern researches of land use change in arid regions of northwestern China, the value of non-arable land factor was roughly conservatively estimated at a minimum of30%～50%in the ancient Juyan Oasis. Then, it is calculated that the farmland area was approximately (3.39～4.75)×104ha in the Han Dynasty and the farmland area was approximately (2.18～3.05)×104ha in the Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties.
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