光学频率合成关键技术研究
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摘要
高频率稳定度、窄线宽激光器在精密测量物理、精密光谱、原子光钟与计量科学等方面有着举足轻重的作用,它的性能直接影响到精密测量或计量标准的精度。目前,采用Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH)稳频技术将激光频率锁定在高稳定度的参考腔上,可以在特定波段获得亚赫兹线宽激光器。而在实际应用时,往往需要在宽的波长范围内按需输出窄线宽的激光。若同样采用PDH技术,则需要多个光学参考腔分布在各个波段才能实现,不仅系统复杂,且造价昂贵。并且,将一台窄线宽激光器在比较宽的波长范围内实现精密调谐也是非常困难的。光学频率合成可为获得宽波长范围内的相干光输出提供有效途径,它的关键是如何将单一波长激光的相干性和频率稳定性传递到所需要的工作波长。论文针对光学频率合成关键技术研究了亚赫兹线宽参考激光、赫兹线宽光学频率梳和连续可调谐窄线宽激光,实现单一波长激光的相干性和频率稳定性向连续可调谐激光的传递。
采用PDH技术、垂直振动免疫的Fabry-Perot (FP)参考腔(腔长7.75cm)、被动隔振和高稳定的温度控制装置(sub-mK)、光纤位相噪声抑制系统和稳定的光学系统建立了两台亚赫兹线宽Nd:YAG激光器(1064nm)。经比对测试表明,激光线宽为0.6Hz,频率稳定度为1.2×10-15(1s的积分时间),达到了FP参考腔的热噪声极限。这两套亚赫兹线宽激光系统可连续工作一个月以上。亚赫兹线宽激光将作为光学频率合成的参考源。
以亚赫兹线宽Nd:YAG激光器作为参考激光,通过对高重复频率(800MHz)钛宝石飞秒激光光梳精密锁相控制,实现了对光梳梳齿线宽的压窄。经比对测试,证实光梳在一个倍频程(532nm-1064nm)内梳齿的绝对线宽在1Hz量级。
由于光梳的所有频谱分量在同一个激光束中,且每一个梳齿的功率极其微弱,还不能满足精密光谱与精密测量的需要。为此,采用精密锁相控制技术将宽带可调谐钛宝石单频激光受控于窄线宽光学频率梳,频率跟踪精度为8×10-17(1s的积分时间),相对线宽<1mHz。经比对测试,证明连续可调谐钛宝石窄线宽激光的线宽达到Hz量级。通过波长计粗锁定和精密位相锁定系统相结合,初步实现对连续可调谐钛宝石窄线宽激光频率的精密调谐。
论文最后讨论了利用计算机自动化控制激光频率精密调谐以及将光学频率合成波段拓展的进一步研究工作。
High frequency stability and narrow-linewidth lasers are indispensable tools in various scientific fields, such as tests of fundamental physics, precision spectroscopy, optical atomic clocks, precision measurement and metrology. Recently, state-of-the-art lasers with subhertz-linewidth at some specific wavelengths have been constructed by using the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. In such laser systems, ultra-stable external optical cavities with high finesse are employed to reduce the laser linewidth. However, for most applications, in which narrow-linewidth lasers should be realized over a wide range of wavelength, it will become complex and much expensive. And it is also difficult to realize if a narrow-linewidth laser needs to be continuously tuned over a relatively broad spectrum precisely. Optical frequency synthesis is the feasible solution to satisfy requirements. In this thesis, we introduce a method of optical frequency synthesis which can yield narrow-linewidth lasers at an arbitrary wavelength over a relatively broad spectrum by transferring high frequency stability and coherence from an ultrastable laser at a specific wavelength to a tunable, single-frequency laser bridged by an optical frequency comb. Key techniques of optical frequency synthesis including a subhertz-linewidth laser, a narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb and a tunable, narrow-linewidth single-frequency laser have been studied and developed.
Two narrow-linewidth Nd:YAG lasers at1064run are constructed by independently frequency-stabilizing to two separately-located, vertically-mounted vibration-insensitive reference cavities of7.75cm-long. Benefiting from passive vibration isolation, high stable temperature control with sub-mK stability, fiber noise cancellation system, as well as stable optical systems, we have realized two subhertz-linewidth lasers. Measurements show that each laser system has achieved a linewidth of0.6Hz and fractional frequency instability of1.2×10-15at1s averaging time. Systematic evaluation shows the frequency instability and linewidth of each laser system is limited by thermal noise of the reference cavity. The laser systems have been running continuously for more than one month.
By precisely phase-locking an optical frequency comb with a repetition rate of800MHz to one of the subhertz-linewidth NdrYAG lasers at1064nm, we have realized a narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb. The absolute linewidth of the comb teeth has been measured to be1Hz over an octave spectrum from532nm to1064nm.
In order to obtain a frequency tunable, narrow-linewidth untra-stable laser, a widely tunable, single-frequency Ti:sapphire laser is precisely phase-locked to the narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb with a frequency tracking accuracy of8×10-17at1s averaging time and a relative linewidth of less than1mHz. Measurements show that a narrow-linewidth Ti:sapphire laser at the Hz level has been realized. The laser frequency of the narrow-linewidth Ti:sapphire laser can be coarsely determined by a wavemeter and be finely tuned by precision phase-locking systems.
Finally, an outlook of further work of optical frequency synthesis on laser frequency tuning by computer and spectrum extension has been discussed.
采用PDH技术、垂直振动免疫的Fabry-Perot (FP)参考腔(腔长7.75cm)、被动隔振和高稳定的温度控制装置(sub-mK)、光纤位相噪声抑制系统和稳定的光学系统建立了两台亚赫兹线宽Nd:YAG激光器(1064nm)。经比对测试表明,激光线宽为0.6Hz,频率稳定度为1.2×10-15(1s的积分时间),达到了FP参考腔的热噪声极限。这两套亚赫兹线宽激光系统可连续工作一个月以上。亚赫兹线宽激光将作为光学频率合成的参考源。
以亚赫兹线宽Nd:YAG激光器作为参考激光,通过对高重复频率(800MHz)钛宝石飞秒激光光梳精密锁相控制,实现了对光梳梳齿线宽的压窄。经比对测试,证实光梳在一个倍频程(532nm-1064nm)内梳齿的绝对线宽在1Hz量级。
由于光梳的所有频谱分量在同一个激光束中,且每一个梳齿的功率极其微弱,还不能满足精密光谱与精密测量的需要。为此,采用精密锁相控制技术将宽带可调谐钛宝石单频激光受控于窄线宽光学频率梳,频率跟踪精度为8×10-17(1s的积分时间),相对线宽<1mHz。经比对测试,证明连续可调谐钛宝石窄线宽激光的线宽达到Hz量级。通过波长计粗锁定和精密位相锁定系统相结合,初步实现对连续可调谐钛宝石窄线宽激光频率的精密调谐。
论文最后讨论了利用计算机自动化控制激光频率精密调谐以及将光学频率合成波段拓展的进一步研究工作。
High frequency stability and narrow-linewidth lasers are indispensable tools in various scientific fields, such as tests of fundamental physics, precision spectroscopy, optical atomic clocks, precision measurement and metrology. Recently, state-of-the-art lasers with subhertz-linewidth at some specific wavelengths have been constructed by using the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. In such laser systems, ultra-stable external optical cavities with high finesse are employed to reduce the laser linewidth. However, for most applications, in which narrow-linewidth lasers should be realized over a wide range of wavelength, it will become complex and much expensive. And it is also difficult to realize if a narrow-linewidth laser needs to be continuously tuned over a relatively broad spectrum precisely. Optical frequency synthesis is the feasible solution to satisfy requirements. In this thesis, we introduce a method of optical frequency synthesis which can yield narrow-linewidth lasers at an arbitrary wavelength over a relatively broad spectrum by transferring high frequency stability and coherence from an ultrastable laser at a specific wavelength to a tunable, single-frequency laser bridged by an optical frequency comb. Key techniques of optical frequency synthesis including a subhertz-linewidth laser, a narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb and a tunable, narrow-linewidth single-frequency laser have been studied and developed.
Two narrow-linewidth Nd:YAG lasers at1064run are constructed by independently frequency-stabilizing to two separately-located, vertically-mounted vibration-insensitive reference cavities of7.75cm-long. Benefiting from passive vibration isolation, high stable temperature control with sub-mK stability, fiber noise cancellation system, as well as stable optical systems, we have realized two subhertz-linewidth lasers. Measurements show that each laser system has achieved a linewidth of0.6Hz and fractional frequency instability of1.2×10-15at1s averaging time. Systematic evaluation shows the frequency instability and linewidth of each laser system is limited by thermal noise of the reference cavity. The laser systems have been running continuously for more than one month.
By precisely phase-locking an optical frequency comb with a repetition rate of800MHz to one of the subhertz-linewidth NdrYAG lasers at1064nm, we have realized a narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb. The absolute linewidth of the comb teeth has been measured to be1Hz over an octave spectrum from532nm to1064nm.
In order to obtain a frequency tunable, narrow-linewidth untra-stable laser, a widely tunable, single-frequency Ti:sapphire laser is precisely phase-locked to the narrow-linewidth optical frequency comb with a frequency tracking accuracy of8×10-17at1s averaging time and a relative linewidth of less than1mHz. Measurements show that a narrow-linewidth Ti:sapphire laser at the Hz level has been realized. The laser frequency of the narrow-linewidth Ti:sapphire laser can be coarsely determined by a wavemeter and be finely tuned by precision phase-locking systems.
Finally, an outlook of further work of optical frequency synthesis on laser frequency tuning by computer and spectrum extension has been discussed.
引文
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