六盘山四种典型森林植被的水文过程与主要元素通量
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摘要
维持元素在森林生态系统内的流动和平衡是一种重要的森林生态服务功能，这涉及元素的输入、输出及转换过程，也涉及在植被、土壤等不同分库的储存与流动通量。养分循环和水文循环有着密切关系，格外需要开展养分和水文循环的同步观测与研究。
本文在我国西北干旱缺水地区的宁夏六盘山区，选择具有典型代表性的华北落叶松人工林、华山松次生林、桦木次生林、野李子灌丛样地，不同程度地同步观测了2011年生长季（5月24日至10月20日）的水文过程及伴随降水转化发生的主要营养元素循环过程，计算了伴随降水输入、冠层雨水转化、枯落物层和主根系层（0-30cm）的渗漏（产流）输出过程发生的主要营养元素通量变化，得到了主要元素的循环与平衡特征。主要结论为：
在2011生长季的降雨量为724.3mm的情况下，四种林分的冠层截留量（率）分别为：桦木林（145.6mm，20.11%）＞华北落叶松林（124.9mm，17.25%）＞华山松林（102.3mm，14.13%）＞野李子灌丛（86.2mm，11.91%）；林下降水量（率）为：野李子灌丛（631.8mm，88.09%）＞华山松林（622.0mm，85.87%）＞华北落叶松林（599.4mm，82.75%）＞桦木林（578.7mm，79.89%）；枯落物层渗漏水量（率）为：野李子灌丛（525.0mm，72.48%）＞华山松林（424.3mm，58.59%）＞华北落叶松林（407.2mm，56.22%）＞桦木林（368.3mm，50.85%）；0-30cm土层渗漏水量（率）为：华山松林（275.9mm，38.09%）＞华北落叶松林（244.2mm，33.72%）。
华北落叶松林的生长季总蒸散为482.5mm，其分量和占降雨量比例分别为植被截持124.9mm（17.25%）、林木蒸腾204.5mm（28.23%）、林下蒸散153.1mm（21.14%））；华山松林的生长季总蒸散为477.1mm，其分量和占降雨量的比例分别为植被截持102.3mm（14.13%）、林木蒸腾222.9mm（30.77%）、林下蒸散151.9mm（20.98%））。两个样地各蒸散分量对总蒸散的贡献均为林木蒸腾＞林下蒸散＞植被截持。
在2011生长季，0-100cm土层的蓄水量（mm）变化为：华北落叶松林（+63.39）＞桦木林（-4.85）＞华山松林（-5.47）＞野李子灌丛（-10.50），即除华北落叶松林样地土壤蓄水增加外，其余三种林分样地均有所减少。
2011年生长季的水量平衡计算表明，该年生长季降水量可充分满足华北落叶松林和华山松林的蒸散耗水需要，其林地产水量（0-30cm土层的净流出量）表现为华山松林样地（252.7mm）＞华北落叶松林样地（178.3mm）。
伴随2011年生长季大气降水输入的元素通量（kg/hm2）分别是：TOC为53.17、NH4+-N为3.04、NO3--N为4.27、PO43-为0.00、K+为8.91、Ca2+为47.51、Mg2+为6.01。在林外降水转为林下降水（穿透水和干流）过程中，发生了林冠对各离子不同的淋溶或吸附作用，从而产生了不同的通量变化。几个样地的TOC、PO43-、K+通量（kg/hm2）明显增大，分别增大到华北落叶松林的132.28、11.16、55.53，华山松林的106.56、14.64、44.83，桦木林的66.52、12.47、40.09，野李子灌丛的79.49、5.01、39.52；而NH4+-N、NO3--N、Ca2+通量（kg/hm2）均有不同程度的降低，分别降低到华北落叶松林的2.40、2.15、32.38，华山松林的2.36、1.92、27.95，桦木林的2.08、2.14、28.75，野李子灌丛的2.29、2.09、34.97；Mg2+通量（kg/hm2）在华北落叶松和华山松中分别增加为7.37、6.28，在桦木林和野李子灌丛中分别减少为5.44、5.40。
样地枯落物层对各元素的通量发挥着“源”或“汇”的不同作用，使元素通量（kg/hm2）发生不同变化。在林下降水转化为枯落物渗漏水后，NH4+-N、NO3--N通量在几种样地内都是降低，分别变化为华北落叶松林的1.22、1.55，华山松林的1.40、1.82、桦木林的1.55、1.69，野李子灌丛的1.79、2.31。Ca2+、Mg2+通量在几个样地内均为增加，分别增到华北落叶松林的40.76、8.71，华山松林的56.52、12.26，桦木林的48.58、12.30，野李子灌丛的75.55、12.60。TOC通量在2个松林样地内表现为降低，分别降到华北落叶松林的90.76，华山松林的104.90；但在另外2个样地表现为增加，分别增至桦木林的84.35、野李子灌丛的129.35。PO43-通量变化在不同样地有所差异，分别降到华北落叶松林的2.97、华山松林的4.62、桦木林的6.56，而在野李子灌丛增大到14.23。K+通量在华北落叶松林内降低到51.59，而在其他三种林分表现为增加，分别增大到华山松林的54.31、桦木林的48.84、野李子灌丛的57.80。
主根系层土壤（0-30cm）对枯落物渗漏水携带的各元素通量（kg/hm2）具有不同的调控作用，表现为对TOC、PO43-、K+的净吸附固定的“汇”作用，其通量分别降低到华北落叶松林的43.04、0.00、12.67，华山松林的66.33、0.00、23.23；但对NH4+-N、NO3--N、Ca2+、Mg2+通量表现为净淋出的“源”作用，分别增大到华北落叶松林的1.76、17.17、121.07、23.27，华山松林的1.66、14.68、114.94、28.80。
相对于林外降水而言，华北落叶松林和华山松林的主根系层土壤（0-30cm）渗漏水中TOC、NH4+-N通量都低于林外降水，说明森林生态系统起着吸收固定的“汇”作用；而NO3--N、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的通量均高于林外降水，说明森林生态系统起着释放输出的“源”作用。
将0-30cm矿质土层和枯落物层合在一起看作林地时，计算了生长季内林地输出和林地获得的差值，即林地的净平衡。在4种植被中，C均为负值，即存在固碳效应，其中天然林固C功能好于人工林。
对华北落叶松和华山松林0-30cm矿质土层的生长季元素净平衡分析表明，C为负值，说明发生了固碳作用；N、P、K、Ca、Mg均为正值，说明发生了迁移流失。
Maintaining the flow and balance of nutrients in forest ecosystem is an importantecosystem service of forests, which involves the elements input, output and conversionprocesses, but also involves the storage and flow fluxes within the pools of vegetation and soil.The nutrient cycling is closely related to the hydrological cycle, thus it needs particularly asimultaneous observation and study on the cycling of both nutrients and water.
In this study, the representative stand plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation,secondary forest of Pinus armandii, secondary forest of Betula platyphylla, and the shrubcommunity of Prunus salicina were selected in the Liupan Mountains, located in the drylandregion of Ningxia in Northwest China. The simultaneous observation of hydrological processesand flows of main nutrients with rainwater were carried out in the growing season of2011(May24to October20). The varying fluxes of main nutrients with rainfall input, conversion ofrainfall within canopy layer, leaching from humus layer and soil layer of main root zone werecalculted. Thus, the main charateristics of the element cycling and balancing in the suduiedforest ecosystems were described. The main conclusions are:
The rainfall in growing season of2011was amounted to724.3mm.. The canopyinterception depth (rate) in the4forests studied were in the order of: Betula platyphyllasecondary forest (145.6mm,20.11%)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (124.9mm,17.25%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (102.3mm,14.13%)> Prunus salicina shrub (86.2mm,11.91%). The depth (rate) of rainfall under canopy were in the order of: Prunus salicinashrub (631.8mm,88.09%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (622.0mm,85.87%)> Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation (599.4mm,82.75%)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest(578.7mm,79.89%）. The humus leakage depth (rate) showed: Prunus salicina shrub (525.0mm,72.48%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (424.3mm,58.59%)> Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation (407.2mm,56.22%)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest (368.3mm,50.85%). The0-30cm soil leakage depth (rate) showed: Pinus armandii secondaryforest (275.9mm,38.09%)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (244.2mm,33.72%)。
According to the measurement, the growing season evapotranspiration of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation was482.5mm, with the the components depth (and ratio torainfall) of vegetation interception124.9mm (17.2%of), tree transpiration204.5mm (28.2%),floor evapotranspiration153.1mm (21.1%). The growing season evapotranspiration of Pinusarmandii secondary forest was477.1mm, with the component depth (and ratio to rainfall) ofvegetation interception102.3mm (14.1%), tree transpiration222.9mm (30.8%), floorevapotranspiration151.9mm (21.0%). For both stand plots, the contribution of components ofevapotranspiration is in the order of: tree transpiration> floor evapotranspiration> vegetationinterception.
The change of soil water storage (mm) in0-100cm within the growing season of2011was: Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (+63.39)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest(-4.85)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (-5.47)> Prunus salicina shrub (-10.50). This meansthat the soil water storage was dexreased for all forest plots except the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation which showed an increase.
The calculation of water balance in growing season of2011indicated that the rainfallamunt can fully meet the demand of evapotranspiration in the plots of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation and Pinus armandii secondary forest. The water yield (i.e., thenet output from soil layer of0-30cm) performanced as Pinus armandii secondary forest (252.7mm)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (178.3mm).
The input flux with opeh field rainfall in the growing season2011for TOC、NH4+-N、NO3--N、PO43-、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+was53.17、3.04、4.27、0.00、8.91、47.51、6.01kg/hm2respectively. During the rainfall conversion to canopy rainfall (the sum of throughfall andstemflow), the elements/ions were leached from or absorbed by the canopy in different degree,resulting in various change of their fluxes. The flux (kg/hm2) of TOC, PO43-, K+was increasedto132.28,11.16,55.53in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation; to106.56,14.64,44.83in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; to66.52,12.47,40.09in the Betula platyphylla secondaryforest; and to79.49,5.01,39.52in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N,NO3--N, Ca2+was decreased to2.40,2.15,32.38in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation;to2.36,1.92,27.95in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; to2.08,2.14,28.75in the Betulaplatyphylla secondary forest; and to2.29,2.09,34.97in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux(kg/hm2) of Mg2+flux was increased to7.37and6.28in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation and Pinus armandii secondary forest, but decreased to5.44in the Betula platyphyllasecondary forest and5.40in the Prunus salicina shrub.
The humus layer of stand plots plays a role of "source" or "sink" for the flux of theelements/ions studied, so that their fluxes were changed variously. After the canopy rainfallwas converted to humus leakage, the flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N and NO3--N was decreased in allthe plots, i.e., decreased to1.22and1.55in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation，1.40and1.82in the Pinus armandii secondary forest,1.55and1.69in the Betula platyphylla secondaryforest,1.79and2.31in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flus (kg/hm2) of Ca2+and Mg2+wasincreased in all plots, i.e., increased to40.76and8.71in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation,56.52and12.26in the Pinus armandii secondary forest,48.58and12.30in theBetula platyphylla secondary forest,75.55and12.60in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux ofTOC (kg/hm2) was behaviored differently, i.e., decreased to90.76in the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation and104.90in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; whileincreased to84.35in the Betula platyphylla secondary forest and129.35in the Prunus salicinashrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of PO43-was decreased to2.97in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation, to4.62in the Pinus armandii secondary forest, and to6.56in the Betula platyphyllasecondary forest, but increased to14.23in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of K+was decreased to51.59in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, but increased to54.31inthe Pinus armandii secondary forest,48.84in the Betula platyphylla secondary forest, and57.80in the Prunus salicina shrub.
The soil layer of main root zone (0-30cm) plays a different regulating role to the flux ofelements/ions carried by humus leakage. This soil layer serves as a “sink” for the flux (kg/hm2)of TOC, PO43-and K+through the absorption or fixation, they were decreased to43.04,0.00,12.67in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation; to66.33,0.00,23.23in the Pinus armandiisecondary forest. However, this soil layer serves as a “source” for the flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N,NO3--N, Ca2+, Mg2+, they were increased to1.76,17.17,121.07,23.27in the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation, and to1.66,14.68,114.94,28.80in the Pinus armandiisecondary forest.
Compared to the elements/ions flux with rainfull, The flux with soil leakage from themain root zone (0-30cm) in both the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and the Pinusarmandii secondary forest were lowered for TOC and NH4+-N, showing a “sink” effect throughabsorption or fixiation; while increased for the flux of NO3—N, Ca2+and Mg2+, showing a“source” effect.
When looking the mineral soil layer of0-30cm and the humus layer together as the forestfloor, the difference between the floor output and floor input was calculated, i.e the net elementbalance of forest floor. Within all the4plots studied, the performance of C is negative,meaning a C fixation which was better in natural forests than in plantation. The net elementbalance of the0-30cm soil layer in the growing season of2011showed to be negative for C,but positive for N, P, K, Ca, Mg in both the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and thePinus armandii secondary forest. This indicates a C fixiation and net loss of nutrient elementsappeared in the mineral soil layer.
本文在我国西北干旱缺水地区的宁夏六盘山区，选择具有典型代表性的华北落叶松人工林、华山松次生林、桦木次生林、野李子灌丛样地，不同程度地同步观测了2011年生长季（5月24日至10月20日）的水文过程及伴随降水转化发生的主要营养元素循环过程，计算了伴随降水输入、冠层雨水转化、枯落物层和主根系层（0-30cm）的渗漏（产流）输出过程发生的主要营养元素通量变化，得到了主要元素的循环与平衡特征。主要结论为：
在2011生长季的降雨量为724.3mm的情况下，四种林分的冠层截留量（率）分别为：桦木林（145.6mm，20.11%）＞华北落叶松林（124.9mm，17.25%）＞华山松林（102.3mm，14.13%）＞野李子灌丛（86.2mm，11.91%）；林下降水量（率）为：野李子灌丛（631.8mm，88.09%）＞华山松林（622.0mm，85.87%）＞华北落叶松林（599.4mm，82.75%）＞桦木林（578.7mm，79.89%）；枯落物层渗漏水量（率）为：野李子灌丛（525.0mm，72.48%）＞华山松林（424.3mm，58.59%）＞华北落叶松林（407.2mm，56.22%）＞桦木林（368.3mm，50.85%）；0-30cm土层渗漏水量（率）为：华山松林（275.9mm，38.09%）＞华北落叶松林（244.2mm，33.72%）。
华北落叶松林的生长季总蒸散为482.5mm，其分量和占降雨量比例分别为植被截持124.9mm（17.25%）、林木蒸腾204.5mm（28.23%）、林下蒸散153.1mm（21.14%））；华山松林的生长季总蒸散为477.1mm，其分量和占降雨量的比例分别为植被截持102.3mm（14.13%）、林木蒸腾222.9mm（30.77%）、林下蒸散151.9mm（20.98%））。两个样地各蒸散分量对总蒸散的贡献均为林木蒸腾＞林下蒸散＞植被截持。
在2011生长季，0-100cm土层的蓄水量（mm）变化为：华北落叶松林（+63.39）＞桦木林（-4.85）＞华山松林（-5.47）＞野李子灌丛（-10.50），即除华北落叶松林样地土壤蓄水增加外，其余三种林分样地均有所减少。
2011年生长季的水量平衡计算表明，该年生长季降水量可充分满足华北落叶松林和华山松林的蒸散耗水需要，其林地产水量（0-30cm土层的净流出量）表现为华山松林样地（252.7mm）＞华北落叶松林样地（178.3mm）。
伴随2011年生长季大气降水输入的元素通量（kg/hm2）分别是：TOC为53.17、NH4+-N为3.04、NO3--N为4.27、PO43-为0.00、K+为8.91、Ca2+为47.51、Mg2+为6.01。在林外降水转为林下降水（穿透水和干流）过程中，发生了林冠对各离子不同的淋溶或吸附作用，从而产生了不同的通量变化。几个样地的TOC、PO43-、K+通量（kg/hm2）明显增大，分别增大到华北落叶松林的132.28、11.16、55.53，华山松林的106.56、14.64、44.83，桦木林的66.52、12.47、40.09，野李子灌丛的79.49、5.01、39.52；而NH4+-N、NO3--N、Ca2+通量（kg/hm2）均有不同程度的降低，分别降低到华北落叶松林的2.40、2.15、32.38，华山松林的2.36、1.92、27.95，桦木林的2.08、2.14、28.75，野李子灌丛的2.29、2.09、34.97；Mg2+通量（kg/hm2）在华北落叶松和华山松中分别增加为7.37、6.28，在桦木林和野李子灌丛中分别减少为5.44、5.40。
样地枯落物层对各元素的通量发挥着“源”或“汇”的不同作用，使元素通量（kg/hm2）发生不同变化。在林下降水转化为枯落物渗漏水后，NH4+-N、NO3--N通量在几种样地内都是降低，分别变化为华北落叶松林的1.22、1.55，华山松林的1.40、1.82、桦木林的1.55、1.69，野李子灌丛的1.79、2.31。Ca2+、Mg2+通量在几个样地内均为增加，分别增到华北落叶松林的40.76、8.71，华山松林的56.52、12.26，桦木林的48.58、12.30，野李子灌丛的75.55、12.60。TOC通量在2个松林样地内表现为降低，分别降到华北落叶松林的90.76，华山松林的104.90；但在另外2个样地表现为增加，分别增至桦木林的84.35、野李子灌丛的129.35。PO43-通量变化在不同样地有所差异，分别降到华北落叶松林的2.97、华山松林的4.62、桦木林的6.56，而在野李子灌丛增大到14.23。K+通量在华北落叶松林内降低到51.59，而在其他三种林分表现为增加，分别增大到华山松林的54.31、桦木林的48.84、野李子灌丛的57.80。
主根系层土壤（0-30cm）对枯落物渗漏水携带的各元素通量（kg/hm2）具有不同的调控作用，表现为对TOC、PO43-、K+的净吸附固定的“汇”作用，其通量分别降低到华北落叶松林的43.04、0.00、12.67，华山松林的66.33、0.00、23.23；但对NH4+-N、NO3--N、Ca2+、Mg2+通量表现为净淋出的“源”作用，分别增大到华北落叶松林的1.76、17.17、121.07、23.27，华山松林的1.66、14.68、114.94、28.80。
相对于林外降水而言，华北落叶松林和华山松林的主根系层土壤（0-30cm）渗漏水中TOC、NH4+-N通量都低于林外降水，说明森林生态系统起着吸收固定的“汇”作用；而NO3--N、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的通量均高于林外降水，说明森林生态系统起着释放输出的“源”作用。
将0-30cm矿质土层和枯落物层合在一起看作林地时，计算了生长季内林地输出和林地获得的差值，即林地的净平衡。在4种植被中，C均为负值，即存在固碳效应，其中天然林固C功能好于人工林。
对华北落叶松和华山松林0-30cm矿质土层的生长季元素净平衡分析表明，C为负值，说明发生了固碳作用；N、P、K、Ca、Mg均为正值，说明发生了迁移流失。
Maintaining the flow and balance of nutrients in forest ecosystem is an importantecosystem service of forests, which involves the elements input, output and conversionprocesses, but also involves the storage and flow fluxes within the pools of vegetation and soil.The nutrient cycling is closely related to the hydrological cycle, thus it needs particularly asimultaneous observation and study on the cycling of both nutrients and water.
In this study, the representative stand plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation,secondary forest of Pinus armandii, secondary forest of Betula platyphylla, and the shrubcommunity of Prunus salicina were selected in the Liupan Mountains, located in the drylandregion of Ningxia in Northwest China. The simultaneous observation of hydrological processesand flows of main nutrients with rainwater were carried out in the growing season of2011(May24to October20). The varying fluxes of main nutrients with rainfall input, conversion ofrainfall within canopy layer, leaching from humus layer and soil layer of main root zone werecalculted. Thus, the main charateristics of the element cycling and balancing in the suduiedforest ecosystems were described. The main conclusions are:
The rainfall in growing season of2011was amounted to724.3mm.. The canopyinterception depth (rate) in the4forests studied were in the order of: Betula platyphyllasecondary forest (145.6mm,20.11%)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (124.9mm,17.25%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (102.3mm,14.13%)> Prunus salicina shrub (86.2mm,11.91%). The depth (rate) of rainfall under canopy were in the order of: Prunus salicinashrub (631.8mm,88.09%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (622.0mm,85.87%)> Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation (599.4mm,82.75%)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest(578.7mm,79.89%）. The humus leakage depth (rate) showed: Prunus salicina shrub (525.0mm,72.48%)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (424.3mm,58.59%)> Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation (407.2mm,56.22%)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest (368.3mm,50.85%). The0-30cm soil leakage depth (rate) showed: Pinus armandii secondaryforest (275.9mm,38.09%)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (244.2mm,33.72%)。
According to the measurement, the growing season evapotranspiration of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation was482.5mm, with the the components depth (and ratio torainfall) of vegetation interception124.9mm (17.2%of), tree transpiration204.5mm (28.2%),floor evapotranspiration153.1mm (21.1%). The growing season evapotranspiration of Pinusarmandii secondary forest was477.1mm, with the component depth (and ratio to rainfall) ofvegetation interception102.3mm (14.1%), tree transpiration222.9mm (30.8%), floorevapotranspiration151.9mm (21.0%). For both stand plots, the contribution of components ofevapotranspiration is in the order of: tree transpiration> floor evapotranspiration> vegetationinterception.
The change of soil water storage (mm) in0-100cm within the growing season of2011was: Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (+63.39)> Betula platyphylla secondary forest(-4.85)> Pinus armandii secondary forest (-5.47)> Prunus salicina shrub (-10.50). This meansthat the soil water storage was dexreased for all forest plots except the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation which showed an increase.
The calculation of water balance in growing season of2011indicated that the rainfallamunt can fully meet the demand of evapotranspiration in the plots of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation and Pinus armandii secondary forest. The water yield (i.e., thenet output from soil layer of0-30cm) performanced as Pinus armandii secondary forest (252.7mm)> Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (178.3mm).
The input flux with opeh field rainfall in the growing season2011for TOC、NH4+-N、NO3--N、PO43-、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+was53.17、3.04、4.27、0.00、8.91、47.51、6.01kg/hm2respectively. During the rainfall conversion to canopy rainfall (the sum of throughfall andstemflow), the elements/ions were leached from or absorbed by the canopy in different degree,resulting in various change of their fluxes. The flux (kg/hm2) of TOC, PO43-, K+was increasedto132.28,11.16,55.53in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation; to106.56,14.64,44.83in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; to66.52,12.47,40.09in the Betula platyphylla secondaryforest; and to79.49,5.01,39.52in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N,NO3--N, Ca2+was decreased to2.40,2.15,32.38in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation;to2.36,1.92,27.95in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; to2.08,2.14,28.75in the Betulaplatyphylla secondary forest; and to2.29,2.09,34.97in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux(kg/hm2) of Mg2+flux was increased to7.37and6.28in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation and Pinus armandii secondary forest, but decreased to5.44in the Betula platyphyllasecondary forest and5.40in the Prunus salicina shrub.
The humus layer of stand plots plays a role of "source" or "sink" for the flux of theelements/ions studied, so that their fluxes were changed variously. After the canopy rainfallwas converted to humus leakage, the flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N and NO3--N was decreased in allthe plots, i.e., decreased to1.22and1.55in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation，1.40and1.82in the Pinus armandii secondary forest,1.55and1.69in the Betula platyphylla secondaryforest,1.79and2.31in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flus (kg/hm2) of Ca2+and Mg2+wasincreased in all plots, i.e., increased to40.76and8.71in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation,56.52and12.26in the Pinus armandii secondary forest,48.58and12.30in theBetula platyphylla secondary forest,75.55and12.60in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux ofTOC (kg/hm2) was behaviored differently, i.e., decreased to90.76in the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation and104.90in the Pinus armandii secondary forest; whileincreased to84.35in the Betula platyphylla secondary forest and129.35in the Prunus salicinashrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of PO43-was decreased to2.97in the Larix principis-rupprechtiiplantation, to4.62in the Pinus armandii secondary forest, and to6.56in the Betula platyphyllasecondary forest, but increased to14.23in the Prunus salicina shrub. The flux (kg/hm2) of K+was decreased to51.59in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, but increased to54.31inthe Pinus armandii secondary forest,48.84in the Betula platyphylla secondary forest, and57.80in the Prunus salicina shrub.
The soil layer of main root zone (0-30cm) plays a different regulating role to the flux ofelements/ions carried by humus leakage. This soil layer serves as a “sink” for the flux (kg/hm2)of TOC, PO43-and K+through the absorption or fixation, they were decreased to43.04,0.00,12.67in the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation; to66.33,0.00,23.23in the Pinus armandiisecondary forest. However, this soil layer serves as a “source” for the flux (kg/hm2) of NH4+-N,NO3--N, Ca2+, Mg2+, they were increased to1.76,17.17,121.07,23.27in the Larixprincipis-rupprechtii plantation, and to1.66,14.68,114.94,28.80in the Pinus armandiisecondary forest.
Compared to the elements/ions flux with rainfull, The flux with soil leakage from themain root zone (0-30cm) in both the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and the Pinusarmandii secondary forest were lowered for TOC and NH4+-N, showing a “sink” effect throughabsorption or fixiation; while increased for the flux of NO3—N, Ca2+and Mg2+, showing a“source” effect.
When looking the mineral soil layer of0-30cm and the humus layer together as the forestfloor, the difference between the floor output and floor input was calculated, i.e the net elementbalance of forest floor. Within all the4plots studied, the performance of C is negative,meaning a C fixation which was better in natural forests than in plantation. The net elementbalance of the0-30cm soil layer in the growing season of2011showed to be negative for C,but positive for N, P, K, Ca, Mg in both the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and thePinus armandii secondary forest. This indicates a C fixiation and net loss of nutrient elementsappeared in the mineral soil layer.
引文
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