基于土壤养分空间变异的烤烟变量施肥研究
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摘要
精准施肥是精准农业的标志性技术。本文以烤烟精准施肥作为研究内容,对不同地形条件下烤烟精准养分管理中的土壤取样、施肥指标体系、分散经营条件下养分分区管理与适度规模经营的精准养分管理、变量施肥机设计等关键技术环节进行了研究,为精准农业技术应用提供科学依据。主要结论如下：
精准施肥是精准农业的标志性技术。本文以烤烟精准施肥作为研究内容,对不同地形条件下烤烟精准养分管理中的土壤取样、施肥指标体系、分散经营条件下养分分区管理与适度规模经营的精准养分管理、变量施肥机设计等关键技术环节进行了研究,为精准农业技术应用提供科学依据。主要结论如下：
1.土壤养分和pH值的块金效应为强到中等,变异来源主要为结构变异,满足地统计和插值分析的基本条件,适合精准养分管理。4种地形的有效变程平均值顺序为pH值>有机质>碱解氮>有效磷>速效钾,该规律和烤烟磷、钾养分过量投入相符合。同一土壤测试指标在不同地形条件数据分布和最优拟合模型不完全相同,同一指标同一地点2010、2013年的数据分布和最优拟合模型也不完全相同,模型的时空稳定性差,时空改变都需要规模采样,限制了其在指导施肥中的应用能力。
2.用于养分管理的植烟土壤取样,基于Cochran公式,置信水平设定为90%,允许误差设定为15%时,可以满足施肥推荐的要求,此时,缓坡地、坝子地和平原的土壤样品代表面积分别为0.73hm2、1.01～1.56hm2、1.92hm2。用于精准养分管理的植烟土壤网格取样,根据半方差分析,缓坡地、坝子地和平原烟田的网格取样最大间距分布为58.2m、134.4～177.5m、234.0m。
3.田间试验表明：黄壤烤烟养分吸收的主要问题是旺长期前磷钾养分吸收(4%、4%)偏低、成熟期氮素吸收(35.5%)偏高、导致干物质积累偏晚,百公斤商品烟叶的N、P2O5、K2O需求分别为4.51kg、0.29kg、5.31kg。水稻土烤烟氮磷钾养分吸收主要集中在40～80d；旺长期前磷钾养分吸收(6.1%、3.7%)偏低是养分吸收的主要问题,百公斤商品烟叶的N、P2O5、K20需求分别为4.25kg、0.41kg、6.29kg。农户调查表明：习惯施肥的主要问题是氮、磷、钾肥料投入高于烤烟需求量,而有机肥投入不足,N、P2O5、K2O盈余分别为35.7kg/hm2、103.5kg/hm2、169.5kg/hm2,碳亏缺438.0kg/hm2。
4.根据贵州省黔北田间试验、农户调查、植烟土壤养分含量的频率分布、养分分级文献建立贵州黔北烟草施肥指标体系。把遵义市植烟土壤养分应用于黔北施肥指标体系,计算遵义市烟草平均养分推荐为：基肥N、P2O5、K2O推荐量分别为64.58kg/hm2、75.1kg/hm2、157.65kg/hm2;追肥N、P2O5、K2O推荐量分别为27.68kg/hm2、Okg/hm2、55.35kg/hm2。提出基肥配方为“10-11-24”,追肥配方保留原有农户习惯施肥的追肥配方“15-0-30”。
5.提出无变量机具支持情况下分散经营土壤养分管理分区的基本步骤。即：土壤养分插值、以地块为单元统计土壤养分、依据施肥模型针对地块进行肥料养分推荐、聚类分析地块肥料养分形成针对地块的养分管理分区。规模经营且变量施肥机支持的情况下,以“大配方、小调整”模式进行烤烟养分管理。在一个区域内,使用相同的肥料配方,以氮素养分推荐量调整肥料用量；土壤养分插值用来计算养分推荐量,直接使用变量施肥机执行施肥处方,区别于人工施肥情况下简化操作单元而建立的养分管理分区。
6.基于以上研究设计一款基于施肥处方地图的变量施肥机,主要包括处方生成模块和处方执行模块。处方生成模块根据土壤测试数据、边界地图、施肥模型自动计算养分推荐量,生成空间地理数字处方;处方执行模块核心硬件包括集GPS数据采集、科学计算、变量施肥控制的控制器终端,由排肥涡杆、外壳、驱动电机等部件组成的排肥器；处方执行模块软件负责驱动GPS、电机、速度传感器、并监听各部件状态,根据施肥机位置信息执行施肥处方。
7.分散经营条件下的精准养分管理可以节约氮、磷肥料分别为10.7%、10.3%,增产增收5454.63元/hm2,扣除因增加钾肥0.5%和土壤测试成本,精准养分管理节本增效5140.9元/hm2。规模经营条件下应用变量施肥机的精准养分管理较农户习惯施肥可节省肥料4.6%,缩小因农田养分变异导致的作物长势差异,使株高的变异系数下降29.6%,提高作物产量和改善农产品品质(中等烟率增加13.05%),节本增效4310.65元/hm2,具有较好的经济和社会效益。
创新点
1.设计研制国内首款具有自主知识产权的烟草变量施肥机,针对土壤养分空间变异,在不同管理单元实现变量施肥,在同一管理单元施肥均匀,农田应用表明：该施肥机能够节省肥料、提高作物整齐度、增加产量、改善品质、增加农田收益,具有较好的经济和社会效益。
2.通过研究烤烟养分吸收规律、养分推荐分级指标、土壤养分空间分布、农田养分分区管理,建立了以数据采集为基础、以决策平台为中心、以变量施肥机械为手段的精准施肥技术体系和管理平台。
Precision fertilization is a symbol technology for precision agriculture. Taking the precision fertilization in flue-cured tobacco cultivation as the research object, this paper developed some key technologies in different topography conditions, which included soil sampling, establishment of fertilization indicators system, the site specific nutrient management under the mode of diversified operation, precision fertilization management in scale agriculture, and the design of the variable rate fertilizer applicator machinery. It can provide scientific basis for the application of precision agriculture technology. The main conclusions were showed as follows:
1. The nugget effect of soil nutrients and pH is for the strong to moderate. The structural Variation is the main source of variation, which meet the basic conditions analysis of statistics and interpolation and is suitable for precise nutrient management. The order of the effective range of4kinds of terrain is for pH value> organic matter> n> P> k, which is consistent with the rule for P, K excess investment. The same soil test index in different terrain conditions is not exactly the same for data distribution and the best fitting model. The data distribution and the best fitting model is not the same for the same index the same place in2010and2013. Because temporal stability of the model is poor, which limit its ability to guide the application of fertilizer, so it needs re-sampling when time and space change.
2. Based on the Cochran formula, when the confidence level was90%and the permissible error was15%, the soil samples can meet the demands of fertilizer recommendations which represented tobacco acreage of0.73hm2,1.01～1.56hm2, and1.92hm2in gentle slope, plateau and plain fields, respectively. By using geo-statistical analysis, the maximum intervals of grid sampling for the3topographies that gentle slope, plateau and plain fields were58.2m,134.4～177.5m,234.0m, respectively.
3. The main problems in nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation of the flue-cured tobacco in yellow soil included that:the uptake of P and K nutrients before the fast growing period was lower (i.e.,4%and4%), the N absorption during mature period was higher (35.5%), and dry matter accumulation was later than that of high quality flue-cured tobacco. The demands of tobacco leaf per100kilograms for N, P2O5, and K2O were4.51kg,0.29kg, and5.31kg, respectively. The time of N, P and K nutrient absorption mainly concentrated on40～80d; the relatively low absorption rates of P and K (6.1%,3.7%) were the main problems before fast growing stage for paddy soil. The nutrient needs of N, P2O5, K2O for tobacco were4.25kg,0.41kg, and6.29kg per one hundred kilograms tobacco, respectively. Household survey showed that:nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer is higher than the growth of flue-cured tobacco demand and lack of organic manure. The N、P2O5、K2O had surplus for35.7kg/hm2、103.5kg/hm、169.5kg/hm2, respectively, but SOC showed a deficiency of438.0kg/hm2.
4. Based on the field experiment, household survey, the distribution of soil nutrient and nutrient classification literature in North Guizhou province, an index system was set up for tobacco fertilization. Through combining the nutrient conditions of tobacco soils in Zunyi with the index system, it calculated the average recommend nutrient needs of tobacco in Zunyi. That was, the amounts of N、P2O5、K2O as basal fertilizer were recommended as64.58kg/hm2、75.1kg/hm2、157.65kg/hm2, with a formula of10-11-24(N-P2O5-K2O); the additional fertilizers were27.68kg/hm2、0kg/hm2、55.35kg/hm2, with a formula of15-0-30(N-P2O5-K2O).
5. On condition of diversified management, the basic steps of soil nutrient precise management and partition were put forward without the support of variable machine equipments, which included soil nutrition interpolation, soil nutrient statistics taking the separate plot as a unit, fertilizer formula recommended according to the fertilizer model, plot nutrient management based on cluster analysis of fertilizer nutrient. With the support of the variable rate fertilization machinery under the condition of the scale operation, the mode of flue-cured tobacco nutrient management can be summarized as "big formula, small adjustment", that is, to use the same fertilizer formula in an area, and to adjust the rate of fertilizer application according to the recommended N nutrient. The recommended nutrient rate can be calculated by the soil nutrient interpolation and be directly executed using the variable fertilizer machinery, which was different from the nutrient management by the artificial fertilization.
6. A variable rate fertilizer applicator machine was designed based on the formula fertilization map. It mainly included two components, i.e., fertilizer formula generated module and execution module. The generated module can automatically calculate the recommended fertilizer rate based on soil testing data, map boundary and nutrient fertilization model and then generate digital geospatial formula; The execution module was composed of some core hardware, such as the control terminal combining GPS data acquisition, scientific computing, variable rate fertilization control, and the fertilizer applicator comprising vortex rod, shell, and motor parts; the execution software was responsible for driving GPS, motor, speed sensor, and monitoring each part's status, and executing the fertilizer formula according to the location information of the fertilizer applicator.
7. For diversified management, the application of the steps in gentle slope fields showed that, compare with farmers'conventional fertilizer, N and P fertilizers through the precise nutrient management could be decreased by10.7%,10.3%, the production would be increased by5454.63yuan/hm2, and the net benefit would be increased by5140.9yuan/hm2taking off0.5%of K fertilizer amendment and soil test cost. For the scale operation, the variable rate fertilization management with machinery can play a great effects on the economic and social benefits, such as saving fertilizer input rate4.6%f, narrowing the difference of crop growth caused by variable farmland nutrient management, reducing the coefficient of variation of crop plant agronomic traits29.6%, increasing crop yield and improving the quality of agricultural products by13.05%, and improving production efficiency per unit farmland for4310.65yuan/hm2.
精准施肥是精准农业的标志性技术。本文以烤烟精准施肥作为研究内容,对不同地形条件下烤烟精准养分管理中的土壤取样、施肥指标体系、分散经营条件下养分分区管理与适度规模经营的精准养分管理、变量施肥机设计等关键技术环节进行了研究,为精准农业技术应用提供科学依据。主要结论如下：
1.土壤养分和pH值的块金效应为强到中等,变异来源主要为结构变异,满足地统计和插值分析的基本条件,适合精准养分管理。4种地形的有效变程平均值顺序为pH值>有机质>碱解氮>有效磷>速效钾,该规律和烤烟磷、钾养分过量投入相符合。同一土壤测试指标在不同地形条件数据分布和最优拟合模型不完全相同,同一指标同一地点2010、2013年的数据分布和最优拟合模型也不完全相同,模型的时空稳定性差,时空改变都需要规模采样,限制了其在指导施肥中的应用能力。
2.用于养分管理的植烟土壤取样,基于Cochran公式,置信水平设定为90%,允许误差设定为15%时,可以满足施肥推荐的要求,此时,缓坡地、坝子地和平原的土壤样品代表面积分别为0.73hm2、1.01～1.56hm2、1.92hm2。用于精准养分管理的植烟土壤网格取样,根据半方差分析,缓坡地、坝子地和平原烟田的网格取样最大间距分布为58.2m、134.4～177.5m、234.0m。
3.田间试验表明：黄壤烤烟养分吸收的主要问题是旺长期前磷钾养分吸收(4%、4%)偏低、成熟期氮素吸收(35.5%)偏高、导致干物质积累偏晚,百公斤商品烟叶的N、P2O5、K2O需求分别为4.51kg、0.29kg、5.31kg。水稻土烤烟氮磷钾养分吸收主要集中在40～80d；旺长期前磷钾养分吸收(6.1%、3.7%)偏低是养分吸收的主要问题,百公斤商品烟叶的N、P2O5、K20需求分别为4.25kg、0.41kg、6.29kg。农户调查表明：习惯施肥的主要问题是氮、磷、钾肥料投入高于烤烟需求量,而有机肥投入不足,N、P2O5、K2O盈余分别为35.7kg/hm2、103.5kg/hm2、169.5kg/hm2,碳亏缺438.0kg/hm2。
4.根据贵州省黔北田间试验、农户调查、植烟土壤养分含量的频率分布、养分分级文献建立贵州黔北烟草施肥指标体系。把遵义市植烟土壤养分应用于黔北施肥指标体系,计算遵义市烟草平均养分推荐为：基肥N、P2O5、K2O推荐量分别为64.58kg/hm2、75.1kg/hm2、157.65kg/hm2;追肥N、P2O5、K2O推荐量分别为27.68kg/hm2、Okg/hm2、55.35kg/hm2。提出基肥配方为“10-11-24”,追肥配方保留原有农户习惯施肥的追肥配方“15-0-30”。
5.提出无变量机具支持情况下分散经营土壤养分管理分区的基本步骤。即：土壤养分插值、以地块为单元统计土壤养分、依据施肥模型针对地块进行肥料养分推荐、聚类分析地块肥料养分形成针对地块的养分管理分区。规模经营且变量施肥机支持的情况下,以“大配方、小调整”模式进行烤烟养分管理。在一个区域内,使用相同的肥料配方,以氮素养分推荐量调整肥料用量；土壤养分插值用来计算养分推荐量,直接使用变量施肥机执行施肥处方,区别于人工施肥情况下简化操作单元而建立的养分管理分区。
6.基于以上研究设计一款基于施肥处方地图的变量施肥机,主要包括处方生成模块和处方执行模块。处方生成模块根据土壤测试数据、边界地图、施肥模型自动计算养分推荐量,生成空间地理数字处方;处方执行模块核心硬件包括集GPS数据采集、科学计算、变量施肥控制的控制器终端,由排肥涡杆、外壳、驱动电机等部件组成的排肥器；处方执行模块软件负责驱动GPS、电机、速度传感器、并监听各部件状态,根据施肥机位置信息执行施肥处方。
7.分散经营条件下的精准养分管理可以节约氮、磷肥料分别为10.7%、10.3%,增产增收5454.63元/hm2,扣除因增加钾肥0.5%和土壤测试成本,精准养分管理节本增效5140.9元/hm2。规模经营条件下应用变量施肥机的精准养分管理较农户习惯施肥可节省肥料4.6%,缩小因农田养分变异导致的作物长势差异,使株高的变异系数下降29.6%,提高作物产量和改善农产品品质(中等烟率增加13.05%),节本增效4310.65元/hm2,具有较好的经济和社会效益。
创新点
1.设计研制国内首款具有自主知识产权的烟草变量施肥机,针对土壤养分空间变异,在不同管理单元实现变量施肥,在同一管理单元施肥均匀,农田应用表明：该施肥机能够节省肥料、提高作物整齐度、增加产量、改善品质、增加农田收益,具有较好的经济和社会效益。
2.通过研究烤烟养分吸收规律、养分推荐分级指标、土壤养分空间分布、农田养分分区管理,建立了以数据采集为基础、以决策平台为中心、以变量施肥机械为手段的精准施肥技术体系和管理平台。
Precision fertilization is a symbol technology for precision agriculture. Taking the precision fertilization in flue-cured tobacco cultivation as the research object, this paper developed some key technologies in different topography conditions, which included soil sampling, establishment of fertilization indicators system, the site specific nutrient management under the mode of diversified operation, precision fertilization management in scale agriculture, and the design of the variable rate fertilizer applicator machinery. It can provide scientific basis for the application of precision agriculture technology. The main conclusions were showed as follows:
1. The nugget effect of soil nutrients and pH is for the strong to moderate. The structural Variation is the main source of variation, which meet the basic conditions analysis of statistics and interpolation and is suitable for precise nutrient management. The order of the effective range of4kinds of terrain is for pH value> organic matter> n> P> k, which is consistent with the rule for P, K excess investment. The same soil test index in different terrain conditions is not exactly the same for data distribution and the best fitting model. The data distribution and the best fitting model is not the same for the same index the same place in2010and2013. Because temporal stability of the model is poor, which limit its ability to guide the application of fertilizer, so it needs re-sampling when time and space change.
2. Based on the Cochran formula, when the confidence level was90%and the permissible error was15%, the soil samples can meet the demands of fertilizer recommendations which represented tobacco acreage of0.73hm2,1.01～1.56hm2, and1.92hm2in gentle slope, plateau and plain fields, respectively. By using geo-statistical analysis, the maximum intervals of grid sampling for the3topographies that gentle slope, plateau and plain fields were58.2m,134.4～177.5m,234.0m, respectively.
3. The main problems in nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation of the flue-cured tobacco in yellow soil included that:the uptake of P and K nutrients before the fast growing period was lower (i.e.,4%and4%), the N absorption during mature period was higher (35.5%), and dry matter accumulation was later than that of high quality flue-cured tobacco. The demands of tobacco leaf per100kilograms for N, P2O5, and K2O were4.51kg,0.29kg, and5.31kg, respectively. The time of N, P and K nutrient absorption mainly concentrated on40～80d; the relatively low absorption rates of P and K (6.1%,3.7%) were the main problems before fast growing stage for paddy soil. The nutrient needs of N, P2O5, K2O for tobacco were4.25kg,0.41kg, and6.29kg per one hundred kilograms tobacco, respectively. Household survey showed that:nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer is higher than the growth of flue-cured tobacco demand and lack of organic manure. The N、P2O5、K2O had surplus for35.7kg/hm2、103.5kg/hm、169.5kg/hm2, respectively, but SOC showed a deficiency of438.0kg/hm2.
4. Based on the field experiment, household survey, the distribution of soil nutrient and nutrient classification literature in North Guizhou province, an index system was set up for tobacco fertilization. Through combining the nutrient conditions of tobacco soils in Zunyi with the index system, it calculated the average recommend nutrient needs of tobacco in Zunyi. That was, the amounts of N、P2O5、K2O as basal fertilizer were recommended as64.58kg/hm2、75.1kg/hm2、157.65kg/hm2, with a formula of10-11-24(N-P2O5-K2O); the additional fertilizers were27.68kg/hm2、0kg/hm2、55.35kg/hm2, with a formula of15-0-30(N-P2O5-K2O).
5. On condition of diversified management, the basic steps of soil nutrient precise management and partition were put forward without the support of variable machine equipments, which included soil nutrition interpolation, soil nutrient statistics taking the separate plot as a unit, fertilizer formula recommended according to the fertilizer model, plot nutrient management based on cluster analysis of fertilizer nutrient. With the support of the variable rate fertilization machinery under the condition of the scale operation, the mode of flue-cured tobacco nutrient management can be summarized as "big formula, small adjustment", that is, to use the same fertilizer formula in an area, and to adjust the rate of fertilizer application according to the recommended N nutrient. The recommended nutrient rate can be calculated by the soil nutrient interpolation and be directly executed using the variable fertilizer machinery, which was different from the nutrient management by the artificial fertilization.
6. A variable rate fertilizer applicator machine was designed based on the formula fertilization map. It mainly included two components, i.e., fertilizer formula generated module and execution module. The generated module can automatically calculate the recommended fertilizer rate based on soil testing data, map boundary and nutrient fertilization model and then generate digital geospatial formula; The execution module was composed of some core hardware, such as the control terminal combining GPS data acquisition, scientific computing, variable rate fertilization control, and the fertilizer applicator comprising vortex rod, shell, and motor parts; the execution software was responsible for driving GPS, motor, speed sensor, and monitoring each part's status, and executing the fertilizer formula according to the location information of the fertilizer applicator.
7. For diversified management, the application of the steps in gentle slope fields showed that, compare with farmers'conventional fertilizer, N and P fertilizers through the precise nutrient management could be decreased by10.7%,10.3%, the production would be increased by5454.63yuan/hm2, and the net benefit would be increased by5140.9yuan/hm2taking off0.5%of K fertilizer amendment and soil test cost. For the scale operation, the variable rate fertilization management with machinery can play a great effects on the economic and social benefits, such as saving fertilizer input rate4.6%f, narrowing the difference of crop growth caused by variable farmland nutrient management, reducing the coefficient of variation of crop plant agronomic traits29.6%, increasing crop yield and improving the quality of agricultural products by13.05%, and improving production efficiency per unit farmland for4310.65yuan/hm2.
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