山地城市多层次生态绿地系统规划研究
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摘要
“城镇化是扩大内需的最大潜力”,城镇化已经成为我国未来发展的趋势和经济增长的核心。目前中国的城镇化水平超过了50%,最近国家公布的“国家新型城镇化规划”会将城镇化推向一个更高水平。但在城镇化迅速提高的同时,也影响到了城市的健康发展,城市的无序扩张造成了城市自然生态系统的功能失调,一定程度上可以说是以牺牲生态环境为代价的,带来了一系列的城市生态问题。如何在新型城镇化发展的同时保障高水平的人居环境?将是我们面临和必须解决的重大课题。
中国政府已经充分认识到城市生态环境恶化带来的严重问题,适时提出了努力建设“生态文明”和“美丽中国”的目标。生态文明包括的内容很广,但具体落实在城市建设中,与其紧密相关的莫过于城市绿地系统构建。作为城市生态系统中唯一具有自净功能的组成部分,城市绿地具有不可替代的生态、社会和景观功能,可以有效改善城市环境、增加城市生态基础,成为在城市规划层面解决城市生态环境问题的重要手段。但是,由于绿地系统规划多年来在理论研究方面突破不多,缺乏上层规划指导,在城市总体规划阶段多数时候并不能充分地体现绿地系统的意图。同时绿地系统规划是城市总规的下位规划,是总规完成后单独编制的专项规划,只能在总体规划大框架下进行微调,基本属于被动式的提出局部解决办法。从生态城市的高度看,其局限性显而易见,难以真正形成科学的城市绿地系统,达到最大限度地解决和改善城市生态环境问题的目的。
一直以来致力于生态环境改善的同时还有环保行业开展的生态规划及环境治理,从不同的角度发挥了改善和指导城市生态建设的作用。生态规划是主动性调控,属于比较宏观的层面,更多地关注城市以外较大地域的生态问题,涉及的内容非常宽泛,实施周期可能较长,实际效果往往不直接和明显,有大而泛之感,缺乏对具体生态细节的指导,落地较困难；项目的环境评价本来是主动式的,但往往流于形式；环境治理基本属于被动式措施,相对于生态规划而言是微观层次。因而在改善城市生态环境方面亦有其局限性,近年来国家有关部委希望以规划环评的方式来予以改进,但也收效甚微。
面对生态文明的新要求和新型城镇化在生态环境方面的巨大压力,目前以城市绿地建设为主导、空间上主要是”点--线--面”结合、多着眼城市内部考虑问题的绿地系统和过于宏观的生态规划显然不能适应,必须在理论和实践上均有所突破,寻求出一条新路径。
在借鉴国外城市规划、城市生态及环境保护等方面成果的基础上,本文试图以生态规划融合城市绿地系统规划形成新的理论。不以城市论城市,而是从城乡统筹和全域的范围研究城市生态问题,形成更大的城市生态基底,探讨以生态规划理论指导—生态服务功能为导向的城市生态空间建设刚性框架。即生态规划向下延伸,更多地关注城市生态问题；而城市绿地系统规划向上拓展,与生态保护结合,更多地融入全域绿色空间,规划生态安全格局,设定生态安全底线,形成城市生态绿地系统规划,且先行于城市用地规划,确保城市生态环境优良。
目前,住建部门也认识到了城市绿地系统规划解决生态问题的局限性,在多年创建”国家园林”的基础上提出了建设“国家生态城市”的概念和相应标准,并试尝开始进行”国家生态城市”试点与评选工作。本文认为仍然以现行的绿地系统规划指导生态城市建设,理论和实践上可能都难以突破,只有完善理论指导,提升绿地系统规划的规划层次,明确提出构建城市生态绿地系统,才能从根本上解决城市人居环境问题。
生态园林城市是自然环境优美、生态功能完善、社会效益良好,实现人与自然和谐相处,城市可持续发展,是综合解决现阶段城市建设中生态与发展问题的有效途径。构建良好的城市生态基础设施(Ecological infrastructure),把生态环境及园林绿化建设作为城市居民的绿色福利,让人“望得见山,看得见水,记得住乡愁”。
本文主要研究目的是结合生态学与绿地规划理论,提出生态绿地规划理论,建立宏观生态规划与绿地系统规划之间的桥梁,完善和深化绿地系统规划的理论,在宏观生态格局控制下进行生态绿地系统规划,改变绿地系统应对城市生态建设的被动局面,充分发挥生态绿地系统的主动规划功能,从生态优先角度建设城市总体生态框架。
中国是一个多山国家,很多城市建立在山脚盆地或者依山而建,缺乏平坦的土地造成了城市用地的进一步紧张。山地城市的生态绿地系统规划更需要解决合理用地强度和生态需要两者之间的关系。城市生态绿地系统规划具有普遍意义,尤其对于山地城市而言,改善和提升城市生态环境水平作用非常显著,对平原或少河城市亦有其指导意义但作用相对逊色。本文以中国典型中部山地城市为实践对象,从山地城市的水平方向和竖直方向进行三维角度的生态绿地系统规划,以”斑块一—廊道——生态网络”为指导,通过生态绿道联系破碎化绿色斑块并加强生态敏感区的重点区域设计,形成生态绿地系统规划特有的生态网络格局,实现山地城市多层次的生态绿地系统规划。
本研究的创新点在于提出城市生态绿地系统规划理论,实现城市生态规划与绿地规划的链接,对绿地系统理论进行提升和完善,从生态系统理论基础出发,对现有自然环境与生态系统进行调查与分析,增加山地和水生生态系统覆盖及不同生态位物种搭配,稳定生物多样性与自然循环,构建生态网络格局；并实现了其研究理论在中国中部典型山地城市咸宁市的首个实践与探索。
通过对城市生态绿地系统理论的研究和实践应用,可以归纳总结如下：
(1)通过国内外文献调研,绿地系统起源于早期风景园林学科,发展于城市规划的实践,从城市公园运动到现如今,可以充分发现绿地系统以优化人居环境,增加城市居民生活舒适度为目的,从局部设计到城市整体规划,绿地系统的规划内容和范围逐渐增加。但是也有很多不足之处,如规划模式固定,对城市绿化用地的选择被动等,存在理论滞后与实践效果不理想的缺陷,而本身绿地系统的生态作用是不可否认的。因此,只有通过有效的生态方法和技术完善和深化绿地系统理论,并提升到城市生态的高度,才可以完全优化和改善固有不足,进一步形成本文研究的生态绿地系统规划理论。
(2)从理论扩展的角度,将多学科可融合成果充分吸纳,如生态学关于生态系统稳定、生态网络、生态位的理论,恢复生态学关于生物廊道保护的理论、生物地球化学循环等,进一步提出了生态绿地系统理论及要点、规划程序与步骤、设计重点等,并针对山地城市特点,结合自然地理的理念,将生态绿地系统规划与山地城市的特点结合规划设计绿地,使绿地从简单的存在变成生态绿地系统,在城市生态系统的角度上实现绿地最大生态功能。
(3)研究汇总了调查的绿地现状信息,掌握了咸宁市现有绿地的基本状况,通过对上一轮绿地规划的分析和上一层次的城市总体规划对绿地规划的要求,总结了上一轮绿地规划和建设的优缺点,并针对城市总体规划的不足,从生态安全格局的要求出发,在构建良好生态格局和满足公园绿地服务半经的前提下,针对性地提出绿地建设应尽量退出平地,多用山丘林地的思路和策略,局部调整城市用地,优化了绿地系统规划,极大地降低了公园绿地的征地拆迁及建设成本,节约了大量的城市用地,具有很高的社会和经济价值。
通过既往规划建设分析和上一层次规划的分析可知：咸宁市现有绿地条件优良,生态基础好,城区内及外围山体原生生态环境好,多为低丘且植被丰茂,地方树种特色性强；城市总体规划中绿地与城市融合度高,但利用现状山林明显不足,上一轮规划的绿地实施建设过少。通过以现有绿地为基础,以生态理论科学指导,将城市可绿化区域纳入生态绿地系统规划范畴,建设绿地生态廊道,形成绿地系统网络,最大化绿地生态功能；细化绿地规划目标对象,以道路、山体、河岸和其他绿色廊道联系各绿色斑块,完善并形成生态绿地系统。
(4)全面分析总结咸宁市的环境质量、自然资源状况和生态环境现状,为生态绿地系统规划充分调研,并提出合理建议。咸宁市城市发展战略以“温泉旅游”为主,城市空气质量常年可达良好水平,水环境、声环境质量也较好,有良好的城市环境;城市水资源丰富,淦河横穿市区,市域还有多个湖泊和水库,周围多山地丘陵地带,高海拔地区和高坡度地区的自然植被保存良好,市内绿化程度较高,生态系统类型丰富,涵盖温带所有生态系统类型。
(5)通过结合生态绿地规划理论研究成果,分步骤实践,完成生态绿地规划内容,突出了山地城市生态绿地的特点。首先,从生态绿地系统水平层次进行绿地规划,从布局到具体物种搭配,进行了公园绿地、道路绿地还有工业、居住、附属绿地的完整规划;其次,从山地空间特征入手,完善了竖直方向生态绿地系统的多层次规划,对不同坡度和高度的绿地同样完成了从布局到物种搭配的规划内容,对重点滨水地带进行规划；构建了咸宁市域生态绿地系统网络,尤其是城市内外绿色空间渗透规划,形成生态绿地系统的完整性,并纳入统一管理,形成稳定的生态安全格局。
(6)通过对完成的咸宁市生态绿地系统成果进行检校,生态绿地系统在依据多理论支持下的规划内容更为完善,优化了城市布局,避免了城市发展中的边界无序扩张的情况,极好地控制了城市建设用地比例。生态绿地系统规划是城市发展的绿色管制工具,在保护自然资源、控制环境质量、优化城市发展模式上都发挥了重要的作用,变被动为主动,扭转了城市总体规划中主要将边角地或废弃地等不可建设用地作为绿地控制的短视行为,改变了建设和发展的不合理模式。
(7)总结了生态绿地系统的基本功能,如生态基本功能、水土保持功能、环境保护功能、防灾减灾功能等,并汇总生态绿地系统规划的主体成果。生态绿地系统的主要生态基本功能是增强生态系统稳定性,通过生态网络构建,增加生物多样性,增加本身生物量且增加系统与外界、系统内部的能量与物质的交换；绿地本身就是水土保持中防治水土流失的措施,有效的生态绿地系统规划可以减少水土流失,对城市珍贵的地表进行防护；作为绿地系统单元的公园、绿道都具有防灾减灾功能,山地绿地等可以防止滑坡等自然灾害对人文环境的破坏,生态绿地系统强化了其防灾减灾效果,使绿道作为逃生通道更为通畅,而公园足够的防灾设施和绿地保护,使避灾人群不会受到灾害的影响。
通过对绿地系统规划的理论完善、深化和实践,生态绿地系统规划理论是可行的,且从生态效益上超越绿地系统规划效果。生态绿地系统规划除了完善本身绿地规划的步骤和方法,进一步扩展了系统保护和规划的对象,纳入水体保护的要求和山体保护的内容,明确了生态绿地系统空间管制对生态敏感区的保护和生态网络构建的内容,构建了生态安全格局,划定生态安全底线,充实了生态绿地系统生态基本功能、水土保持功能、环境保护功能和防灾减灾功能等。
本文提出的生态绿地系统规划理论是对绿地系统从理论到实践的一个提升和初步探讨,理论结合的部分还需要多方实践去验证和发现,才能进一步更加优化理论,指导实践。而本身多学科理论对生态绿地系统规划理论的指导是延续的,很多现有研究内容的成果将在成熟的条件下进一步优化理论内容,深化理论内涵,理论本身实践性较强,需要成熟的理论成果不断完善。生态绿地系统规划理论本身也可以进一步深化,要随时追踪最新的恢复生态学成果,完善城市作为人工建筑造成的生态退化,利用GIS建成生态绿地系统数据库,为城市不断优化生态绿地系统提供参考。也可以从微观和宏观层面进一步研究生态绿地系统,微观层面上,从分子层面论证局部绿地与生态绿地系统之间的层次关系,宏观层面研究生态绿地系统作为半人工系统和城市居民之间的和谐关系,进一步展望人工建筑与自然环境互相渗透下的生态演化趋势。
Urbanization is the greatest potential impetus for expanding domestic demand', which has been the trend of the future development and the core of economic growth in China. Hitherto ad the level of urbanization in China has exceeded50%, and the National Innovative Urbanization Plan announced by the government resently is going to promote the degree of urbanization to a higher level. Nevertheless, the impact on urban healthy developments has resulted of the rapid increase of urbanization at the same time. Specifically, the sprawl of the cities has led to the dysfunction of the urban natural ecosystems, which can be regard as the cost of ecological environment to some extent, and brings a series of urban ecological problems. Therefore the major issure that must be faced and settled is how to promote the innovative urbanization with preserve the living suroundings of human.
The government of China has been fully aware of the serious problems casused by the urban ecological degradation, and set an objective of striving to build'Ecological Civilization' and'Beautiful China'. The content involved in Ecological Civilization is wide in which the building of the urban green space system is closly related to the specific urban construction. As the only part of the urban ecosystem that owns self-clesning function, the urban green space is capable of improving the urban environment, increasing the urban ecological foundation and being the solution to solving the urban ecological problems in urban planning level with the irrepalceable function of ecology, society, and landscape. Unfortunately, according to the lack of breakthrough in theory study on green space system planning and upper planning guidance over the years, it usually failed to reflect the intent of the green space system planning in the stage of the urban master planing adequately. Meanwhile, the green space system planning is the subordinate planning of the urban master planning and the separate specialized planning compiled after the completion of the urban master planning, which it can only fine-tune the planing in the framework of the urban master planning and belongs to a passive proposed partial solution basically. The limitations of the green space system planning are obvious from the perspective of the eco-city that lead to the difficulty in building the more scientific urban green space system, improving the urban ecological environment, and solving the urban ecological problems maximally.
The ecological planning and environmental management carried out by the environmental protection industry and the improvement of the ecological environment play the roles in improving and guiding the urban ecologicla construction from the different perspectives.Theoretically, the ecological planning is proactive regulation that belongs to the more macro level, forcus on the more eoclogical problems out of the urban, cover the broader contents and require longer period for implementation, the effect is often not directly and clearly actualy, which it lacks the specific guides in detials and has difficulty in implement. The environment assessment should have been active, it always turn into be a mere formality. The environmental governance are passive measures basically, and belongs to the micro-level compared with ecological planning. Thus, in term of improving the ecological environment, the ecological planning still has limitations. In spite of the improvements that the relevant state ministries hope to makes by using plan environmental impact assessment, the effort is being expended with so little apparent result.
In the face of the new requirement from the ecological civilization and enormous pressure in term of ecological environment, currently it is apparent improper that the green space system led by the urban green space building, bound with the'point-line-surface'spatially, focused on consideration of the inner city issue is for the over macroscopic ecological planning, it have to make a brekthrough both in theory and in practice to seek out a new approaching.
Based on the outcomes of the foreign urban planning, urban ecology and environmental protection, this study attemps to blend the ecological planning with the urban green space system planning to form a new theory. In this theory, the study of the urban eocological problems are not just limited in the urban but on the scope of the both urban and rural area, helping to build a larger urban ecological foundation, discussing the ecological planning theory and the ecological service function oriented urban ecological sapce construction rigid frame. Namely, on the one hand, the ecological planning extends downward and pays more attention to urban ecological problems. On the other hand, the urban green space system planning expands upward and combines with the ecological protection, integrates more into the close-region green spcae, plans the ecological security pattern, sets the bottom line of ecological safety, forms urban ecological green space system planning, and is ahead of the urban land use planning, and ensuresthe good urban ecological environment.
So far, the housing construction sector has also recognized the limiations of the urban green space system planning to solve the ecological problems, created a concept and the corresponding standard of building "national ecological city" based on experience of building "National Garden"for years, and started trying to conduct the campaign that appraising and electing the "State eco-city. This study argues that it is hard to break through both in theory and in pratice if the present green space system planning is still used to guide the ecological urban construction. Only to complete the theoretical guidance,to improve the level of the green space system planning, propound the building of the green urban ecological systems clearly can fundamentally solve the urban living environment problems.
Ecological Garden City have a beautiful and natural environment, sound ecological function and social benefits, can again the harmony between man and nature, realize the sustainable urban development. It is an effective way to solve the issues of the ecological and the development in the urban construction stage comprehensively. Constructiong the proper ecological infrastructure can turn the ecological environment and the landscaping building into green nenefits for urban residents.
The main purpose of this study is to create the ecological green space planning theory by conbing the ecology and the green space planning theory, build the bridge between the macro-ecological planning and green space system planning, improve and deepen the green space system planning theory,make the ecological green space system planning under the control of the macro-ecological pattern, change passive situation when the green space system comes to the urban ecological construction building, give full play of the proactive planning function in the ecological green system, build the urban master ecological framework from the perspective of ecological priority.
China is a mountainous country, many cities are built on the foothills of the basin or the hillside, which the lack of flat land causethe further tensions of urban land use. The eco-city green space system planning in mountain cities need more to deal with the relationship between the reasonable intensity of land use and ecological requirements. The Urban Ecological Green Space System Planning prossesses universal significance, especially for mountain cities, it is the function of improving and upgrading the level of urban ecological environment that is significant, and this still have guiding significance on plains or little river cities, even the effect is relatively less.This paper takes the a typical mountain city in middle of China as the object of study, plans the ecological green space system in three-dimensional from the horizontal and vertical directions, follows the theory'patch-corridor-ecological network', connects fragmented green patches through ecological greenways and strengthens key areas design in ecologically sensitive areas, forms the unique ecological network structure in ecological green space system planning, and achieves the ecological green space system planning of mountain city in multi-level finally.
The innovation of this study is to propose urban ecological green space system planning theory. This theory can make a link between urban ecological planning and green space planning, and help the theory of green space system upgrade and improve as well, investigating and analyzing the existing natural environment and ecosystem based on the basic theory of the ecosystem, increasing the covering of mountain and aquatic ecosystems, matching species filling different ecological niche, steadying the biological diversity and natural cycles, building the patterns of ecological network analysis. Enventually, theoretical research achieved its first practice in a typical mountain city, Xianning City.
Through the research on the urban ecological green space system theory and the practice application, it can be summarized as follows:
(1)Through the literature research, the green system originated in the early landscape architecture, developed in urban planning practice. Since the City Park Movement, it has been found easily that the purpose of the green space system was to optimize green living environment, and increase urban resident comfort; from the local design to urban planning, content and scope of green space planning system gradually increased. But a lot of shortcomings existed at the same time, for example, the planning mode is fixed, the choice of urban green space is passive either. Furthermore, there was the lag effect of the theory and practice with less ideal effect, even though ecological role of green space system itself was undeniable. Therefore, only to take effective ecological methods and techniques to improve and deepen the green space system theory, and raise it to the height of urban ecology can it fully optimize and improve the inherent deficiencies, further form the ecological green system planning theory in this study.
(2)From the perspective of the theoretical extension, this study fully absorbs multidisciplinary outcomes, such as the theory about stability of ecosystem ecology, ecological network, and ecological niche, and restoration ecology theory about conservation for biological corridors, biogeochemical cycles, further raises the points, the planning processes and procedures, design focus of ecological green points system theory the green ecological systems theory. For mountain city features, combining the ecological green space system planning and the mountain citiy characteristics with the concept of the natural geography is used to plan the green space in order to turn simple green existence into eco-green system, the maximization of green maximum ecological functions is realized in the perspective of urban ecosystems.
(3)The study gathers status survey information of the green space, grasps the basic situation of Xianning existing green space, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the last round of green space planning and construction through the analysis of the last round green space planning and the requirements from the urban master planning on green space planning. For the deficiencies of master planning, from the point of ecological security pattern requirements, under the premise of the well-constructed ecological patterns and proper greenspace service radius, this paper puts forward ideas and strategies which the green building should withdraw from the plains to hills or mountains, partially adjusts urban land use, optimizes the space system planning that greatly reduces the cost of land acquisition and construction of parks, saves a lot of urban land gains high social and economic value.
By analyzing the previous planning and construction and the upper hierarchical planning, it can be found:Xianning existing green condition is good, Xianning has great ecological basis, the city center and the periphery of the mountain have great native ecological environment as well which have the species owning the apparent local characteristics. Although the green and the city are blend highly in the urban master planning, the use of forest status quo is obviously insufficient, the green buildings in last round of planning are too little. Based on the existing green and guided by the ecological theory, bring the urban greening area into areas of green space ecosystem planning, building green ecological corridor, the green space system network is constructed with maximum green ecological function. That refinement green space planning target object, use the road, mountain, river banks and other green corridor as links connecting green patches will improve and form eco-green system.
(4)According to the Comprehensive analysis of the environmental quality of Xianning, the status of natural resources and ecological environment,the full investigation of ecological green space system planning will help to raise reasonable proposals. The development strategy of Xianning is "spa tourism","garden" tourism-oriented, the urban air quality is perennially up to a good level; water environment, acoustic environment quality is also good; urban water is rich, Gan River runs across the city and there are several lakes, reservoirs and the mountainous foothills around the city where the natural vegetation in high altitude and high slope areas is well-preserved, and the degree of greening is high in the city. Furthermore, the ecosystem types in this area are rich, covering all temperate ecosystems.
(5)By combining the results of theoretical studies of ecological green space planning, this paper practices step by step to complete ecological green space planning content, highlights the urban ecological green mountainous features. First, the paper plan the green at the horizontal level of ecological green system, specifically planning parks, roads, greenery, industrial, residential, affiliated green space completely from the layout to match the specific species. Secondly, the paper improves the vertical multi-level ecological green space system planning due to mountain spatial characteristics, the greens in different slope and height are also completed the planning from the layout to match the content of the species, focusing on waterfront planning. Thirdly, the paper constructs ecological green system network in Xianning City, particularly the green space penetration planning in inner or outer city, forming the ecological integrity of the system of green and filled into a unified management, the formation of a stable ecological security pattern is made.
(6)By calibrating the completion of Xianning ecological green system, the content of ecological green system planning based on multiple theoretical support become being perfected, the planning optimizes the layout of the city, avoids the situation of the border sprawl, and excellently controls the proportion of urban construction land. Ecological green space system planning is a management tool for urban development to protect natural resources, regulate environmental quality, optimize the urban development patterns that plays an important role in the change from passive to active, converts short-sighted behavior which the government uses the main waste land and other non-construction land as a green control in the urban master planning, transform the irrational mode of construction and development.
(7)The paper summarizes the basic functions of ecological green system, such as ecological basic functions, water and soil conservation, environmental protection features, disaster prevention and mitigation functions, and gathers the main results of the ecological green space system planning. The basic ecological function of the ecological green system is to enhance the ecological green ecosystem stability, increase biodiversity, their biomass and the exchange of the internal energy and matter with the outside world through ecological networks. The green space itself is the erosion control measure in Soil and Water Conservation, effective ecological green system planning can reduce soil erosion and protect the urban precious surface. The green park, greenways as system unit have disaster prevention and mitigation functions, for instance, green mountain landslides and other natural disasters can be prevented the destruction of the human environment, ecological green system can strengthen its disaster prevention and mitigation effect and make the greenway as a more convenient means of escape, and green facilities is adequate disaster prevention and protection of green space, so the crowd will not be affected by disaster prevention disaster.
By perfecting, deepening and practicing the theory of green space system planning, ecological green space system planning theory is turned out to be feasible, and beyond the effect of green space system planning from the ecological benefits. In addition to improving their green space planning steps and ways, ecological green space system planning further expands the target of system protection and planning. By brings the requirements of water protection and the content of mountain protection into itself, the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and the construction of ecological content network controlled by ecological green system spatially, the basic functions of ecological green system, water and soil conservation, environmental protection, disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities and features are enriched by building ecological security pattern and delineating the bottom line of ecological security.
Theory of ecological Green Space System Planning proposed in this paper is an upgrade and elementary discuss from theory to practice, the part of practice with the theory also need to verify and found in order to further optimize theory and guide practice. The guidance that multidisciplinary theory make to ecological green space system planning theory is a continuation, there are many existing outcomes will further optimize the theoretical content, deepen the theoretical content in ripe conditions, more practical theory requires mature theory resulting of continuous improvement. for further deepened, the ecological Green Space System Planning theory should keep track of the latest results of restoration ecology, reduces the ecological degradation caused by artificial construction; the using GIS to build ecological green system database can provide a reference for urban green space to optimize the ecological system. Further research can be conducted from the micro to macro level. At the micro level. the relationship between the level of local green and ecological green system can be demonstrated from the molecular level; at the macro level, the study on the harmonious relations between the ecological green space as the semi-artificial systems and urban residents is able to preview the ecological evolutionary trend under the mutual penetration condition of artificial buildings and the natural environment
中国政府已经充分认识到城市生态环境恶化带来的严重问题,适时提出了努力建设“生态文明”和“美丽中国”的目标。生态文明包括的内容很广,但具体落实在城市建设中,与其紧密相关的莫过于城市绿地系统构建。作为城市生态系统中唯一具有自净功能的组成部分,城市绿地具有不可替代的生态、社会和景观功能,可以有效改善城市环境、增加城市生态基础,成为在城市规划层面解决城市生态环境问题的重要手段。但是,由于绿地系统规划多年来在理论研究方面突破不多,缺乏上层规划指导,在城市总体规划阶段多数时候并不能充分地体现绿地系统的意图。同时绿地系统规划是城市总规的下位规划,是总规完成后单独编制的专项规划,只能在总体规划大框架下进行微调,基本属于被动式的提出局部解决办法。从生态城市的高度看,其局限性显而易见,难以真正形成科学的城市绿地系统,达到最大限度地解决和改善城市生态环境问题的目的。
一直以来致力于生态环境改善的同时还有环保行业开展的生态规划及环境治理,从不同的角度发挥了改善和指导城市生态建设的作用。生态规划是主动性调控,属于比较宏观的层面,更多地关注城市以外较大地域的生态问题,涉及的内容非常宽泛,实施周期可能较长,实际效果往往不直接和明显,有大而泛之感,缺乏对具体生态细节的指导,落地较困难；项目的环境评价本来是主动式的,但往往流于形式；环境治理基本属于被动式措施,相对于生态规划而言是微观层次。因而在改善城市生态环境方面亦有其局限性,近年来国家有关部委希望以规划环评的方式来予以改进,但也收效甚微。
面对生态文明的新要求和新型城镇化在生态环境方面的巨大压力,目前以城市绿地建设为主导、空间上主要是”点--线--面”结合、多着眼城市内部考虑问题的绿地系统和过于宏观的生态规划显然不能适应,必须在理论和实践上均有所突破,寻求出一条新路径。
在借鉴国外城市规划、城市生态及环境保护等方面成果的基础上,本文试图以生态规划融合城市绿地系统规划形成新的理论。不以城市论城市,而是从城乡统筹和全域的范围研究城市生态问题,形成更大的城市生态基底,探讨以生态规划理论指导—生态服务功能为导向的城市生态空间建设刚性框架。即生态规划向下延伸,更多地关注城市生态问题；而城市绿地系统规划向上拓展,与生态保护结合,更多地融入全域绿色空间,规划生态安全格局,设定生态安全底线,形成城市生态绿地系统规划,且先行于城市用地规划,确保城市生态环境优良。
目前,住建部门也认识到了城市绿地系统规划解决生态问题的局限性,在多年创建”国家园林”的基础上提出了建设“国家生态城市”的概念和相应标准,并试尝开始进行”国家生态城市”试点与评选工作。本文认为仍然以现行的绿地系统规划指导生态城市建设,理论和实践上可能都难以突破,只有完善理论指导,提升绿地系统规划的规划层次,明确提出构建城市生态绿地系统,才能从根本上解决城市人居环境问题。
生态园林城市是自然环境优美、生态功能完善、社会效益良好,实现人与自然和谐相处,城市可持续发展,是综合解决现阶段城市建设中生态与发展问题的有效途径。构建良好的城市生态基础设施(Ecological infrastructure),把生态环境及园林绿化建设作为城市居民的绿色福利,让人“望得见山,看得见水,记得住乡愁”。
本文主要研究目的是结合生态学与绿地规划理论,提出生态绿地规划理论,建立宏观生态规划与绿地系统规划之间的桥梁,完善和深化绿地系统规划的理论,在宏观生态格局控制下进行生态绿地系统规划,改变绿地系统应对城市生态建设的被动局面,充分发挥生态绿地系统的主动规划功能,从生态优先角度建设城市总体生态框架。
中国是一个多山国家,很多城市建立在山脚盆地或者依山而建,缺乏平坦的土地造成了城市用地的进一步紧张。山地城市的生态绿地系统规划更需要解决合理用地强度和生态需要两者之间的关系。城市生态绿地系统规划具有普遍意义,尤其对于山地城市而言,改善和提升城市生态环境水平作用非常显著,对平原或少河城市亦有其指导意义但作用相对逊色。本文以中国典型中部山地城市为实践对象,从山地城市的水平方向和竖直方向进行三维角度的生态绿地系统规划,以”斑块一—廊道——生态网络”为指导,通过生态绿道联系破碎化绿色斑块并加强生态敏感区的重点区域设计,形成生态绿地系统规划特有的生态网络格局,实现山地城市多层次的生态绿地系统规划。
本研究的创新点在于提出城市生态绿地系统规划理论,实现城市生态规划与绿地规划的链接,对绿地系统理论进行提升和完善,从生态系统理论基础出发,对现有自然环境与生态系统进行调查与分析,增加山地和水生生态系统覆盖及不同生态位物种搭配,稳定生物多样性与自然循环,构建生态网络格局；并实现了其研究理论在中国中部典型山地城市咸宁市的首个实践与探索。
通过对城市生态绿地系统理论的研究和实践应用,可以归纳总结如下：
(1)通过国内外文献调研,绿地系统起源于早期风景园林学科,发展于城市规划的实践,从城市公园运动到现如今,可以充分发现绿地系统以优化人居环境,增加城市居民生活舒适度为目的,从局部设计到城市整体规划,绿地系统的规划内容和范围逐渐增加。但是也有很多不足之处,如规划模式固定,对城市绿化用地的选择被动等,存在理论滞后与实践效果不理想的缺陷,而本身绿地系统的生态作用是不可否认的。因此,只有通过有效的生态方法和技术完善和深化绿地系统理论,并提升到城市生态的高度,才可以完全优化和改善固有不足,进一步形成本文研究的生态绿地系统规划理论。
(2)从理论扩展的角度,将多学科可融合成果充分吸纳,如生态学关于生态系统稳定、生态网络、生态位的理论,恢复生态学关于生物廊道保护的理论、生物地球化学循环等,进一步提出了生态绿地系统理论及要点、规划程序与步骤、设计重点等,并针对山地城市特点,结合自然地理的理念,将生态绿地系统规划与山地城市的特点结合规划设计绿地,使绿地从简单的存在变成生态绿地系统,在城市生态系统的角度上实现绿地最大生态功能。
(3)研究汇总了调查的绿地现状信息,掌握了咸宁市现有绿地的基本状况,通过对上一轮绿地规划的分析和上一层次的城市总体规划对绿地规划的要求,总结了上一轮绿地规划和建设的优缺点,并针对城市总体规划的不足,从生态安全格局的要求出发,在构建良好生态格局和满足公园绿地服务半经的前提下,针对性地提出绿地建设应尽量退出平地,多用山丘林地的思路和策略,局部调整城市用地,优化了绿地系统规划,极大地降低了公园绿地的征地拆迁及建设成本,节约了大量的城市用地,具有很高的社会和经济价值。
通过既往规划建设分析和上一层次规划的分析可知：咸宁市现有绿地条件优良,生态基础好,城区内及外围山体原生生态环境好,多为低丘且植被丰茂,地方树种特色性强；城市总体规划中绿地与城市融合度高,但利用现状山林明显不足,上一轮规划的绿地实施建设过少。通过以现有绿地为基础,以生态理论科学指导,将城市可绿化区域纳入生态绿地系统规划范畴,建设绿地生态廊道,形成绿地系统网络,最大化绿地生态功能；细化绿地规划目标对象,以道路、山体、河岸和其他绿色廊道联系各绿色斑块,完善并形成生态绿地系统。
(4)全面分析总结咸宁市的环境质量、自然资源状况和生态环境现状,为生态绿地系统规划充分调研,并提出合理建议。咸宁市城市发展战略以“温泉旅游”为主,城市空气质量常年可达良好水平,水环境、声环境质量也较好,有良好的城市环境;城市水资源丰富,淦河横穿市区,市域还有多个湖泊和水库,周围多山地丘陵地带,高海拔地区和高坡度地区的自然植被保存良好,市内绿化程度较高,生态系统类型丰富,涵盖温带所有生态系统类型。
(5)通过结合生态绿地规划理论研究成果,分步骤实践,完成生态绿地规划内容,突出了山地城市生态绿地的特点。首先,从生态绿地系统水平层次进行绿地规划,从布局到具体物种搭配,进行了公园绿地、道路绿地还有工业、居住、附属绿地的完整规划;其次,从山地空间特征入手,完善了竖直方向生态绿地系统的多层次规划,对不同坡度和高度的绿地同样完成了从布局到物种搭配的规划内容,对重点滨水地带进行规划；构建了咸宁市域生态绿地系统网络,尤其是城市内外绿色空间渗透规划,形成生态绿地系统的完整性,并纳入统一管理,形成稳定的生态安全格局。
(6)通过对完成的咸宁市生态绿地系统成果进行检校,生态绿地系统在依据多理论支持下的规划内容更为完善,优化了城市布局,避免了城市发展中的边界无序扩张的情况,极好地控制了城市建设用地比例。生态绿地系统规划是城市发展的绿色管制工具,在保护自然资源、控制环境质量、优化城市发展模式上都发挥了重要的作用,变被动为主动,扭转了城市总体规划中主要将边角地或废弃地等不可建设用地作为绿地控制的短视行为,改变了建设和发展的不合理模式。
(7)总结了生态绿地系统的基本功能,如生态基本功能、水土保持功能、环境保护功能、防灾减灾功能等,并汇总生态绿地系统规划的主体成果。生态绿地系统的主要生态基本功能是增强生态系统稳定性,通过生态网络构建,增加生物多样性,增加本身生物量且增加系统与外界、系统内部的能量与物质的交换；绿地本身就是水土保持中防治水土流失的措施,有效的生态绿地系统规划可以减少水土流失,对城市珍贵的地表进行防护；作为绿地系统单元的公园、绿道都具有防灾减灾功能,山地绿地等可以防止滑坡等自然灾害对人文环境的破坏,生态绿地系统强化了其防灾减灾效果,使绿道作为逃生通道更为通畅,而公园足够的防灾设施和绿地保护,使避灾人群不会受到灾害的影响。
通过对绿地系统规划的理论完善、深化和实践,生态绿地系统规划理论是可行的,且从生态效益上超越绿地系统规划效果。生态绿地系统规划除了完善本身绿地规划的步骤和方法,进一步扩展了系统保护和规划的对象,纳入水体保护的要求和山体保护的内容,明确了生态绿地系统空间管制对生态敏感区的保护和生态网络构建的内容,构建了生态安全格局,划定生态安全底线,充实了生态绿地系统生态基本功能、水土保持功能、环境保护功能和防灾减灾功能等。
本文提出的生态绿地系统规划理论是对绿地系统从理论到实践的一个提升和初步探讨,理论结合的部分还需要多方实践去验证和发现,才能进一步更加优化理论,指导实践。而本身多学科理论对生态绿地系统规划理论的指导是延续的,很多现有研究内容的成果将在成熟的条件下进一步优化理论内容,深化理论内涵,理论本身实践性较强,需要成熟的理论成果不断完善。生态绿地系统规划理论本身也可以进一步深化,要随时追踪最新的恢复生态学成果,完善城市作为人工建筑造成的生态退化,利用GIS建成生态绿地系统数据库,为城市不断优化生态绿地系统提供参考。也可以从微观和宏观层面进一步研究生态绿地系统,微观层面上,从分子层面论证局部绿地与生态绿地系统之间的层次关系,宏观层面研究生态绿地系统作为半人工系统和城市居民之间的和谐关系,进一步展望人工建筑与自然环境互相渗透下的生态演化趋势。
Urbanization is the greatest potential impetus for expanding domestic demand', which has been the trend of the future development and the core of economic growth in China. Hitherto ad the level of urbanization in China has exceeded50%, and the National Innovative Urbanization Plan announced by the government resently is going to promote the degree of urbanization to a higher level. Nevertheless, the impact on urban healthy developments has resulted of the rapid increase of urbanization at the same time. Specifically, the sprawl of the cities has led to the dysfunction of the urban natural ecosystems, which can be regard as the cost of ecological environment to some extent, and brings a series of urban ecological problems. Therefore the major issure that must be faced and settled is how to promote the innovative urbanization with preserve the living suroundings of human.
The government of China has been fully aware of the serious problems casused by the urban ecological degradation, and set an objective of striving to build'Ecological Civilization' and'Beautiful China'. The content involved in Ecological Civilization is wide in which the building of the urban green space system is closly related to the specific urban construction. As the only part of the urban ecosystem that owns self-clesning function, the urban green space is capable of improving the urban environment, increasing the urban ecological foundation and being the solution to solving the urban ecological problems in urban planning level with the irrepalceable function of ecology, society, and landscape. Unfortunately, according to the lack of breakthrough in theory study on green space system planning and upper planning guidance over the years, it usually failed to reflect the intent of the green space system planning in the stage of the urban master planing adequately. Meanwhile, the green space system planning is the subordinate planning of the urban master planning and the separate specialized planning compiled after the completion of the urban master planning, which it can only fine-tune the planing in the framework of the urban master planning and belongs to a passive proposed partial solution basically. The limitations of the green space system planning are obvious from the perspective of the eco-city that lead to the difficulty in building the more scientific urban green space system, improving the urban ecological environment, and solving the urban ecological problems maximally.
The ecological planning and environmental management carried out by the environmental protection industry and the improvement of the ecological environment play the roles in improving and guiding the urban ecologicla construction from the different perspectives.Theoretically, the ecological planning is proactive regulation that belongs to the more macro level, forcus on the more eoclogical problems out of the urban, cover the broader contents and require longer period for implementation, the effect is often not directly and clearly actualy, which it lacks the specific guides in detials and has difficulty in implement. The environment assessment should have been active, it always turn into be a mere formality. The environmental governance are passive measures basically, and belongs to the micro-level compared with ecological planning. Thus, in term of improving the ecological environment, the ecological planning still has limitations. In spite of the improvements that the relevant state ministries hope to makes by using plan environmental impact assessment, the effort is being expended with so little apparent result.
In the face of the new requirement from the ecological civilization and enormous pressure in term of ecological environment, currently it is apparent improper that the green space system led by the urban green space building, bound with the'point-line-surface'spatially, focused on consideration of the inner city issue is for the over macroscopic ecological planning, it have to make a brekthrough both in theory and in practice to seek out a new approaching.
Based on the outcomes of the foreign urban planning, urban ecology and environmental protection, this study attemps to blend the ecological planning with the urban green space system planning to form a new theory. In this theory, the study of the urban eocological problems are not just limited in the urban but on the scope of the both urban and rural area, helping to build a larger urban ecological foundation, discussing the ecological planning theory and the ecological service function oriented urban ecological sapce construction rigid frame. Namely, on the one hand, the ecological planning extends downward and pays more attention to urban ecological problems. On the other hand, the urban green space system planning expands upward and combines with the ecological protection, integrates more into the close-region green spcae, plans the ecological security pattern, sets the bottom line of ecological safety, forms urban ecological green space system planning, and is ahead of the urban land use planning, and ensuresthe good urban ecological environment.
So far, the housing construction sector has also recognized the limiations of the urban green space system planning to solve the ecological problems, created a concept and the corresponding standard of building "national ecological city" based on experience of building "National Garden"for years, and started trying to conduct the campaign that appraising and electing the "State eco-city. This study argues that it is hard to break through both in theory and in pratice if the present green space system planning is still used to guide the ecological urban construction. Only to complete the theoretical guidance,to improve the level of the green space system planning, propound the building of the green urban ecological systems clearly can fundamentally solve the urban living environment problems.
Ecological Garden City have a beautiful and natural environment, sound ecological function and social benefits, can again the harmony between man and nature, realize the sustainable urban development. It is an effective way to solve the issues of the ecological and the development in the urban construction stage comprehensively. Constructiong the proper ecological infrastructure can turn the ecological environment and the landscaping building into green nenefits for urban residents.
The main purpose of this study is to create the ecological green space planning theory by conbing the ecology and the green space planning theory, build the bridge between the macro-ecological planning and green space system planning, improve and deepen the green space system planning theory,make the ecological green space system planning under the control of the macro-ecological pattern, change passive situation when the green space system comes to the urban ecological construction building, give full play of the proactive planning function in the ecological green system, build the urban master ecological framework from the perspective of ecological priority.
China is a mountainous country, many cities are built on the foothills of the basin or the hillside, which the lack of flat land causethe further tensions of urban land use. The eco-city green space system planning in mountain cities need more to deal with the relationship between the reasonable intensity of land use and ecological requirements. The Urban Ecological Green Space System Planning prossesses universal significance, especially for mountain cities, it is the function of improving and upgrading the level of urban ecological environment that is significant, and this still have guiding significance on plains or little river cities, even the effect is relatively less.This paper takes the a typical mountain city in middle of China as the object of study, plans the ecological green space system in three-dimensional from the horizontal and vertical directions, follows the theory'patch-corridor-ecological network', connects fragmented green patches through ecological greenways and strengthens key areas design in ecologically sensitive areas, forms the unique ecological network structure in ecological green space system planning, and achieves the ecological green space system planning of mountain city in multi-level finally.
The innovation of this study is to propose urban ecological green space system planning theory. This theory can make a link between urban ecological planning and green space planning, and help the theory of green space system upgrade and improve as well, investigating and analyzing the existing natural environment and ecosystem based on the basic theory of the ecosystem, increasing the covering of mountain and aquatic ecosystems, matching species filling different ecological niche, steadying the biological diversity and natural cycles, building the patterns of ecological network analysis. Enventually, theoretical research achieved its first practice in a typical mountain city, Xianning City.
Through the research on the urban ecological green space system theory and the practice application, it can be summarized as follows:
(1)Through the literature research, the green system originated in the early landscape architecture, developed in urban planning practice. Since the City Park Movement, it has been found easily that the purpose of the green space system was to optimize green living environment, and increase urban resident comfort; from the local design to urban planning, content and scope of green space planning system gradually increased. But a lot of shortcomings existed at the same time, for example, the planning mode is fixed, the choice of urban green space is passive either. Furthermore, there was the lag effect of the theory and practice with less ideal effect, even though ecological role of green space system itself was undeniable. Therefore, only to take effective ecological methods and techniques to improve and deepen the green space system theory, and raise it to the height of urban ecology can it fully optimize and improve the inherent deficiencies, further form the ecological green system planning theory in this study.
(2)From the perspective of the theoretical extension, this study fully absorbs multidisciplinary outcomes, such as the theory about stability of ecosystem ecology, ecological network, and ecological niche, and restoration ecology theory about conservation for biological corridors, biogeochemical cycles, further raises the points, the planning processes and procedures, design focus of ecological green points system theory the green ecological systems theory. For mountain city features, combining the ecological green space system planning and the mountain citiy characteristics with the concept of the natural geography is used to plan the green space in order to turn simple green existence into eco-green system, the maximization of green maximum ecological functions is realized in the perspective of urban ecosystems.
(3)The study gathers status survey information of the green space, grasps the basic situation of Xianning existing green space, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the last round of green space planning and construction through the analysis of the last round green space planning and the requirements from the urban master planning on green space planning. For the deficiencies of master planning, from the point of ecological security pattern requirements, under the premise of the well-constructed ecological patterns and proper greenspace service radius, this paper puts forward ideas and strategies which the green building should withdraw from the plains to hills or mountains, partially adjusts urban land use, optimizes the space system planning that greatly reduces the cost of land acquisition and construction of parks, saves a lot of urban land gains high social and economic value.
By analyzing the previous planning and construction and the upper hierarchical planning, it can be found:Xianning existing green condition is good, Xianning has great ecological basis, the city center and the periphery of the mountain have great native ecological environment as well which have the species owning the apparent local characteristics. Although the green and the city are blend highly in the urban master planning, the use of forest status quo is obviously insufficient, the green buildings in last round of planning are too little. Based on the existing green and guided by the ecological theory, bring the urban greening area into areas of green space ecosystem planning, building green ecological corridor, the green space system network is constructed with maximum green ecological function. That refinement green space planning target object, use the road, mountain, river banks and other green corridor as links connecting green patches will improve and form eco-green system.
(4)According to the Comprehensive analysis of the environmental quality of Xianning, the status of natural resources and ecological environment,the full investigation of ecological green space system planning will help to raise reasonable proposals. The development strategy of Xianning is "spa tourism","garden" tourism-oriented, the urban air quality is perennially up to a good level; water environment, acoustic environment quality is also good; urban water is rich, Gan River runs across the city and there are several lakes, reservoirs and the mountainous foothills around the city where the natural vegetation in high altitude and high slope areas is well-preserved, and the degree of greening is high in the city. Furthermore, the ecosystem types in this area are rich, covering all temperate ecosystems.
(5)By combining the results of theoretical studies of ecological green space planning, this paper practices step by step to complete ecological green space planning content, highlights the urban ecological green mountainous features. First, the paper plan the green at the horizontal level of ecological green system, specifically planning parks, roads, greenery, industrial, residential, affiliated green space completely from the layout to match the specific species. Secondly, the paper improves the vertical multi-level ecological green space system planning due to mountain spatial characteristics, the greens in different slope and height are also completed the planning from the layout to match the content of the species, focusing on waterfront planning. Thirdly, the paper constructs ecological green system network in Xianning City, particularly the green space penetration planning in inner or outer city, forming the ecological integrity of the system of green and filled into a unified management, the formation of a stable ecological security pattern is made.
(6)By calibrating the completion of Xianning ecological green system, the content of ecological green system planning based on multiple theoretical support become being perfected, the planning optimizes the layout of the city, avoids the situation of the border sprawl, and excellently controls the proportion of urban construction land. Ecological green space system planning is a management tool for urban development to protect natural resources, regulate environmental quality, optimize the urban development patterns that plays an important role in the change from passive to active, converts short-sighted behavior which the government uses the main waste land and other non-construction land as a green control in the urban master planning, transform the irrational mode of construction and development.
(7)The paper summarizes the basic functions of ecological green system, such as ecological basic functions, water and soil conservation, environmental protection features, disaster prevention and mitigation functions, and gathers the main results of the ecological green space system planning. The basic ecological function of the ecological green system is to enhance the ecological green ecosystem stability, increase biodiversity, their biomass and the exchange of the internal energy and matter with the outside world through ecological networks. The green space itself is the erosion control measure in Soil and Water Conservation, effective ecological green system planning can reduce soil erosion and protect the urban precious surface. The green park, greenways as system unit have disaster prevention and mitigation functions, for instance, green mountain landslides and other natural disasters can be prevented the destruction of the human environment, ecological green system can strengthen its disaster prevention and mitigation effect and make the greenway as a more convenient means of escape, and green facilities is adequate disaster prevention and protection of green space, so the crowd will not be affected by disaster prevention disaster.
By perfecting, deepening and practicing the theory of green space system planning, ecological green space system planning theory is turned out to be feasible, and beyond the effect of green space system planning from the ecological benefits. In addition to improving their green space planning steps and ways, ecological green space system planning further expands the target of system protection and planning. By brings the requirements of water protection and the content of mountain protection into itself, the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and the construction of ecological content network controlled by ecological green system spatially, the basic functions of ecological green system, water and soil conservation, environmental protection, disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities and features are enriched by building ecological security pattern and delineating the bottom line of ecological security.
Theory of ecological Green Space System Planning proposed in this paper is an upgrade and elementary discuss from theory to practice, the part of practice with the theory also need to verify and found in order to further optimize theory and guide practice. The guidance that multidisciplinary theory make to ecological green space system planning theory is a continuation, there are many existing outcomes will further optimize the theoretical content, deepen the theoretical content in ripe conditions, more practical theory requires mature theory resulting of continuous improvement. for further deepened, the ecological Green Space System Planning theory should keep track of the latest results of restoration ecology, reduces the ecological degradation caused by artificial construction; the using GIS to build ecological green system database can provide a reference for urban green space to optimize the ecological system. Further research can be conducted from the micro to macro level. At the micro level. the relationship between the level of local green and ecological green system can be demonstrated from the molecular level; at the macro level, the study on the harmonious relations between the ecological green space as the semi-artificial systems and urban residents is able to preview the ecological evolutionary trend under the mutual penetration condition of artificial buildings and the natural environment
引文
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