PAC-MBR工艺去除污水中药物污染物效能与机制研究
|
摘要
随着仪器分析技术的不断发展,环境中的药物污染物逐渐被检出,某些药物的危害具有潜在性和长期性的特点,因此受到广泛关注。
本论文主要考察模拟市政污水中药物污染物在膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺中的去除情况,研究pH, SRT等操作条件对药物去除效果的影响,通过静态实验确定污泥吸附和生物降解对药物去除贡献；重点研究PAC强化MBR工艺对难生物降解药物污染物的去除情况,对比考察两工艺对药物去除过程中污泥特性以及微生物群落结构的变化,探讨PAC-MBR工艺对药物类污染物的强化去除机制。
研究结果表明,MBR工艺对初始浓度为5μg/L的酰胺咪嗪,双氯芬酸钠,萘普生,17β-雌二醇以及扑热息痛的去除率分别为3.2%,38.5%,55.4%,90%和92.2%,MBR工艺对目标药物的去除率产别较大。进水pH值会影响药物在水中的存在形态,影响药物与污泥之间的静电作用,进而影响药物的去除率,较长的污泥龄(SRT)有利于提高药物的去除率。通过污泥的静态吸附试验得到,灭活污泥对上述五种目标药物的去除率分别为71.5%,40.1%,60.1%,68.2%和7.9%,研究发现污泥对药物的吸附去除率与药物的辛醇水分配系数成正比。污泥的吸附生物降解规律表明,扑热息痛、雌二醇和萘普生的去除主要由生物降解完成的,双氯芬酸钠的去除主要是依赖生物吸附,而两种去除作用都不能有效的将酰胺咪嗪去除,药物的理化性质,特别是表面官能团(如吸电子基团/给电子基团)对其生物降解具有较大影响。
PAC强化MBR去除药物污染物的试验结果表明,PAC-MBR工艺对初始浓度为200μg/L的酰胺咪嗪、萘普生、新诺明和双氯芬酸的去除率较MBR分别提高22%,12%,19%和14%。PAC强化MBR反应器内污泥耗氧速率提高了近20%,有利于药物的生物降解去除；污泥的粒径较MBR小,比表面积较大,有利于对药物的吸附去除。在两种处理工艺中,溶解性微生物副产物、腐殖酸类物质和芳香族类蛋白质是污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的主要组成成分,但是其含量不同,蛋白质与多糖的比例不同。通过对两处理工艺中微生物群落结构的变化分析得到,在开始阶段两反应器内微生物种类单一,并且差异较小,运行八个月时,微生物的种类增加并且两工艺中微生物种类差异变得明显,在PAC-MBR工艺出现了药物降解菌,说明PAC的加入不仅起到吸附药物的作用,还能够改变污泥的性质,使微生物多样性增加,从而进一步提高对药物的去除效果。
通过对目标药物生物降解产物的结构分析,发现给电子基团易于被氧化,形成含氧官能团；吸电子基团由于与其周围的原子或原子团产生共轭作用,与吸电子基团相连但又不产生共轭作用的化学键易于断裂。
With the development of instrumental analysis techniques, pharmaceutical pollutants were gradually detected and drew attention due to its potential, long-term, harmful characteristics.
The aim of this study are to investigate the removal efficiencies of five Pharmaceuticals from synthetic domestic wastewater under different influent pH and SRT condition in the membrane bioreactor (MBR).Batch experiments were conducted to explore the contributions of sludge adsorption and biodegradation for pharmaceuticals removal.PAC enhanced MBR was used to investigate the persistent pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies. In this process, sludge characteristics and microbial communitywerecompared with the MBR process. And the mechanism of pharmaceuticals removal in the PAC enhanced MBR were demonstrate.
Notable difference of those pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies was observed, at about92.2,90.0,55.4,38.5and3.2%for acetaminophen,17β-Estradiol, naproxen, diclofenac sodium and carbamazepine, respectively. The form of pharmaceuticals exit and the electronic attraction between pharmaceuticals and sludge were influenced by influent pH. And it influented the pharmaceuticals removal. Higher removal efficiencies were obtained at the extened SRTcondition. Results of batch adsorption experiments via sterilized sludge showed that the removal efficiencies of five pharmaceuticals by sludge adsorption were7.9,68.2,60.1,40.1and71.5%, respectively, which were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients. Results of batch experiments via activated sludge showed that acetaminophen,17β-Estradiol and naproxenwere mainly achieved by biodegradation, diclofenac sodium was mainly achieved by sludge adsorption and neither sludge adsorption nor biodegradation is effective for its removal. Pharmaceuticals properties taken effect on its removal, especially, functional groups (electronic donating group/electronic withdrawing group) mainly affect their biodegradation removals.
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) enhancedMBR on pharmaceuticals removal exhibited higher average removal efficiencies for carbamazepine, diclofenac sodium, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole about22%,12%,19%and14%than the one without PAC.In the PAC enhanced MBR, specific oxygen uptake rate was20%higher than the MBR, which benefit the pharmaceuticals removal.Particle size distribution was lower than the MBR which exhibit larger specific surface area and favored for pharmaceuticals removal.Soluble microbial byproducts, humic substances and aromatic protein were the main components of sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). But the content and proportions of protein and polysaccharide were differentbetween the two processes. Microbial communities of the two processwere analyzed. At the beginning, the microbial species of the two systems were similar. After eight months of the operation, microbial species in both two processed increased and more pharmaceuticals biodegradation bacterium such as sulfamethoxazole biodegradation bacterium were found in the PAC-MBR process. Therefore the pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies were improved.
The products of pharmaceuticals in contact with activated sludge were investigated, and results showed that the electronic donating groups are readily oxidizable functional groups. The electronic withdrawing groups break weak bonds.
本论文主要考察模拟市政污水中药物污染物在膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺中的去除情况,研究pH, SRT等操作条件对药物去除效果的影响,通过静态实验确定污泥吸附和生物降解对药物去除贡献；重点研究PAC强化MBR工艺对难生物降解药物污染物的去除情况,对比考察两工艺对药物去除过程中污泥特性以及微生物群落结构的变化,探讨PAC-MBR工艺对药物类污染物的强化去除机制。
研究结果表明,MBR工艺对初始浓度为5μg/L的酰胺咪嗪,双氯芬酸钠,萘普生,17β-雌二醇以及扑热息痛的去除率分别为3.2%,38.5%,55.4%,90%和92.2%,MBR工艺对目标药物的去除率产别较大。进水pH值会影响药物在水中的存在形态,影响药物与污泥之间的静电作用,进而影响药物的去除率,较长的污泥龄(SRT)有利于提高药物的去除率。通过污泥的静态吸附试验得到,灭活污泥对上述五种目标药物的去除率分别为71.5%,40.1%,60.1%,68.2%和7.9%,研究发现污泥对药物的吸附去除率与药物的辛醇水分配系数成正比。污泥的吸附生物降解规律表明,扑热息痛、雌二醇和萘普生的去除主要由生物降解完成的,双氯芬酸钠的去除主要是依赖生物吸附,而两种去除作用都不能有效的将酰胺咪嗪去除,药物的理化性质,特别是表面官能团(如吸电子基团/给电子基团)对其生物降解具有较大影响。
PAC强化MBR去除药物污染物的试验结果表明,PAC-MBR工艺对初始浓度为200μg/L的酰胺咪嗪、萘普生、新诺明和双氯芬酸的去除率较MBR分别提高22%,12%,19%和14%。PAC强化MBR反应器内污泥耗氧速率提高了近20%,有利于药物的生物降解去除；污泥的粒径较MBR小,比表面积较大,有利于对药物的吸附去除。在两种处理工艺中,溶解性微生物副产物、腐殖酸类物质和芳香族类蛋白质是污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的主要组成成分,但是其含量不同,蛋白质与多糖的比例不同。通过对两处理工艺中微生物群落结构的变化分析得到,在开始阶段两反应器内微生物种类单一,并且差异较小,运行八个月时,微生物的种类增加并且两工艺中微生物种类差异变得明显,在PAC-MBR工艺出现了药物降解菌,说明PAC的加入不仅起到吸附药物的作用,还能够改变污泥的性质,使微生物多样性增加,从而进一步提高对药物的去除效果。
通过对目标药物生物降解产物的结构分析,发现给电子基团易于被氧化,形成含氧官能团；吸电子基团由于与其周围的原子或原子团产生共轭作用,与吸电子基团相连但又不产生共轭作用的化学键易于断裂。
With the development of instrumental analysis techniques, pharmaceutical pollutants were gradually detected and drew attention due to its potential, long-term, harmful characteristics.
The aim of this study are to investigate the removal efficiencies of five Pharmaceuticals from synthetic domestic wastewater under different influent pH and SRT condition in the membrane bioreactor (MBR).Batch experiments were conducted to explore the contributions of sludge adsorption and biodegradation for pharmaceuticals removal.PAC enhanced MBR was used to investigate the persistent pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies. In this process, sludge characteristics and microbial communitywerecompared with the MBR process. And the mechanism of pharmaceuticals removal in the PAC enhanced MBR were demonstrate.
Notable difference of those pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies was observed, at about92.2,90.0,55.4,38.5and3.2%for acetaminophen,17β-Estradiol, naproxen, diclofenac sodium and carbamazepine, respectively. The form of pharmaceuticals exit and the electronic attraction between pharmaceuticals and sludge were influenced by influent pH. And it influented the pharmaceuticals removal. Higher removal efficiencies were obtained at the extened SRTcondition. Results of batch adsorption experiments via sterilized sludge showed that the removal efficiencies of five pharmaceuticals by sludge adsorption were7.9,68.2,60.1,40.1and71.5%, respectively, which were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients. Results of batch experiments via activated sludge showed that acetaminophen,17β-Estradiol and naproxenwere mainly achieved by biodegradation, diclofenac sodium was mainly achieved by sludge adsorption and neither sludge adsorption nor biodegradation is effective for its removal. Pharmaceuticals properties taken effect on its removal, especially, functional groups (electronic donating group/electronic withdrawing group) mainly affect their biodegradation removals.
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) enhancedMBR on pharmaceuticals removal exhibited higher average removal efficiencies for carbamazepine, diclofenac sodium, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole about22%,12%,19%and14%than the one without PAC.In the PAC enhanced MBR, specific oxygen uptake rate was20%higher than the MBR, which benefit the pharmaceuticals removal.Particle size distribution was lower than the MBR which exhibit larger specific surface area and favored for pharmaceuticals removal.Soluble microbial byproducts, humic substances and aromatic protein were the main components of sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). But the content and proportions of protein and polysaccharide were differentbetween the two processes. Microbial communities of the two processwere analyzed. At the beginning, the microbial species of the two systems were similar. After eight months of the operation, microbial species in both two processed increased and more pharmaceuticals biodegradation bacterium such as sulfamethoxazole biodegradation bacterium were found in the PAC-MBR process. Therefore the pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies were improved.
The products of pharmaceuticals in contact with activated sludge were investigated, and results showed that the electronic donating groups are readily oxidizable functional groups. The electronic withdrawing groups break weak bonds.
引文
包国帘,董德明,李向林,等.环境雌激素生态影响的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(5):44-50.
陈锋,李静,曹张伟,等.MBR技术在建筑中水回用中的应用[J].北华航天工业学院学报,2012,22(1):44-50
陈谊,孙宝盛,黄兴,等.张斌膜生物反应器中不同阶段微生物群落结构演变的研究[J].环境工程学报,2009,3(6)：1023-1028
吉芳英,谢志刚,黄鹤,等.垃圾渗滤液处理工艺中有机污染物的三维荧光光谱[J].环境工程学报,2009,3(10)：1783-1788
李根锋,吴楠.MBR技术在废水处理回用中的应用[J].环境科技,2010,23(1):33-36
李绍峰,秦蓁蓁,陈雷,膜生物反应器去除原水中微量阿特拉津的研究[J].水处理技术,2009,35(4):52-56
梁军波,杨开,张大义,等.用MBR-PAC方法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(6):93-95.
梁惜梅,鹿金雁,聂湘平,等.饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应[J].环境学报,2010,30(1)：172-179.
凌玉成.MBR脱氮除磷工艺在我国城市污水处理中的研究与应用[J].北方环境,2012,25(3):177-181.
吕锡武,李峰.稻森悠平等.氨氮废水处理过程中的好氧反硝化研究[J].给水排水,2000,26(4):17-20
裴亮,姚秉华.(?)PAC-MBR组合工艺处理城市污水[J].水污染治理,2008,26(3):7-9.
王顺义.投加粉末活性炭对膜生物反应器运行性能的影响[D].学位论文,2007:20-25.
吴春英.膜生物反应器MBR和序批式生物反应器SBR去除城市污水中典型药品和个人护理品的对比[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1674-1679.
谢晓慧,吴成强,郭召海,等PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(2)：75-78.
张军,吕伟娅,聂梅生,等.MBR在污水处理与回用工艺中的应用[J].环境工程,2001,19(5):9-11
张盼伟.海河流域PPCPs污染状况与健康风险研究[D]，北京：学位论文,2013:40-50.
Abegglen,C.,Joss,A.,Ahmed. Treatment of landfill leachate using membrane bioreactors:A review[J].Desalination,2012,287:41-54.
Alison E, Murray, J,T.H, et al..Phylogenetic Compositions of Bacterioplankton from Two California Estuaries Compared by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of 16S rDNA Fragments[J]. Applied and Envriomental Microbiology,1996,62(7):2676-2680.
Andreozzi,Roberto,Raffaele,Marotta,et al..Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment[J]. Chemosphere,2003,50(10):1319-1330.
Anke Gobel,AngelThomsen,et al..Occurrence and sorption behavior of Sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005, 39(11):3981-3989.
Auerbach,Eric A,Seyfried,et al..Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Res,2007,41 (5):1143-1151.
Aun Ng,Choon,Sun, et al..Operation of Membrane Bioreactor with Powdered Activated Carbon Addition[J]. Separation Science and Technology,2006,41 (7):1447-1466.
Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern,Richard M. Dinsdale, et al..Guwy The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products,endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters[J].Water Res,2009,43(2):363-379.
Behera,S. K.,Kim, H W., et al..Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants of the largest industrial city of Korea[J].Sci Total Environ,2011,409(20):4351-4360.
Bernhard, Marco, Muller, Jutta, et al..Biodegradation of persistent polar pollutants in wastewater: Comparison of an optimised lab-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge treatment[J]. Water Res,2006,40(18):3419-3428.
Bound,Jonathan P,and Voulvoulis, Nikolaos.Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2005, 113(12):1705-1711.
Bound, Jonathan P,Kitsou, Katerina,et al..Household disposal of pharmaceuticals and perception of risk to the environment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2006,21(3):301-307.
Cebron,Aurelie,Coci,Manuela,et al..Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoretic Analysis of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Community Structure in the Lower Seine River:Impact of Paris Wastewater Effluents[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,2004,70(11):6726-6737.
Carballa, M,Omil, F,et al..Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant[J].Water Res,2004,38(12):2918-2926.
Carballa, M.,Omil, F,et al..Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment[J].Water Res,2005,39(19):4790-4796.
Carucci, Alessandra, Cappai, Giovanna, et al..Biodegradability and Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A 2006,41(9):1831-1842
Cash,Gordon G.,Anderson,Brian,et al..Predicting genotoxicity of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines using electrotopological state indices. Mutation Research/Genetic[J]Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2005,585(1-2):170-183.
Chang, H.,Wan, Y., et al..Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters:comparison to estrogens[J].Water Res,2011,45(2):732-740.
Chanika, E.,Georgiadou, D.,et al..Isolation of soil bacteria able to hydrolyze both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(3):3184-3192.
Chen W,Westerhoff P,Leenheer J A. Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Regional Integration to Quantify Spectra for Dissolved Organic Matter[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(24):5701-5710.
Cheng Du,Z W,En rong Xiao,et al..Cheng,WeiLiang,Feng He. Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater[J]. Journal of environmental Science,2008,20(10),1210-1217.
Clara, M.,Kreuzinger, N.,et al.The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants[J]. Water Res,2005,39(1):97-106.
D.L.J.ORR,A HART.The degradation of paracetamol(4-hydroxyacetanilide) andother substituted acetanilides by a Penicillium species[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,1975,41(1):239-247.
Gabet-Giraud,V., Miege,C,et al.. Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants[J]. Sci Total Environ,2010,408(19):4257-4269.
Garcia-Galan,M Jesus,Diaz-Cruz,et al.. Occurrence of sulfonamide residues along the Ebro river basin: Removal in wastewater treatment plants and environmental impact assessment [J].Environment Intemational,2011,37(2):462-473.
Glassmeyer,Susan T.,Furlong,Edward T.,et al..Transport of Chemical and Microbial Compounds from Known Wastewater Discharges:Potential for Use as Indicators of Human Fecal
Contamination[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(14):5157-5169.
Gobel A,Mc Ardell,Joss,A,etal..Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,372:361-370.
Golet.Eva M,Strehler,Adrian,et al..Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Treated Soil Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction Followed by Solid-Phase Extraction[J].Analytical Chemistry,2002,74(21):5455-5462.
Gros M,Petrovic M.et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environ Int.2010a),36(1):15-26.
Gros,Meritxell,Petrovic,Mira,et al. Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environment International,2010b,36(1):15-26.
Hai F,I,Li,X,et al..Removal of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole by MBR under anoxic and aerobic conditions[J].Bioresour Technol,2011a,102(22):10386-10390.
Hai,Faisal I,Tessmer K,et al..Removal of micropollutants by membrane bioreactor under temperature variation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2011 b,383(1-2):144-151.
Hai Faisal lbney,Yamamoto,Kazuo,et al. Removal of structurally different dyes in submerged membrane fungi reactor-Biosorption/PAC-adsorption, membrane retention and biodegradation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,325(1):395-403.
Halling-Sorensen,B.Nors,Nielsen S,et al.Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-A review[J].Chemosphere.l998,36(2):357-393.
Heberer,Thomas.Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data[J]. Toxicology Letters,2002,131 (1-2):5-17.
Henschel,K P,Wenzel A, et al..Environmental Hazard Assessment of Pharmaceuticals[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1997,25(3):220-225.
Hesham,Abd El-Latif,Qi, Rong,et al..Comparison of bacterial community structures in two systems of a sewage treatment plant using PCR-DGGE analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(12):2049-2054.
Hocaoglu,S M.,Insel G,et al..Effect of sludge age on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(12):6665-6672.
Huang Qiuxin,Yu Yiyi, et al.Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010a,1217(21):3481-3488.
Huang Xia,Xiao Kang, et al. Recent advances in membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment in China[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China,2010b,4(3),245-271.
Ince,Nilsun H.effect of hydrogen peroxide in photochemical dye degradation[J].Water Res,1999, 33(4):1080-1084.
Jae-Sok Kim,Chung-Hak Lee,Hee-Dong Chun.Comparison of Ultrafiltrationcharacteristics between activated sludge and BAC sludge[J]Water Res,1998,32(11):3443-3451.
Jelic, A.,Gros, M.,et al..Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment[J].Water Res,2011,45(3):1165-1176.
Joss, A,Keller,E,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. [J]Water Res,2005a,39(14):3139-3152.
Joss,Adriano,Keller,Elvira,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment[J].Water Res,2005b,39(14):3139-3152.
Kasprzyk-Hordern,Barbara,Dinsdale,Richard M,et al.The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters[J].Water Res,2009,43(2):363-380.
Katsuki Kimura,Hiroe Hara,Yoshimasa.Watanabe Elimination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by an activated sludge system and membrane bioreactors[J].Environtal Science and Technology,2007,41 (10):3708-3715.
Kim,Sang D,Cho Jaeweon,et al..Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters[J].Water Res,2007,41 (5):1013-1021.
Kolpin,Dana W,Furlong,et al..Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams,1999-2000:A National Reconnaissance. Environmental[J].Science & Technology,2002,36(6):1202-1211.
Kuba, T,van Loosdrecht,M C M.,et al.Phosphorus and nitrogen removal with minimal COD requirement by integration of denitrifying dephosphatation and nitrification in a two-sludge system[J]. Water Res,1996,30(7):1702-1710.
LaPara,T M,Konopka A,et al.Effects of elevated temperature on bacterial community structure and function in bioreactors treating a synthetic wastewater[J].Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,2000,24(2):140-145.
Laville,N Ai t-Ai ssa,S,et al..Effects of human pharmaceuticals on cytotoxicity, EROD activity and ROS production in fish hepatocytes[J].Toxicology,2004,196(1-2):41-55.
Le-Minh,N,Khan,S J,et al..Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes. Water Res.2010,44(15):4295-4323.
Lee.W.Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2003,216(1-2):217-227.
Lesage,Nicolas,Sperandio,Mathieu,et al..Study of a hybrid process:Adsorption on activated carbon/membrane bioreactor for the treatment of an industrial wastewater.[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing:Process Intensification,2008,47(3):303-307.
Lin A,Y Tsai, Y T.Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Taiwan's surface waters:impact of waste streams from hospitals and pharmaceutical production facilities[J].Sci Total Environ,2009,407(12):3793-3802.
Lin A, Y Yu,T H,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals in secondary wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan[J].J Hazard Mater,2009,167(1-3):1163-1169.
Lindqvist,Niina.Tuhkanen.et al.Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters[J]. Water Res.2005,39(11):2219-2228.
Lindstrom,Anton,Buerge,Ignaz J,et al.Occurrence and Environmental Behavior of the Bactericide Triclosan and Its Methyl Derivative in Surface Waters and in Wastewater[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(11):2322-2329.
Lyko S,Wintgens,T,et al.Estrogenic trace contaminants in wastewater-possibilities of membrane bioreactor technology[J]. Desalination,2005,178(1-3):95-105.
Majewsky M,Galle T,Yargeau,et al..Active heterotrophic biomass and sludge retention time (SRT) as determining factors for biodegradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals in activated sludge[J].Bioresour Technol.2011,102:7415-7421.
Marco-Urrea,Ernest,Perez-Trujillo,et al..Degradation of the drug sodium diclofenac by Trametes versicolor pellets and identification of some intermediates by NMR[J].J Hazard Mater,2010,176(1-3): 836-842.
Abegglen C,Joss A,McArdell C S,et al..The fate of selected micropollutants in a single-house MBR[J]. Water Res,2009,43:11.
Miege C,Choubert,J M,et al.Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants-Conception of a database and first results[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1721-1726.
Mino T,van Loosdrecht,M CM,et al.Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process[J]. Water Res,1998,132(11):3193-3207.
Muyzer G,C Dewaal.A G.Uitterlinden Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16s rRNA[J].Applied and Envriomental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700.
Nakada N,Tanishima T,et al..Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment[J].Water Res,2006,40(17):3297-3303.
Nghiem.Long D,Tadkaew Nichanan,et al.Removal of trace organic contaminants by submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Desalination,2009,236(1-3):127-134.
Nguyen,Luong N,Hai,et al.Removal of trace organic contaminants by a membrane bioreactor-granular activated carbon (MBR-GAC) system[J].Bioresour Technol,2012,113:169-173.
Nie,Ya feng, Qiang Zhimin,et al.Determination of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the liquid and solid phases of activated sludge by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1216(42):7071-7080.
Paetkau M,Cicek N.Comparison of nitrogen removal and sludge characteristics between a conventional and a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification membrane bioreactor[J].Desalination,2011,283:165-168.
Peng Xianzhi.Zhang Kun,et al.Distribution pattern, behavior, and fate of antibacterials in urban aquatic environments in South China[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(2):446-454.
Pomati,Francesco,Netting,Andrew G.,et al.Effects of erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen on the growth of Synechocystis sp. and Lemna minor[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2004,67(4):387-396.
Quach Thi,Thu Thuy,C Visvanathan.removal of inhibitory phenolic compounds by biological activated carbon coupled membrane bioreactor[J].Water science and technology,2005,53(11):8-15.
Quintana,J B.,Weiss S,Reemtsma T.Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor[J].Water Res,2005,39:2654-2664.
R Reif.S Suarez,F Omil,et al..Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage[J]. Desalination,2008,221:511-517.
Radjenovi J,Petrovic M,et al.. Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2007,387(4):1365-1377.
Radjenovic J.Petrovic M,et al..Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment[J].Water Res,2009,43(3):831-841.
Radjenovic J,Petrovic M,Barcelo D, Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2007,387(4):1365-1377.
Ravindran.Varadarajan,Tsai,Hsun-Hao, et al..Hybrid membrane bioreactor technology for small water treatment utilities:Process evaluation and primordial considerations[J]. Journal of Membrane Science (2009)344(1-2):39-54.
Reinthaler F,Posch J,et al.Antibiotic resistance of E. coli in sewage and sludge[J].Water Res,2003,37(8):1685-1690.
Richardson,Susan D,Ternes Thomas A.Water Analysis:Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues[J].Analytical Chemistry,2005,77(12):3807-3838.
Rimkus,Gerhard G.Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment[J].Toxicology Letters, 1999,111(1-2):37-56.
Robertson L A,van Neil,E W,et al..Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in Aerobic Chemostat Cultures of Thiosphaera pantotropha[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,1998, 56(11):2812-2818.
Rosal R,Rodriguez A,et al.Removal of pharmaceuticals and kinetics of mineralization by O3/H2O2 in a biotreated municipal wastewater[J].Water Res,2008,42(14):3719-3728.
Santos J,L Aparicio,I,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study:Seville city(Spain)[J].Environment International,2007, 33(4):596-601.
Sara Castiglioni,Renzo Bagnati,Roberto Fanelli,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in italy[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(1):357-363.
Satyawali Y,Balakrishnan M.Effect of PAC addition on sludge properties in an MBR treating high strength wastewater[J].Water Res,2009 43(6):1577-1588.
Satyawali Y,Balakrishnan M.Performance enhancement with powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating distillery effluent[J].J Hazard Mater,2009,170(1):457-465.
Scheytt,Traugott J,Mersmann Petra,et al..Mobility of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone in miscible-displacement experiments[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2006,83(1-2):53-69.
Schroder HF.Mass spectrometric monitoring of the degradation and elimination efficiency for hardly eliminable and hardly biodegradable polar compounds by membrane bioreactors[J].Water Sci. Technol.,2002,46(3):57-64.
Serrano D,Suarez S,et al.Removal of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants from sewage by addition of PAC in a sequential membrane bioreactor[J].Water Res,2011a,45(16):5323-5333.
Shariat Farshid,Pajoum Mehmia,Mohammad Reza,et al.Membrane bioreactor for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing acetaminophen[J].Desalination,2010,250(2):798-800.
Sim W,J Lee,JW,et al..Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and rivers in Korea[J]. Environ Pollut,2010,158(5):1938-1947.
Sim W,J Lee,J W,et al.. Assessment of fates of estrogens in wastewater and sludge from various types of wastewater treatment plants[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(10):1448-1453.
Sipma Jan,Osuna,Begona,et al.Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems[J].Desalination,2010,250(2):653-659.
Smital,Tvrtko,Luckenbach,Till,et al..Emerging contaminants-pesticides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms. Mutation[J].Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,2004, 552(1-2):101-117.
Smook T,M Zho,H Zytner,et al..Removal of ibuprofen from wastewater comparing biodegradation in conventional membrane bioreactor and biological nutrient removal treatment systems[J].Water science and technology,2010:57:1-7.
Snyder,Shane A,Adham Samer.et al.Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals[J].Desalination,2007,202(1-3):156-181.
Stuer-Lauridsen F.Birkved M,et al.Environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in Denmark after normal therapeutic use[J]. Chemosphere,2000:40(7):783-793.
Stulten D,Zuhlke S,et al.Occurrence of diclofenac and selected metabolites in sewage effluents[J].Sci Total Environ,2008,405(1-3):310-316.
Suarez,Sonia,Carballa Marta,et al. How are pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) removed from urban wastewaters? [J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and BioTechnology,2008, 7(2):125-138.
Sui Q,Huang J,et al.Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China[J].Water Res.2010.44(2):417-426.
Tadkaew N.Sivakumar M.et al.Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor[J]. Bioresour Technol,2010,101(5):1494-1500.
Tadkaew N,Hai FI,et al.. Removal of trace organics by MBR treatment:the role of molecular properties[J].Water Res,2011,45,(8):2439-2451.
Tan TeckWee Ng,How Yong,et al.Effect of mean cell residence time on the performance and microbial diversity of pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactors. [J]Chemosphere,2008,70(3):387-396
Tartakovsky B,Manuel M.F,et al..Enhanced selection of an anaerobicpentachlorophenol-degrading consortium[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2001,73(6):476-483.
Tauxe-Wuersch A,De Alencastro,L F,et al. Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment[J].Water Res,2005),39(9):1761-1772.
Ternes,Christian G,Daughtonl,Thomas A.Pharmaceuticals and personal products in the environment agents of subtle change[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1999,107(6):907-938.
Ternes,Thomas A.Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers[J]. Water Res,1998,32(11),:3245-3260.
Ternes,Thomas A,Meisenheimer Martin,et al. Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Drinking Water Treatment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(17):3855-3863.
Tian Jia-yu,Liang Heng,et al.Membrane adsorption bioreactor (MABR) for treating slightly polluted surface water supplies:As compared to membrane bioreactor (MBR) [J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,325(1):262-270.
Urase T,Kagawa C,Kikuta T.Factors affecting removal of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in membrane separation bioreactors[J].Desalination,2005,178:107-113.
Valderrama C,Ribera G,et al.Winery wastewater treatment for water reuse purpose:Conventional activated sludge versus membrane bioreactor (MBR):A comparative case study[J].Desalination, 2012306:1-7.
Vieno N,Tuhkanen T,et al.Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland[J]. Water Res,2007,41 (5):1001-1012.
Vieno,Niina M,Tuhkanen Tuula, et al..Seasonal Variation in the Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Effluents from a Sewage Treatment Plant and in the Recipient Water[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(21):8220-8226.
W.Yang,H. Zhou,N.Cicek.Removal mechanisms of 17β-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol in membrane bioreactors[J].Water science and technology,2012,66(6):1263-1271.
W Yang,M Paetkau,N.Cicek.Effects of powdered activated carbon dosing on sludgecharacteristics and estrogen removal in membrane bioreactors[J].Water science and technology,2010,61(9):2193-2198.
Weiss S,Reemtsma T.Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment-a viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters?[J]. Water Res,2008, 42(14):3837-3847.
Wilson,Brittan A,Smith ValH,et al.Effects of Three Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products on Natural Freshwater Algal Assemblages[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2003, 37(9):1713-1719.
Wontae Lee,Seoktae Kang,Hangsik Shin.sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2003,216(1-2):211-221.
Xia Huang,Ping Gui,Yi Qian.Effect of sludge retention time on microbial behaviour in a submerged membrane bioreactor[J].Process Biochemistry,2001,36(10):1001-1006.
Xia Kang,Bhandari,Alok,et al. Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Biosolids[J].J. Environ. Qual,2005,34(1):91-104.
Xue W.Wu C.,et al..Elimination and fate of selected micro-organic pollutants in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process combined with membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater reclamation[J].Water Res,2010.44(20):5999-6010.
Yang W,Paetkau M,et al..Effects of powdered activated carbon dosing on sludge characteristics and estrogen removal in membrane bioreactors[J].Water Sci Technol,2010,61 (9):2193-2198.
Ying G,G Kookana,R. S,et al..Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in sewage treatment plants with different technologies[J].J Environ Monit,2009,11 (8):1498-1505.
Yoo,Hyungseok,Ahn Kyu-Hong.et al..Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite in an intermittently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Res,1999.33(1):145-154.
Zhang,Y,Pu X, et al.2.4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) photobiodegra.dation and its effect on community structure[J].Biodegradation.2012.23(4),:575-583.
Zhao Hong,W Mavinic,Donald S,et al.Controlling factors for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two-stage intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J].Water Res,1999,33(4):961-970.
Ziylan,Asu Ince,Nilsun H.The occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water:Treatability by conventional and non-conventional processes[J].J Hazard Mater,2011,187(1-3):24-36.
Zorita S,Martensson,L,et al.Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden[J]. Sci Total Environ,2009,407(8):2760-2770..
陈锋,李静,曹张伟,等.MBR技术在建筑中水回用中的应用[J].北华航天工业学院学报,2012,22(1):44-50
陈谊,孙宝盛,黄兴,等.张斌膜生物反应器中不同阶段微生物群落结构演变的研究[J].环境工程学报,2009,3(6)：1023-1028
吉芳英,谢志刚,黄鹤,等.垃圾渗滤液处理工艺中有机污染物的三维荧光光谱[J].环境工程学报,2009,3(10)：1783-1788
李根锋,吴楠.MBR技术在废水处理回用中的应用[J].环境科技,2010,23(1):33-36
李绍峰,秦蓁蓁,陈雷,膜生物反应器去除原水中微量阿特拉津的研究[J].水处理技术,2009,35(4):52-56
梁军波,杨开,张大义,等.用MBR-PAC方法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(6):93-95.
梁惜梅,鹿金雁,聂湘平,等.饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应[J].环境学报,2010,30(1)：172-179.
凌玉成.MBR脱氮除磷工艺在我国城市污水处理中的研究与应用[J].北方环境,2012,25(3):177-181.
吕锡武,李峰.稻森悠平等.氨氮废水处理过程中的好氧反硝化研究[J].给水排水,2000,26(4):17-20
裴亮,姚秉华.(?)PAC-MBR组合工艺处理城市污水[J].水污染治理,2008,26(3):7-9.
王顺义.投加粉末活性炭对膜生物反应器运行性能的影响[D].学位论文,2007:20-25.
吴春英.膜生物反应器MBR和序批式生物反应器SBR去除城市污水中典型药品和个人护理品的对比[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1674-1679.
谢晓慧,吴成强,郭召海,等PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(2)：75-78.
张军,吕伟娅,聂梅生,等.MBR在污水处理与回用工艺中的应用[J].环境工程,2001,19(5):9-11
张盼伟.海河流域PPCPs污染状况与健康风险研究[D]，北京：学位论文,2013:40-50.
Abegglen,C.,Joss,A.,Ahmed. Treatment of landfill leachate using membrane bioreactors:A review[J].Desalination,2012,287:41-54.
Alison E, Murray, J,T.H, et al..Phylogenetic Compositions of Bacterioplankton from Two California Estuaries Compared by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of 16S rDNA Fragments[J]. Applied and Envriomental Microbiology,1996,62(7):2676-2680.
Andreozzi,Roberto,Raffaele,Marotta,et al..Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment[J]. Chemosphere,2003,50(10):1319-1330.
Anke Gobel,AngelThomsen,et al..Occurrence and sorption behavior of Sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005, 39(11):3981-3989.
Auerbach,Eric A,Seyfried,et al..Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants[J]. Water Res,2007,41 (5):1143-1151.
Aun Ng,Choon,Sun, et al..Operation of Membrane Bioreactor with Powdered Activated Carbon Addition[J]. Separation Science and Technology,2006,41 (7):1447-1466.
Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern,Richard M. Dinsdale, et al..Guwy The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products,endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters[J].Water Res,2009,43(2):363-379.
Behera,S. K.,Kim, H W., et al..Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants of the largest industrial city of Korea[J].Sci Total Environ,2011,409(20):4351-4360.
Bernhard, Marco, Muller, Jutta, et al..Biodegradation of persistent polar pollutants in wastewater: Comparison of an optimised lab-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge treatment[J]. Water Res,2006,40(18):3419-3428.
Bound,Jonathan P,and Voulvoulis, Nikolaos.Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2005, 113(12):1705-1711.
Bound, Jonathan P,Kitsou, Katerina,et al..Household disposal of pharmaceuticals and perception of risk to the environment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2006,21(3):301-307.
Cebron,Aurelie,Coci,Manuela,et al..Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoretic Analysis of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Community Structure in the Lower Seine River:Impact of Paris Wastewater Effluents[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,2004,70(11):6726-6737.
Carballa, M,Omil, F,et al..Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant[J].Water Res,2004,38(12):2918-2926.
Carballa, M.,Omil, F,et al..Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment[J].Water Res,2005,39(19):4790-4796.
Carucci, Alessandra, Cappai, Giovanna, et al..Biodegradability and Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A 2006,41(9):1831-1842
Cash,Gordon G.,Anderson,Brian,et al..Predicting genotoxicity of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines using electrotopological state indices. Mutation Research/Genetic[J]Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2005,585(1-2):170-183.
Chang, H.,Wan, Y., et al..Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters:comparison to estrogens[J].Water Res,2011,45(2):732-740.
Chanika, E.,Georgiadou, D.,et al..Isolation of soil bacteria able to hydrolyze both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(3):3184-3192.
Chen W,Westerhoff P,Leenheer J A. Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Regional Integration to Quantify Spectra for Dissolved Organic Matter[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(24):5701-5710.
Cheng Du,Z W,En rong Xiao,et al..Cheng,WeiLiang,Feng He. Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater[J]. Journal of environmental Science,2008,20(10),1210-1217.
Clara, M.,Kreuzinger, N.,et al.The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants[J]. Water Res,2005,39(1):97-106.
D.L.J.ORR,A HART.The degradation of paracetamol(4-hydroxyacetanilide) andother substituted acetanilides by a Penicillium species[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,1975,41(1):239-247.
Gabet-Giraud,V., Miege,C,et al.. Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants[J]. Sci Total Environ,2010,408(19):4257-4269.
Garcia-Galan,M Jesus,Diaz-Cruz,et al.. Occurrence of sulfonamide residues along the Ebro river basin: Removal in wastewater treatment plants and environmental impact assessment [J].Environment Intemational,2011,37(2):462-473.
Glassmeyer,Susan T.,Furlong,Edward T.,et al..Transport of Chemical and Microbial Compounds from Known Wastewater Discharges:Potential for Use as Indicators of Human Fecal
Contamination[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(14):5157-5169.
Gobel A,Mc Ardell,Joss,A,etal..Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,372:361-370.
Golet.Eva M,Strehler,Adrian,et al..Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Treated Soil Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction Followed by Solid-Phase Extraction[J].Analytical Chemistry,2002,74(21):5455-5462.
Gros M,Petrovic M.et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environ Int.2010a),36(1):15-26.
Gros,Meritxell,Petrovic,Mira,et al. Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environment International,2010b,36(1):15-26.
Hai F,I,Li,X,et al..Removal of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole by MBR under anoxic and aerobic conditions[J].Bioresour Technol,2011a,102(22):10386-10390.
Hai,Faisal I,Tessmer K,et al..Removal of micropollutants by membrane bioreactor under temperature variation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2011 b,383(1-2):144-151.
Hai Faisal lbney,Yamamoto,Kazuo,et al. Removal of structurally different dyes in submerged membrane fungi reactor-Biosorption/PAC-adsorption, membrane retention and biodegradation[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,325(1):395-403.
Halling-Sorensen,B.Nors,Nielsen S,et al.Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-A review[J].Chemosphere.l998,36(2):357-393.
Heberer,Thomas.Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data[J]. Toxicology Letters,2002,131 (1-2):5-17.
Henschel,K P,Wenzel A, et al..Environmental Hazard Assessment of Pharmaceuticals[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1997,25(3):220-225.
Hesham,Abd El-Latif,Qi, Rong,et al..Comparison of bacterial community structures in two systems of a sewage treatment plant using PCR-DGGE analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(12):2049-2054.
Hocaoglu,S M.,Insel G,et al..Effect of sludge age on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(12):6665-6672.
Huang Qiuxin,Yu Yiyi, et al.Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010a,1217(21):3481-3488.
Huang Xia,Xiao Kang, et al. Recent advances in membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment in China[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China,2010b,4(3),245-271.
Ince,Nilsun H.effect of hydrogen peroxide in photochemical dye degradation[J].Water Res,1999, 33(4):1080-1084.
Jae-Sok Kim,Chung-Hak Lee,Hee-Dong Chun.Comparison of Ultrafiltrationcharacteristics between activated sludge and BAC sludge[J]Water Res,1998,32(11):3443-3451.
Jelic, A.,Gros, M.,et al..Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment[J].Water Res,2011,45(3):1165-1176.
Joss, A,Keller,E,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. [J]Water Res,2005a,39(14):3139-3152.
Joss,Adriano,Keller,Elvira,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment[J].Water Res,2005b,39(14):3139-3152.
Kasprzyk-Hordern,Barbara,Dinsdale,Richard M,et al.The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters[J].Water Res,2009,43(2):363-380.
Katsuki Kimura,Hiroe Hara,Yoshimasa.Watanabe Elimination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by an activated sludge system and membrane bioreactors[J].Environtal Science and Technology,2007,41 (10):3708-3715.
Kim,Sang D,Cho Jaeweon,et al..Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters[J].Water Res,2007,41 (5):1013-1021.
Kolpin,Dana W,Furlong,et al..Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams,1999-2000:A National Reconnaissance. Environmental[J].Science & Technology,2002,36(6):1202-1211.
Kuba, T,van Loosdrecht,M C M.,et al.Phosphorus and nitrogen removal with minimal COD requirement by integration of denitrifying dephosphatation and nitrification in a two-sludge system[J]. Water Res,1996,30(7):1702-1710.
LaPara,T M,Konopka A,et al.Effects of elevated temperature on bacterial community structure and function in bioreactors treating a synthetic wastewater[J].Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,2000,24(2):140-145.
Laville,N Ai t-Ai ssa,S,et al..Effects of human pharmaceuticals on cytotoxicity, EROD activity and ROS production in fish hepatocytes[J].Toxicology,2004,196(1-2):41-55.
Le-Minh,N,Khan,S J,et al..Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes. Water Res.2010,44(15):4295-4323.
Lee.W.Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2003,216(1-2):217-227.
Lesage,Nicolas,Sperandio,Mathieu,et al..Study of a hybrid process:Adsorption on activated carbon/membrane bioreactor for the treatment of an industrial wastewater.[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing:Process Intensification,2008,47(3):303-307.
Lin A,Y Tsai, Y T.Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Taiwan's surface waters:impact of waste streams from hospitals and pharmaceutical production facilities[J].Sci Total Environ,2009,407(12):3793-3802.
Lin A, Y Yu,T H,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals in secondary wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan[J].J Hazard Mater,2009,167(1-3):1163-1169.
Lindqvist,Niina.Tuhkanen.et al.Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters[J]. Water Res.2005,39(11):2219-2228.
Lindstrom,Anton,Buerge,Ignaz J,et al.Occurrence and Environmental Behavior of the Bactericide Triclosan and Its Methyl Derivative in Surface Waters and in Wastewater[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(11):2322-2329.
Lyko S,Wintgens,T,et al.Estrogenic trace contaminants in wastewater-possibilities of membrane bioreactor technology[J]. Desalination,2005,178(1-3):95-105.
Majewsky M,Galle T,Yargeau,et al..Active heterotrophic biomass and sludge retention time (SRT) as determining factors for biodegradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals in activated sludge[J].Bioresour Technol.2011,102:7415-7421.
Marco-Urrea,Ernest,Perez-Trujillo,et al..Degradation of the drug sodium diclofenac by Trametes versicolor pellets and identification of some intermediates by NMR[J].J Hazard Mater,2010,176(1-3): 836-842.
Abegglen C,Joss A,McArdell C S,et al..The fate of selected micropollutants in a single-house MBR[J]. Water Res,2009,43:11.
Miege C,Choubert,J M,et al.Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants-Conception of a database and first results[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1721-1726.
Mino T,van Loosdrecht,M CM,et al.Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process[J]. Water Res,1998,132(11):3193-3207.
Muyzer G,C Dewaal.A G.Uitterlinden Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16s rRNA[J].Applied and Envriomental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700.
Nakada N,Tanishima T,et al..Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment[J].Water Res,2006,40(17):3297-3303.
Nghiem.Long D,Tadkaew Nichanan,et al.Removal of trace organic contaminants by submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Desalination,2009,236(1-3):127-134.
Nguyen,Luong N,Hai,et al.Removal of trace organic contaminants by a membrane bioreactor-granular activated carbon (MBR-GAC) system[J].Bioresour Technol,2012,113:169-173.
Nie,Ya feng, Qiang Zhimin,et al.Determination of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the liquid and solid phases of activated sludge by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1216(42):7071-7080.
Paetkau M,Cicek N.Comparison of nitrogen removal and sludge characteristics between a conventional and a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification membrane bioreactor[J].Desalination,2011,283:165-168.
Peng Xianzhi.Zhang Kun,et al.Distribution pattern, behavior, and fate of antibacterials in urban aquatic environments in South China[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(2):446-454.
Pomati,Francesco,Netting,Andrew G.,et al.Effects of erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen on the growth of Synechocystis sp. and Lemna minor[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2004,67(4):387-396.
Quach Thi,Thu Thuy,C Visvanathan.removal of inhibitory phenolic compounds by biological activated carbon coupled membrane bioreactor[J].Water science and technology,2005,53(11):8-15.
Quintana,J B.,Weiss S,Reemtsma T.Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor[J].Water Res,2005,39:2654-2664.
R Reif.S Suarez,F Omil,et al..Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage[J]. Desalination,2008,221:511-517.
Radjenovi J,Petrovic M,et al.. Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2007,387(4):1365-1377.
Radjenovic J.Petrovic M,et al..Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment[J].Water Res,2009,43(3):831-841.
Radjenovic J,Petrovic M,Barcelo D, Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2007,387(4):1365-1377.
Ravindran.Varadarajan,Tsai,Hsun-Hao, et al..Hybrid membrane bioreactor technology for small water treatment utilities:Process evaluation and primordial considerations[J]. Journal of Membrane Science (2009)344(1-2):39-54.
Reinthaler F,Posch J,et al.Antibiotic resistance of E. coli in sewage and sludge[J].Water Res,2003,37(8):1685-1690.
Richardson,Susan D,Ternes Thomas A.Water Analysis:Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues[J].Analytical Chemistry,2005,77(12):3807-3838.
Rimkus,Gerhard G.Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment[J].Toxicology Letters, 1999,111(1-2):37-56.
Robertson L A,van Neil,E W,et al..Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in Aerobic Chemostat Cultures of Thiosphaera pantotropha[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,1998, 56(11):2812-2818.
Rosal R,Rodriguez A,et al.Removal of pharmaceuticals and kinetics of mineralization by O3/H2O2 in a biotreated municipal wastewater[J].Water Res,2008,42(14):3719-3728.
Santos J,L Aparicio,I,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study:Seville city(Spain)[J].Environment International,2007, 33(4):596-601.
Sara Castiglioni,Renzo Bagnati,Roberto Fanelli,et al..Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in italy[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(1):357-363.
Satyawali Y,Balakrishnan M.Effect of PAC addition on sludge properties in an MBR treating high strength wastewater[J].Water Res,2009 43(6):1577-1588.
Satyawali Y,Balakrishnan M.Performance enhancement with powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating distillery effluent[J].J Hazard Mater,2009,170(1):457-465.
Scheytt,Traugott J,Mersmann Petra,et al..Mobility of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone in miscible-displacement experiments[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2006,83(1-2):53-69.
Schroder HF.Mass spectrometric monitoring of the degradation and elimination efficiency for hardly eliminable and hardly biodegradable polar compounds by membrane bioreactors[J].Water Sci. Technol.,2002,46(3):57-64.
Serrano D,Suarez S,et al.Removal of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants from sewage by addition of PAC in a sequential membrane bioreactor[J].Water Res,2011a,45(16):5323-5333.
Shariat Farshid,Pajoum Mehmia,Mohammad Reza,et al.Membrane bioreactor for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing acetaminophen[J].Desalination,2010,250(2):798-800.
Sim W,J Lee,JW,et al..Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and rivers in Korea[J]. Environ Pollut,2010,158(5):1938-1947.
Sim W,J Lee,J W,et al.. Assessment of fates of estrogens in wastewater and sludge from various types of wastewater treatment plants[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(10):1448-1453.
Sipma Jan,Osuna,Begona,et al.Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems[J].Desalination,2010,250(2):653-659.
Smital,Tvrtko,Luckenbach,Till,et al..Emerging contaminants-pesticides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms. Mutation[J].Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,2004, 552(1-2):101-117.
Smook T,M Zho,H Zytner,et al..Removal of ibuprofen from wastewater comparing biodegradation in conventional membrane bioreactor and biological nutrient removal treatment systems[J].Water science and technology,2010:57:1-7.
Snyder,Shane A,Adham Samer.et al.Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals[J].Desalination,2007,202(1-3):156-181.
Stuer-Lauridsen F.Birkved M,et al.Environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in Denmark after normal therapeutic use[J]. Chemosphere,2000:40(7):783-793.
Stulten D,Zuhlke S,et al.Occurrence of diclofenac and selected metabolites in sewage effluents[J].Sci Total Environ,2008,405(1-3):310-316.
Suarez,Sonia,Carballa Marta,et al. How are pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) removed from urban wastewaters? [J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and BioTechnology,2008, 7(2):125-138.
Sui Q,Huang J,et al.Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China[J].Water Res.2010.44(2):417-426.
Tadkaew N.Sivakumar M.et al.Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor[J]. Bioresour Technol,2010,101(5):1494-1500.
Tadkaew N,Hai FI,et al.. Removal of trace organics by MBR treatment:the role of molecular properties[J].Water Res,2011,45,(8):2439-2451.
Tan TeckWee Ng,How Yong,et al.Effect of mean cell residence time on the performance and microbial diversity of pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactors. [J]Chemosphere,2008,70(3):387-396
Tartakovsky B,Manuel M.F,et al..Enhanced selection of an anaerobicpentachlorophenol-degrading consortium[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2001,73(6):476-483.
Tauxe-Wuersch A,De Alencastro,L F,et al. Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment[J].Water Res,2005),39(9):1761-1772.
Ternes,Christian G,Daughtonl,Thomas A.Pharmaceuticals and personal products in the environment agents of subtle change[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1999,107(6):907-938.
Ternes,Thomas A.Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers[J]. Water Res,1998,32(11),:3245-3260.
Ternes,Thomas A,Meisenheimer Martin,et al. Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Drinking Water Treatment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(17):3855-3863.
Tian Jia-yu,Liang Heng,et al.Membrane adsorption bioreactor (MABR) for treating slightly polluted surface water supplies:As compared to membrane bioreactor (MBR) [J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,325(1):262-270.
Urase T,Kagawa C,Kikuta T.Factors affecting removal of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in membrane separation bioreactors[J].Desalination,2005,178:107-113.
Valderrama C,Ribera G,et al.Winery wastewater treatment for water reuse purpose:Conventional activated sludge versus membrane bioreactor (MBR):A comparative case study[J].Desalination, 2012306:1-7.
Vieno N,Tuhkanen T,et al.Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland[J]. Water Res,2007,41 (5):1001-1012.
Vieno,Niina M,Tuhkanen Tuula, et al..Seasonal Variation in the Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Effluents from a Sewage Treatment Plant and in the Recipient Water[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(21):8220-8226.
W.Yang,H. Zhou,N.Cicek.Removal mechanisms of 17β-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol in membrane bioreactors[J].Water science and technology,2012,66(6):1263-1271.
W Yang,M Paetkau,N.Cicek.Effects of powdered activated carbon dosing on sludgecharacteristics and estrogen removal in membrane bioreactors[J].Water science and technology,2010,61(9):2193-2198.
Weiss S,Reemtsma T.Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment-a viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters?[J]. Water Res,2008, 42(14):3837-3847.
Wilson,Brittan A,Smith ValH,et al.Effects of Three Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products on Natural Freshwater Algal Assemblages[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2003, 37(9):1713-1719.
Wontae Lee,Seoktae Kang,Hangsik Shin.sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2003,216(1-2):211-221.
Xia Huang,Ping Gui,Yi Qian.Effect of sludge retention time on microbial behaviour in a submerged membrane bioreactor[J].Process Biochemistry,2001,36(10):1001-1006.
Xia Kang,Bhandari,Alok,et al. Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Biosolids[J].J. Environ. Qual,2005,34(1):91-104.
Xue W.Wu C.,et al..Elimination and fate of selected micro-organic pollutants in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process combined with membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater reclamation[J].Water Res,2010.44(20):5999-6010.
Yang W,Paetkau M,et al..Effects of powdered activated carbon dosing on sludge characteristics and estrogen removal in membrane bioreactors[J].Water Sci Technol,2010,61 (9):2193-2198.
Ying G,G Kookana,R. S,et al..Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in sewage treatment plants with different technologies[J].J Environ Monit,2009,11 (8):1498-1505.
Yoo,Hyungseok,Ahn Kyu-Hong.et al..Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite in an intermittently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Res,1999.33(1):145-154.
Zhang,Y,Pu X, et al.2.4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) photobiodegra.dation and its effect on community structure[J].Biodegradation.2012.23(4),:575-583.
Zhao Hong,W Mavinic,Donald S,et al.Controlling factors for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two-stage intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J].Water Res,1999,33(4):961-970.
Ziylan,Asu Ince,Nilsun H.The occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water:Treatability by conventional and non-conventional processes[J].J Hazard Mater,2011,187(1-3):24-36.
Zorita S,Martensson,L,et al.Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden[J]. Sci Total Environ,2009,407(8):2760-2770..
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |