我国湖泊富营养化区域差异性调查及氮素循环研究
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摘要
水体富营养化作为一个全球性的环境问题,越来越受到人们的关注。大量研究表明湖泊富营养化的发生不仅与水质条件相关,同时也与湖泊的地理特征和气象条件以及自身的水力条件、水生态系统等因素相关,不同区域湖泊固有的营养状态水平、营养物入湖负荷和富营养化效应之间的关系存在显著的区域差异性。然而,到目前为止,我国还缺乏统一的湖泊营养物生态分区技术方法体系,对现有水生态区域的划分多以水体现状使用功能和行政区为基础进行划分,迫切需要根据不同区域特点和不同类型的湖泊,科学地进行分区,而对全国各大湖区湖泊差异性进行调查研究则是湖泊分区的理论基础。因此,本文在如下几个方面进行了调查研究：
1.对分布于江苏、云南、新疆、内蒙古的25个湖泊的水质进行调查,通过调查数据,对这些湖泊的富营养化状况进行了分析,在查阅大量的文献资料基础上,对这些湖泊的富营养化演变的历史趋势进行了探讨。结果表明已发生富营养化和具备发生富营养化的湖泊占总调查湖泊的84%,其中新疆湖区湖泊富营养化程度较低,内蒙古呼伦湖富营养程度最为严重,江苏西部所调查湖泊营养状态中等,而云南湖泊富营养化程度两级分化严重。历史资料和现场调查结果表明,绝大多数湖泊在近30年富营养化程度均有所提高,新疆、内蒙古等半干旱地区富营养化主要由气候暖干化引发,而南方湖泊如太湖、和滇池等富营养主要是受人类活动干扰引起。
2.对2009-2010水文年中环太湖25条主要河流以及太湖梅梁湾、东太湖等典型湖区中营养盐的年变化情况进行分析,并结合太湖出、入湖水量、蓝藻人工打捞量和鱼类产量等调查,探索了太湖营养盐出、入湖通量和水体自净能力。结果表明太湖氮素河道年输入、输出总量约为7.00万吨和4.01万吨,总磷年输入、输出总量约为3756吨和3746吨,均远远大于2000-2002年度。湖西区和浙西区环湖河道是太湖营养盐主要来源,其总氮入湖量分别占河道总输入量的71.2%和22.6%,而总磷入湖量则占河道总输入量的61.2%和27.7%；湖东区是太湖氮磷的主要出口,约占总输出量的55.6%和61.6%。在该水文年中,约3.22万吨氮素从太湖水体中去除,其中约2.88万吨氮素通过反硝化途径去除,体现出湖泊强大的氮素自净能力。太湖不同湖区、不同季节反硝化潜力体现出较大的差异性,因此氮素自净能力在湖泊氮素迁移转化中的重要作用值得进一步研究。
3.通过原位实验及实验室微宇宙模拟,研究了藻华暴发对湖泊反硝化能力的影响。结果表明蓝藻水华使水体处于厌氧状态,并能够提供大量有机碳源,这将促使反硝化在水体中直接发生,从而提高湖泊氮去除能力。传统反硝化是硝态氮迁移转化的最重要途径。经计算湖泊生态系统中109cells藻细胞的降解可提供足够的碳源将0.53mmol硝氮完全脱除,因此反硝化可能是藻华暴发过程中降低氮素含量最重要的因子；藻华暴发对湖泊氮浓度具有负反馈效应,并能够减轻因大量氮素输入后藻华暴发的程度。
4.利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光、同位素和元素分析等技术对25个调查湖泊中可溶性有机质(DOM)的组成特征进行了分析,并对各湖泊中可溶性有机碳的来源进行了探讨。江苏省西部各湖泊的DOM三维荧光图谱中FI值和BIX值分别在1.17-1.30和0.47-0.67之间,显示DOM具有极强的外源性。DOM的r(A,C)值及相关性研究结果均表明江苏西部湖泊中DOM具有相似的来源,结合这些湖泊流域的经济发展水平可推断入湖河流携带的由农业废弃物及其下游产业产生的有机质是江苏西部湖泊中DOM的主要来源。呼伦湖有机质主要来源于陆源生物,而夏季湖泊内源对湖泊有机质也有一定的贡献,结合呼伦贝尔地区气温变化及放牧状况,可推断气候暖干化及特定地区的过度放牧使得湖泊湖泊DOM和营养盐浓度升高。冬季太湖DOM内、外源均占相当大的比例,表明太湖DOM内源性较强；云南、新疆湖泊中星云湖、杞麓湖和滇池等富营养湖泊中DOM有较强的内源性,而其它贫营养-中营养湖泊外源性较强。
5.建立了太湖、滇池和呼伦湖的藻类生长模型,利用此模型考察了三个湖泊对营养盐输入的响应的差异性,结果表明营养盐输入响应程度为呼伦湖<太湖<滇池。同时对湖泊富营养效应的影响因素进行了分析,根据这些因素对所调查湖泊进行了初步分区、分类。
研究结果可以为中国湖泊营养物分区提供依据,从而能够合理地制定全国各湖区营养盐的基准及标准。
Being a worldwide environmental problem, eutrophication has been paid more and more attention in past three decades. A lot of studies show that the occurrences of eutrophication not only correlate to the water quality but also associate with the geographic character, climate, hydrologic condition and aquatic ecosystem. The response of lakes to nutrients input varied greatly with the regions that lakes are located in, while the ecological regionalization and classification system of lakes' eutrophication have not been constructed in China by now. The aquatic ecological areas are presently being regionalized by the district, water quality and eco-function. Thus, it is of great urgency to regionalize the lakes scientifically according to the regional character and lake type. Since the investigation of the difference between the lakes in China is the base of the eutrophication eco-region, the following aspects are studied in this paper:
1. The eutrophic statuses of25lakes in Jiangsu, Yunnan, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia were analyzed according to the field investigation. Combined with large amount literatures, the eutrophic evolution tendencies of these lakes were further discussed. About84%of the investigated lakes are eutrophic or being toward to eutrophication. The eutrophic levels of these lakes in different district were in the rank of Xinjiang 2. The nitrogen and phosphate in25rivers surrounding Lake Taihu as well as in some typical lake zones such as Meiliang Bay and East Lake Taihu were analyzed during the hydrological year of2009-2010. Furthermore, the nitrogenous self-purification capacity of Lake Taihu was studied in combined with the investigation of water flow, cyanobacteria salvages and aquatic product outputs. In the whole hydrological year, the inflow and outflow fluxes of total nitrogen (TN) were7.00×104t and4.01×104t, respectively. About3.02×104t and0.20×104t nitrogen in water body were removed by denitrification and sediment adsorption during this hydrological year, respectively, suggesting a strong nitrogen self-purification capacity of Lake Taihu. The potential denitrification is stronger in western Lake Taihu (e.g., Meiliang Bay) than that in eastern Lake Taihu (e.g., East Lake Taihu), and is stronger in summer than that in other seasons. Thus, the nitrogenous self-purification capacity plays an important role in nitrogenous transference and transformation in Lake Taihu.
3. To understand the effect of cyanobacterial blooms on nitrogen transformations in eutrophic Lake Taihu, nitrate transformations after the addition of cyanobacteria collected from Lake Taihu were traced in laboratory microcosms with the15N isotope addition method. About81.2%and98.4%of nitrate was lost when2×109and4×109cells L"1of cyanobacteria were added, respectively. Conventional denitrification was found to play a major role in the nitrate removal process while other pathways (e.g., dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium [DNRA] and assimilation of nitrate into microbial biomass) were negligible. It was likely that the cyanobacterial respiration as well as their decomposition resulted in anoxic conditions and that cyanobacteria also served as a carbon source for denitrification. Based on the above results, it was estimated that109cells of cyanobacteria were enough for denitrifiers to remove0.53mmol nitrate in the eutrophic lake ecosystem. Therefore, cyanobacterial blooms have the potential for nitrogen removal by denitrification and this process could cause nitrogen limitation of primary production in summer in Lake Taihu.
4. The origins of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in27lakes were identified using UV-Vis absorbance, fluorescence spectroscopy, C/N ratios and isotopic technology. Fluorescence indexes (FI) and Biological Index (BIX) of DOM in the lakes of west Jiangsu were less than1.3or0.67, respectively, suggesting DOM a strong terrestrial origin. Significant correlation was found between the fluorescence intensities per unit organic carbon at different peaks, which indicated that the humic-like and protein-like materials in these lakes have a similar source. Considered the characterization of these lakes and the economic development, it can be deduced that most of these DOM are produced by agriculture and downstream industries and imported with inflow rivers. C/N, the stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values typical of C3plant debris in particulate organic matter (POM) and the fluorescence indices of DOM indicate that most of the OM in Lake Hulun is of terrigenous origin. It was deduced that about10.2%and7.3%of DOM were contributed by algae in September and January, respectively, according to the linear correlation between the concentrations of algae-derived DOM and the fluorescence intensities of tyrosine-like matter. According to stockbreeding development and climate change in Hunlun Buir Steppe, we deduced that the destruction of the grassland ecosystem by over grazing in specific locations and trends in climatic warming and drying were the main factors causing the increase of OM and nutrient concentrations in Lake Hulun. Both the allochthonous inputs and autochthonous production take a certain contribution to the DOM pools of Lake Taihu in December, which suggests that the autochthonous production is the main origin of DOM in Lake Taihu in the whole year. The DOM in the eutrophic lakes in Yunnan and Xinjiang such as Lake Dianchi, Lake Xinyunhu and Lake Qiluhu are predominantly allochthonous derived, while it is on the contrary in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes.
5. The algal growth models of Lake Taihu, Lake Dianchi and Lake Hulunhu were constructed. According to the models, it was found that the responses of the three lakes to nutrients inputs are ranked in the order of Lake Hulunhu, Lake Taihu and Lake Dianchi. Moreover, the factors influence on the trophic response of lakes were discussed. Base on the analysise of the factors, the investigated lakes were primarily regionalized and classified.
Our study can provide the basis for the lakes regionalization and classification in China, and for the developing of nutrient criteria and standards.
1.对分布于江苏、云南、新疆、内蒙古的25个湖泊的水质进行调查,通过调查数据,对这些湖泊的富营养化状况进行了分析,在查阅大量的文献资料基础上,对这些湖泊的富营养化演变的历史趋势进行了探讨。结果表明已发生富营养化和具备发生富营养化的湖泊占总调查湖泊的84%,其中新疆湖区湖泊富营养化程度较低,内蒙古呼伦湖富营养程度最为严重,江苏西部所调查湖泊营养状态中等,而云南湖泊富营养化程度两级分化严重。历史资料和现场调查结果表明,绝大多数湖泊在近30年富营养化程度均有所提高,新疆、内蒙古等半干旱地区富营养化主要由气候暖干化引发,而南方湖泊如太湖、和滇池等富营养主要是受人类活动干扰引起。
2.对2009-2010水文年中环太湖25条主要河流以及太湖梅梁湾、东太湖等典型湖区中营养盐的年变化情况进行分析,并结合太湖出、入湖水量、蓝藻人工打捞量和鱼类产量等调查,探索了太湖营养盐出、入湖通量和水体自净能力。结果表明太湖氮素河道年输入、输出总量约为7.00万吨和4.01万吨,总磷年输入、输出总量约为3756吨和3746吨,均远远大于2000-2002年度。湖西区和浙西区环湖河道是太湖营养盐主要来源,其总氮入湖量分别占河道总输入量的71.2%和22.6%,而总磷入湖量则占河道总输入量的61.2%和27.7%；湖东区是太湖氮磷的主要出口,约占总输出量的55.6%和61.6%。在该水文年中,约3.22万吨氮素从太湖水体中去除,其中约2.88万吨氮素通过反硝化途径去除,体现出湖泊强大的氮素自净能力。太湖不同湖区、不同季节反硝化潜力体现出较大的差异性,因此氮素自净能力在湖泊氮素迁移转化中的重要作用值得进一步研究。
3.通过原位实验及实验室微宇宙模拟,研究了藻华暴发对湖泊反硝化能力的影响。结果表明蓝藻水华使水体处于厌氧状态,并能够提供大量有机碳源,这将促使反硝化在水体中直接发生,从而提高湖泊氮去除能力。传统反硝化是硝态氮迁移转化的最重要途径。经计算湖泊生态系统中109cells藻细胞的降解可提供足够的碳源将0.53mmol硝氮完全脱除,因此反硝化可能是藻华暴发过程中降低氮素含量最重要的因子；藻华暴发对湖泊氮浓度具有负反馈效应,并能够减轻因大量氮素输入后藻华暴发的程度。
4.利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光、同位素和元素分析等技术对25个调查湖泊中可溶性有机质(DOM)的组成特征进行了分析,并对各湖泊中可溶性有机碳的来源进行了探讨。江苏省西部各湖泊的DOM三维荧光图谱中FI值和BIX值分别在1.17-1.30和0.47-0.67之间,显示DOM具有极强的外源性。DOM的r(A,C)值及相关性研究结果均表明江苏西部湖泊中DOM具有相似的来源,结合这些湖泊流域的经济发展水平可推断入湖河流携带的由农业废弃物及其下游产业产生的有机质是江苏西部湖泊中DOM的主要来源。呼伦湖有机质主要来源于陆源生物,而夏季湖泊内源对湖泊有机质也有一定的贡献,结合呼伦贝尔地区气温变化及放牧状况,可推断气候暖干化及特定地区的过度放牧使得湖泊湖泊DOM和营养盐浓度升高。冬季太湖DOM内、外源均占相当大的比例,表明太湖DOM内源性较强；云南、新疆湖泊中星云湖、杞麓湖和滇池等富营养湖泊中DOM有较强的内源性,而其它贫营养-中营养湖泊外源性较强。
5.建立了太湖、滇池和呼伦湖的藻类生长模型,利用此模型考察了三个湖泊对营养盐输入的响应的差异性,结果表明营养盐输入响应程度为呼伦湖<太湖<滇池。同时对湖泊富营养效应的影响因素进行了分析,根据这些因素对所调查湖泊进行了初步分区、分类。
研究结果可以为中国湖泊营养物分区提供依据,从而能够合理地制定全国各湖区营养盐的基准及标准。
Being a worldwide environmental problem, eutrophication has been paid more and more attention in past three decades. A lot of studies show that the occurrences of eutrophication not only correlate to the water quality but also associate with the geographic character, climate, hydrologic condition and aquatic ecosystem. The response of lakes to nutrients input varied greatly with the regions that lakes are located in, while the ecological regionalization and classification system of lakes' eutrophication have not been constructed in China by now. The aquatic ecological areas are presently being regionalized by the district, water quality and eco-function. Thus, it is of great urgency to regionalize the lakes scientifically according to the regional character and lake type. Since the investigation of the difference between the lakes in China is the base of the eutrophication eco-region, the following aspects are studied in this paper:
1. The eutrophic statuses of25lakes in Jiangsu, Yunnan, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia were analyzed according to the field investigation. Combined with large amount literatures, the eutrophic evolution tendencies of these lakes were further discussed. About84%of the investigated lakes are eutrophic or being toward to eutrophication. The eutrophic levels of these lakes in different district were in the rank of Xinjiang
3. To understand the effect of cyanobacterial blooms on nitrogen transformations in eutrophic Lake Taihu, nitrate transformations after the addition of cyanobacteria collected from Lake Taihu were traced in laboratory microcosms with the15N isotope addition method. About81.2%and98.4%of nitrate was lost when2×109and4×109cells L"1of cyanobacteria were added, respectively. Conventional denitrification was found to play a major role in the nitrate removal process while other pathways (e.g., dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium [DNRA] and assimilation of nitrate into microbial biomass) were negligible. It was likely that the cyanobacterial respiration as well as their decomposition resulted in anoxic conditions and that cyanobacteria also served as a carbon source for denitrification. Based on the above results, it was estimated that109cells of cyanobacteria were enough for denitrifiers to remove0.53mmol nitrate in the eutrophic lake ecosystem. Therefore, cyanobacterial blooms have the potential for nitrogen removal by denitrification and this process could cause nitrogen limitation of primary production in summer in Lake Taihu.
4. The origins of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in27lakes were identified using UV-Vis absorbance, fluorescence spectroscopy, C/N ratios and isotopic technology. Fluorescence indexes (FI) and Biological Index (BIX) of DOM in the lakes of west Jiangsu were less than1.3or0.67, respectively, suggesting DOM a strong terrestrial origin. Significant correlation was found between the fluorescence intensities per unit organic carbon at different peaks, which indicated that the humic-like and protein-like materials in these lakes have a similar source. Considered the characterization of these lakes and the economic development, it can be deduced that most of these DOM are produced by agriculture and downstream industries and imported with inflow rivers. C/N, the stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values typical of C3plant debris in particulate organic matter (POM) and the fluorescence indices of DOM indicate that most of the OM in Lake Hulun is of terrigenous origin. It was deduced that about10.2%and7.3%of DOM were contributed by algae in September and January, respectively, according to the linear correlation between the concentrations of algae-derived DOM and the fluorescence intensities of tyrosine-like matter. According to stockbreeding development and climate change in Hunlun Buir Steppe, we deduced that the destruction of the grassland ecosystem by over grazing in specific locations and trends in climatic warming and drying were the main factors causing the increase of OM and nutrient concentrations in Lake Hulun. Both the allochthonous inputs and autochthonous production take a certain contribution to the DOM pools of Lake Taihu in December, which suggests that the autochthonous production is the main origin of DOM in Lake Taihu in the whole year. The DOM in the eutrophic lakes in Yunnan and Xinjiang such as Lake Dianchi, Lake Xinyunhu and Lake Qiluhu are predominantly allochthonous derived, while it is on the contrary in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes.
5. The algal growth models of Lake Taihu, Lake Dianchi and Lake Hulunhu were constructed. According to the models, it was found that the responses of the three lakes to nutrients inputs are ranked in the order of Lake Hulunhu, Lake Taihu and Lake Dianchi. Moreover, the factors influence on the trophic response of lakes were discussed. Base on the analysise of the factors, the investigated lakes were primarily regionalized and classified.
Our study can provide the basis for the lakes regionalization and classification in China, and for the developing of nutrient criteria and standards.
引文
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