义乌城市化发展对生态系统服务的影响及其对策研究
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摘要
在城市化发展的同时维持和提高生态系统服务的质量及完整性对于区域生态安全和可持续发展具有重要意义。城市化和生态系统都有其各自的发展规律,城市与生态系统服务的协调发展不仅受到外部因素的影响,还受到各自内部发展规律的制约。因此,首先深入分析城市化与生态服务的内部发展机制,运用层次分析法、熵值法等建立城市化发展水平指数的评估框架,对义乌1991-2010年来的城市化发展过程和特征进行分析；借鉴Costanza、谢高地等的思路,对义乌1991-2010年来生态系统服务价值演变进行研究。在此基础上,通过对二者进行相关与回归分析,明晰城市化发展对生态服务的影响,并建立城市化与生态服务的协调指数,定量评价二者的协调等级。最后结合现实情况,秉着“生态优先、平衡发展”的原则,从维持和优化区域生态系统服务的角度提出了一些义乌城市发展对策。研究的主要结果如下：
(1)义乌城市化发展指数由1991年初的0.6248飙升至2010年末的5.2038,年均增长率高达36.64%；其中人口城市化指数由0.2667升至0.5977,以6.21%的年均速度稳步增长,反映了义乌自下而上的城市化动力；经济城市化指数由0.1112飙升至1.3867,年均增长率高达57.35%,体现了城市化与产业集聚的良性互动；景观城市化指数由0.2469升至3.2194,年均增长率达60.20%,反映了城市空间点—线—面的辐射扩张模式和爆炸式的推进速度。义乌城市化存在的主要问题包括城市空间利用超载与低效并存、产业空间不断蚕食生态空间和生态成本不断增加,对经济社会持续发展形成制约等。
(2)采用典型生态系统服务价值基准价格估算的义乌市域生态服务总价值高达49.68×108元～46.84×108元,其中供给服务为5.75×108元～5.15×108元,支持服务为14.52×108元～13.98×108元,调节服务为26.04×108元～24.12×108元,文化服务为3.36×108元～3.59×108元,分别占比约为11%、30%、52%和7%。2010年义乌的总体生态服务价值比1990年末减少了约5.7%,同时森林生态系统的贡献程度由69.56%上升至73.86%,草地由7.28%上升至8.86%,农田由15.59%下降为9.06%,河流／水库由7.50%降低至4.58%,城镇居民点则由0.08%上升至3.65%,生态系统功能与服务呈退化趋势,环境质量降低。
(3)生态服务来源于生态系统的功能,因此服务的内容和数量与生态系统的类型和格局密切相关。对义乌城市化发展指数和生态系统服务进行相关及回归分析的结果表明,城市化的不同侧面与生态系统服务存在较强的相关性。景观城市化直观反映了土地利用/覆被的改变,通过景观格局的变动影响生态系统服务的内容和数量,是生态服务变化的作用途径和总体表征；人口城市化是生态服务变动的内在与核心驱动力,经济城市化则影响着生态服务的内容构成。通过构建城市化与生态服务协调指数对义乌1991～2010年的发展过程进行评价。结果表明,20a间义乌城市化发展和生态服务处于轻度冲突的状态,以5a为一个时期的研究结果为轻度冲突、基本协调、轻度冲突、轻度冲突,反映出义乌城市化和生态服务发展并不协调,生态系统所面临的压力有不断增加的趋势。
(4)基于生态经济学和景观生态学等理论、结合义乌的城市特点及其功能定位分析提出,在下一阶段的城市发展过程中应注意尽量保护现有的支持和供给服务,进一步加强文化服务和调节服务,以促进义乌城市和生态服务的协调发展。生态功能分区通过调整和优化景观结构,有助于将支持和供给服务保持在稳定的水平。根据义乌经济建设和社会发展特点,结合义乌下辖各镇(街道办事处)生态服务内容与分布、生态敏感性和关键资源承载力分析,划分了南部低山丘陵生态涵养功能区、东北部低山丘陵生态控制功能区、西南部丘陵平原生态协调功能区、中部平原城镇人居建设功能区等四个生态功能区,确定了生态保育、生态控制、生态协调三类生态建设目标,同时阐明了各功能区今后的发展方向。
城市绿地包含大量植被和水体等自然元素,是城市建成区文化服务和调节服务的主要来源。对面积67.42km2的义乌中心城区开展城市绿地格局和结构调查,结果表明,义乌中心城区范围内绿地总面积为815.39hm2,绿地率为12.09%,绿化覆盖率为13.70%,总体绿量较少；各类绿地发展不平衡,公园绿地占比44.83%,商贸服务绿地占比22.83%,居住绿地仅占18.09%,防护绿地占比仅有14.25%；中心城区绿地分布不均,东多西少表现突出,整体效果有限；由于植物种类单调、群落结构简单,人工绿地的生态功能不强。为提高城市绿地系统的生态服务能力,首先应以城市功能为导向,完善绿地格局。通过以点带面,充分发挥绿地生态效益；建立和完善生态化的城乡绿化廊道网络,形成“集中与分散相结合”的景观生态格局。同时应优化绿地结构,合理设计功能型植物群落；保护乡土植物,恢复和重建地带性植物群落。
通过以上研究,能得出以下结论：
(1)城市化进程与生态系统服务的演变存在一定的互动关系；
(2)城市功能与市域生态系统服务是紧密结合在一起的,而市域生态服务的内容和数量也必然会根据城市的功能和定位发生变化；
(3)生态服务的优化和发展也应当结合城市功能,对不同的服务内容采取不同的调整策略区别对待,并通过景观格局调整和生态建设等手段使生态系统服务的数量与内容满足城市未来发展需要。
It is of significant importance for regional ecological security and sustainable development to maintain and enhance the quality as well as the integrity of ecosystem services along with urbanization. Urbanization and ecosystem has its own regular pattern, and the coordination of urbanization and ecosystem services is not only affected by external factors, but also constrained by their internal law of development. Thus, the internal mechanism of urbanization and ecosystem services is firstly analyzed. The process and characteristics of urbanization in Yiwu City from1991to2010is analyzed by the framework of Urbanization Development Index, which is established by AHP and entropy method. The evolution of ecosystem services'value in Yiwu from1991to2010is studied according to Costanza and Xie Gaodi's research. On this basis, the impact of urbanization on ecosystem services is revealed through correlation and regression analysis. The coordination between urbanization and ecosystem services is quantitatively evaluated by the Urbanization and Ecological Services Coordination Index. Considering the situation of reality, some countermeasures are finally raised from the perspective of maintaining and optimizing regional ecosystem services, holding the principle of "ecological priority, balanced development". The results are as follows:
(1) The Urbanization Development Index of Yiwu surged by0.6248in1991to5.2038in2010, with an average annual growth rate of36.64%; The Population Urbanization Index rose from the0.2667to0.5977, which has a steady annual growth rate of6.21%, reflecting the "bottom to top" urbanization motivation. The Economic Urbanization Index surged to1.3867from0.1112, which has an average annual growth rate of57.35%, reflecting the positive interaction between urbanization and industrial agglomeration; The Landscape Urbanization Index rose to3.2194from0.2469, and the average annual growth rate is60.20%, which reflects the urban space is expanded from point to line and ranges in radiation, as explosive speed as well. The main problems during urbanization in Yiwu include the coexistence of overloading and inefficient use of urban space, eroding of industrial space to ecological space, and continuous increasing of ecological costs which constraints the sustainable development both in economy and society.
(2) The total value of ecosystem services of Yiwu City is49.68×108～46.84×108Yuan, estimated by a typical ecosystem service value benchmark prices. The value of Provisioning Service is5.75X108～5.15×108Yuan; Supporting Service is14.52×108～13.98X108Yuan; Regulating Service is26.04×108～24.12×108Yuan; and Cultural Service is3.36X108～3.59×108Yuan, which account for about11%,30%,52%and7%respectively. The total value in2010has decreased by about5.7%than that in1990, while the contribution of forest ecosystems has increased from69.56%to73.86%, grassland increasing from7.28%to8.86%, farmland decreasing from15.59%to9.06%, river/reservoir decreasing from7.50%to4.58%, and urban&settlements increasing from0.08%to3.65%. So the functions and services of ecosystem have degradated and the quality of environment is reduced.
(3) Ecosystem services derived from the functions of ecosystems, and the content and the number of ecosystem services are closely related to the types and patterns of ecosystems. The results of correlation and regression analysis between the Urbanization Development Index and ecosystem services have shown that different aspects of urbanization and ecosystem services are strongly related. Landscape Urbanization has visually reflected land use/cover changes, and has affected the content and quantity of ecosystem services through alteration in landscape patterns. It is a symbol and approach to the variation of ecosystem services. Population Urbanization is the inner and core driving force of changes in ecosystem services. Economic Urbanization affects the contents and constitution of ecosystem services. The development process of Yiwu City from1991to2010is evaluated by the Urbanization and Ecological Services Coordination Index. The results have shown that urbanization and ecological services are in a mild state of conflict during the past20years. And it is mild conflict, basic coordination, mild conflict, and mild conflict observed by4periods of five-years. So the development of urbanization and ecosystem services in Yiwu City is not well coordinated, and the pressures which the ecosystem bears are in an increasing trend.
(4) Based on ecological economics and landscape ecology theory, combined with the characteristics and functions of Yiwu, suggestions are raised that the current Supporting Service and Provisioning Service should be protected and the Cultural Service and Regulating Service should be enhanced in future urbanization for better coordination between urbanization and ecological services. By adjusting and optimizing landscape patterns, eco-functional zoning helps to keep the Supporting Service and Provisioning Service to a stable level. Four ecological function zones that ecological conservation zone of southern hilly region, ecological control zone of northeastern low hilly region, ecological coordination zone of southwestern hilly plains region and urban settlements zone of middle plain region are divided according to the current situation of economy and society, considering the contents and distribution of ecosystem services of all towns (street offices), analysis of ecological sensitivity and critical resource capacity. Three types of ecological construction goals that ecological conservation, ecological control, ecological coordination are determined while future directions of development for each functional region are clarified.
Containing a large number of vegetation and water bodies and other natural elements, the urban green spaces are the main source of Cultural Service and Regulating Service to the urban built-up area. Survey on the patterns and structure of urban green spaces in downtown of Yiwu which has an area of67.42km2is carried out. There is a total green area of815.39hm2in downtown of Yiwu City, and the ratio of green space is12.09%; the green coverage rate is13.70%, which means the overall amount of green space is poor. Various types of green space developed unevenly, parks accounting for44.83%, business green space accounting for22.83%, residential green space only accounting for18.09%, and protective green space accounting for only14.25%. The green spaces are unevenly distributed in downtown which resulted in limited affection. There are much more green spaces in the east than in the west. The artificial greenery has a poor ecological function because of monotonous plant species and simple community structure. In order to improve the ecosystem services of urban green space system, the pattern of green spaces should be completed firstly according to the functions of Yiwu City. The benefits of green spaces should be brought into play through combining green spots into range. The network of urban and rural green corridors should be established and improved to obtain a landscape pattern of "aggregate with outliers". The structure of urban green spaces should be optimized simultaneously, and the functional planting communities should be reasonablely designed. Native plants should be protected and regional plant communities should be restored and reconstructed during the growth of urban green spaces.
The following conclusions can be drawn through these studies:
(1) There is a certain interaction between the evolution of the process of urbanization and ecosystem services;
(2) The functions and the ecosystem services of a city are closely related, and the content and quantity of ecological services will inevitably vary according to the city's functions and projects;
(3) Optimization and development of ecosystem services should also be combined with city functions, and different strategies of adjustment should be considered according to different ecosystem service types. The content and the number of ecosystem services should be able to meet the future needs of city development by means of landscape pattern adjustment and ecological construction.
(1)义乌城市化发展指数由1991年初的0.6248飙升至2010年末的5.2038,年均增长率高达36.64%；其中人口城市化指数由0.2667升至0.5977,以6.21%的年均速度稳步增长,反映了义乌自下而上的城市化动力；经济城市化指数由0.1112飙升至1.3867,年均增长率高达57.35%,体现了城市化与产业集聚的良性互动；景观城市化指数由0.2469升至3.2194,年均增长率达60.20%,反映了城市空间点—线—面的辐射扩张模式和爆炸式的推进速度。义乌城市化存在的主要问题包括城市空间利用超载与低效并存、产业空间不断蚕食生态空间和生态成本不断增加,对经济社会持续发展形成制约等。
(2)采用典型生态系统服务价值基准价格估算的义乌市域生态服务总价值高达49.68×108元～46.84×108元,其中供给服务为5.75×108元～5.15×108元,支持服务为14.52×108元～13.98×108元,调节服务为26.04×108元～24.12×108元,文化服务为3.36×108元～3.59×108元,分别占比约为11%、30%、52%和7%。2010年义乌的总体生态服务价值比1990年末减少了约5.7%,同时森林生态系统的贡献程度由69.56%上升至73.86%,草地由7.28%上升至8.86%,农田由15.59%下降为9.06%,河流／水库由7.50%降低至4.58%,城镇居民点则由0.08%上升至3.65%,生态系统功能与服务呈退化趋势,环境质量降低。
(3)生态服务来源于生态系统的功能,因此服务的内容和数量与生态系统的类型和格局密切相关。对义乌城市化发展指数和生态系统服务进行相关及回归分析的结果表明,城市化的不同侧面与生态系统服务存在较强的相关性。景观城市化直观反映了土地利用/覆被的改变,通过景观格局的变动影响生态系统服务的内容和数量,是生态服务变化的作用途径和总体表征；人口城市化是生态服务变动的内在与核心驱动力,经济城市化则影响着生态服务的内容构成。通过构建城市化与生态服务协调指数对义乌1991～2010年的发展过程进行评价。结果表明,20a间义乌城市化发展和生态服务处于轻度冲突的状态,以5a为一个时期的研究结果为轻度冲突、基本协调、轻度冲突、轻度冲突,反映出义乌城市化和生态服务发展并不协调,生态系统所面临的压力有不断增加的趋势。
(4)基于生态经济学和景观生态学等理论、结合义乌的城市特点及其功能定位分析提出,在下一阶段的城市发展过程中应注意尽量保护现有的支持和供给服务,进一步加强文化服务和调节服务,以促进义乌城市和生态服务的协调发展。生态功能分区通过调整和优化景观结构,有助于将支持和供给服务保持在稳定的水平。根据义乌经济建设和社会发展特点,结合义乌下辖各镇(街道办事处)生态服务内容与分布、生态敏感性和关键资源承载力分析,划分了南部低山丘陵生态涵养功能区、东北部低山丘陵生态控制功能区、西南部丘陵平原生态协调功能区、中部平原城镇人居建设功能区等四个生态功能区,确定了生态保育、生态控制、生态协调三类生态建设目标,同时阐明了各功能区今后的发展方向。
城市绿地包含大量植被和水体等自然元素,是城市建成区文化服务和调节服务的主要来源。对面积67.42km2的义乌中心城区开展城市绿地格局和结构调查,结果表明,义乌中心城区范围内绿地总面积为815.39hm2,绿地率为12.09%,绿化覆盖率为13.70%,总体绿量较少；各类绿地发展不平衡,公园绿地占比44.83%,商贸服务绿地占比22.83%,居住绿地仅占18.09%,防护绿地占比仅有14.25%；中心城区绿地分布不均,东多西少表现突出,整体效果有限；由于植物种类单调、群落结构简单,人工绿地的生态功能不强。为提高城市绿地系统的生态服务能力,首先应以城市功能为导向,完善绿地格局。通过以点带面,充分发挥绿地生态效益；建立和完善生态化的城乡绿化廊道网络,形成“集中与分散相结合”的景观生态格局。同时应优化绿地结构,合理设计功能型植物群落；保护乡土植物,恢复和重建地带性植物群落。
通过以上研究,能得出以下结论：
(1)城市化进程与生态系统服务的演变存在一定的互动关系；
(2)城市功能与市域生态系统服务是紧密结合在一起的,而市域生态服务的内容和数量也必然会根据城市的功能和定位发生变化；
(3)生态服务的优化和发展也应当结合城市功能,对不同的服务内容采取不同的调整策略区别对待,并通过景观格局调整和生态建设等手段使生态系统服务的数量与内容满足城市未来发展需要。
It is of significant importance for regional ecological security and sustainable development to maintain and enhance the quality as well as the integrity of ecosystem services along with urbanization. Urbanization and ecosystem has its own regular pattern, and the coordination of urbanization and ecosystem services is not only affected by external factors, but also constrained by their internal law of development. Thus, the internal mechanism of urbanization and ecosystem services is firstly analyzed. The process and characteristics of urbanization in Yiwu City from1991to2010is analyzed by the framework of Urbanization Development Index, which is established by AHP and entropy method. The evolution of ecosystem services'value in Yiwu from1991to2010is studied according to Costanza and Xie Gaodi's research. On this basis, the impact of urbanization on ecosystem services is revealed through correlation and regression analysis. The coordination between urbanization and ecosystem services is quantitatively evaluated by the Urbanization and Ecological Services Coordination Index. Considering the situation of reality, some countermeasures are finally raised from the perspective of maintaining and optimizing regional ecosystem services, holding the principle of "ecological priority, balanced development". The results are as follows:
(1) The Urbanization Development Index of Yiwu surged by0.6248in1991to5.2038in2010, with an average annual growth rate of36.64%; The Population Urbanization Index rose from the0.2667to0.5977, which has a steady annual growth rate of6.21%, reflecting the "bottom to top" urbanization motivation. The Economic Urbanization Index surged to1.3867from0.1112, which has an average annual growth rate of57.35%, reflecting the positive interaction between urbanization and industrial agglomeration; The Landscape Urbanization Index rose to3.2194from0.2469, and the average annual growth rate is60.20%, which reflects the urban space is expanded from point to line and ranges in radiation, as explosive speed as well. The main problems during urbanization in Yiwu include the coexistence of overloading and inefficient use of urban space, eroding of industrial space to ecological space, and continuous increasing of ecological costs which constraints the sustainable development both in economy and society.
(2) The total value of ecosystem services of Yiwu City is49.68×108～46.84×108Yuan, estimated by a typical ecosystem service value benchmark prices. The value of Provisioning Service is5.75X108～5.15×108Yuan; Supporting Service is14.52×108～13.98X108Yuan; Regulating Service is26.04×108～24.12×108Yuan; and Cultural Service is3.36X108～3.59×108Yuan, which account for about11%,30%,52%and7%respectively. The total value in2010has decreased by about5.7%than that in1990, while the contribution of forest ecosystems has increased from69.56%to73.86%, grassland increasing from7.28%to8.86%, farmland decreasing from15.59%to9.06%, river/reservoir decreasing from7.50%to4.58%, and urban&settlements increasing from0.08%to3.65%. So the functions and services of ecosystem have degradated and the quality of environment is reduced.
(3) Ecosystem services derived from the functions of ecosystems, and the content and the number of ecosystem services are closely related to the types and patterns of ecosystems. The results of correlation and regression analysis between the Urbanization Development Index and ecosystem services have shown that different aspects of urbanization and ecosystem services are strongly related. Landscape Urbanization has visually reflected land use/cover changes, and has affected the content and quantity of ecosystem services through alteration in landscape patterns. It is a symbol and approach to the variation of ecosystem services. Population Urbanization is the inner and core driving force of changes in ecosystem services. Economic Urbanization affects the contents and constitution of ecosystem services. The development process of Yiwu City from1991to2010is evaluated by the Urbanization and Ecological Services Coordination Index. The results have shown that urbanization and ecological services are in a mild state of conflict during the past20years. And it is mild conflict, basic coordination, mild conflict, and mild conflict observed by4periods of five-years. So the development of urbanization and ecosystem services in Yiwu City is not well coordinated, and the pressures which the ecosystem bears are in an increasing trend.
(4) Based on ecological economics and landscape ecology theory, combined with the characteristics and functions of Yiwu, suggestions are raised that the current Supporting Service and Provisioning Service should be protected and the Cultural Service and Regulating Service should be enhanced in future urbanization for better coordination between urbanization and ecological services. By adjusting and optimizing landscape patterns, eco-functional zoning helps to keep the Supporting Service and Provisioning Service to a stable level. Four ecological function zones that ecological conservation zone of southern hilly region, ecological control zone of northeastern low hilly region, ecological coordination zone of southwestern hilly plains region and urban settlements zone of middle plain region are divided according to the current situation of economy and society, considering the contents and distribution of ecosystem services of all towns (street offices), analysis of ecological sensitivity and critical resource capacity. Three types of ecological construction goals that ecological conservation, ecological control, ecological coordination are determined while future directions of development for each functional region are clarified.
Containing a large number of vegetation and water bodies and other natural elements, the urban green spaces are the main source of Cultural Service and Regulating Service to the urban built-up area. Survey on the patterns and structure of urban green spaces in downtown of Yiwu which has an area of67.42km2is carried out. There is a total green area of815.39hm2in downtown of Yiwu City, and the ratio of green space is12.09%; the green coverage rate is13.70%, which means the overall amount of green space is poor. Various types of green space developed unevenly, parks accounting for44.83%, business green space accounting for22.83%, residential green space only accounting for18.09%, and protective green space accounting for only14.25%. The green spaces are unevenly distributed in downtown which resulted in limited affection. There are much more green spaces in the east than in the west. The artificial greenery has a poor ecological function because of monotonous plant species and simple community structure. In order to improve the ecosystem services of urban green space system, the pattern of green spaces should be completed firstly according to the functions of Yiwu City. The benefits of green spaces should be brought into play through combining green spots into range. The network of urban and rural green corridors should be established and improved to obtain a landscape pattern of "aggregate with outliers". The structure of urban green spaces should be optimized simultaneously, and the functional planting communities should be reasonablely designed. Native plants should be protected and regional plant communities should be restored and reconstructed during the growth of urban green spaces.
The following conclusions can be drawn through these studies:
(1) There is a certain interaction between the evolution of the process of urbanization and ecosystem services;
(2) The functions and the ecosystem services of a city are closely related, and the content and quantity of ecological services will inevitably vary according to the city's functions and projects;
(3) Optimization and development of ecosystem services should also be combined with city functions, and different strategies of adjustment should be considered according to different ecosystem service types. The content and the number of ecosystem services should be able to meet the future needs of city development by means of landscape pattern adjustment and ecological construction.
引文
* 引自人民日报海外版http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2010-03/30/content_478242.htm。
* 义乌市环境保护局http://hbj.yw.gov.cn/hbjxxgk/024/06/02/201212/t20121218_199733.shtml,2011.1.12
* 数据来源：义乌市统计局,http://tjj.yiwu.gov.cn/
* 数据引自义乌市环保局《关于义乌市环境质量情况调研报告》,http://hbj.yw.gov.cn/hbxj/dylw/201308/t20130812_396793.html
资料来源：国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编)：《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》(2009年),中国统计出版社。
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* 义乌市环境保护局http://hbj.yw.gov.cn/hbjxxgk/024/06/02/201212/t20121218_199733.shtml,2011.1.12
* 数据来源：义乌市统计局,http://tjj.yiwu.gov.cn/
* 数据引自义乌市环保局《关于义乌市环境质量情况调研报告》,http://hbj.yw.gov.cn/hbxj/dylw/201308/t20130812_396793.html
资料来源：国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编)：《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》(2009年),中国统计出版社。
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