辽西凹陷油气成藏机制及主控因素
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摘要
研究区辽西凹陷位于渤海湾盆地海域西北部,是下辽河坳陷陆上辽河西部凹陷向海域的自然延伸,辽西凹陷和辽河西部凹陷属于下辽河坳陷西部凹陷带的两个次级“凹陷”,二者具有相同的构造背景和沉积充填序列以及相似的凹陷结构,借鉴陆上辽河西部凹陷成功勘探实践,类比二者的油气成藏条件的差异性和共性对认识辽西凹陷成藏规律具有一定的指导意义。自从1986年对辽西凹陷开始钻探以来,共钻探16个构造,发现3个油气田,7个含油气构造,北洼、中洼、南洼油气富集差异性较大,分析辽西凹陷的油气成藏机制及主控因素对该区及类似地区的油气勘探具有重要的理论指导意义。
本文利用各类地质、地震、地化资料,以含油气系统、成藏动力学、成藏主控因素论及地质类比等理论为指导,从辽西凹陷沉积、构造演化特征入手,在烃源岩、储集层、盖层、生储盖组合及圈闭等成藏地质条件系统分析及其与辽河西部凹陷地质条件类比的基础上,重建了油气成藏动力学过程,分析了辽西凹陷油气富集规律,并通过典型油气藏剖析,划分、建立了主要的油气成藏模式,探讨了成藏主控因素。论文主要取得了以下认识：
一、油气成藏条件
基于地化资料,分析评价了辽西凹陷烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,结果表明辽西凹陷主要发育东三段、沙一二段和沙三段3套烃源岩,其中沙三段烃源岩厚度大,有机质丰度高、类型主要为Ⅰ-Ⅱ型为主、成熟度高,为研究区的主力烃源岩,对成藏的贡献最大；沙一二段烃源岩有机质丰度高,类型主要为Ⅱ型,成熟度较高,但厚度薄,是研究区的一套重要烃源岩,对成藏有一定贡献；东三段烃源岩有机质丰度一般、类型主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ型、成熟度较低、厚度大,对成藏的贡献较小。
辽西凹陷主要发育三角洲砂体、辫状河三角洲砂体、扇三角洲砂体、近岸水下扇砂体和浊积扇砂体；储集空间有原生孔隙和次生孔隙两种,凹陷内次生孔隙较为发育,自上而下存在三个主要次生孔隙发育带,主要受到成岩作用和后期溶蚀作用等影响；辽西凹陷储集体物性条件较为优越,平均孔隙度25.6%,平均渗透率479.3mD,储层孔隙度多分布在20%以上,渗透率多分布在100mD以上,多为高孔高渗的Ⅰ类储层。
辽西凹陷发育三套区域性盖层,自上而下分别是东一段-东二上段、东二下-东三段和沙三段,其中以东二下-东三段区域性盖层最为重要,在全区范围内分布广,封盖能力最强。辽西凹陷的生储盖配置可大致分为三类：自生自储式配置、上生下储式配置及下生上储式配置。
辽西凹陷发现的圈闭类型比较单一,主要都是与断层有关的构造圈闭,单纯的岩性圈闭和地层圈闭很少,其构造圈闭主要分为断背斜、滚动背斜、披覆背斜、断鼻和断块5大类,圈闭的规模整体较小,闭合面积平均约16.3km2,闭合幅度平均为178.85m。
辽西凹陷的输导体系主要由断层、砂体和不整合面组成,可分为断层单要素型、断层-砂体复合型及断层-不整合复合型三种,由于凹陷内油源断裂较为发育,圈闭多依附油源断裂分布,因此辽西凹陷的输导体系以断层单要素型为主,断层-砂体复合型也较为发育,不整合-断层复合型输导体系发现较少。二、油气成藏机制及富集规律
利用盆地模拟分析技术研究了辽西凹陷的地层埋藏过程及演化、流体动力场及演化、烃源岩发育及演化和油气的充注历史。研究表明,受构造的旋回演化影响,凹陷的地层埋藏经历了不同的沉积变化,特征分别对应于构造演化的四个阶段：孔店-沙四时期,地壳开始拱张,沉降速率较小,沉降量也较小,凹陷为分割的湖盆；沙三时期,裂陷作用最强,沉降速率剧增,沉降量也剧增；沙一二段时期,裂陷作用变弱,沉降速率变小,沉降量最小；东营组沉积时期,再次发生裂陷作用,地层沉积速率再次增大,埋藏厚度剧增；新近系之后,地层稳定的沉积埋藏,进入坳陷阶段。
实测地温数据揭示,辽西凹陷现今地温梯度主要分布在2.2℃/100m-3.7℃/100m,平均地温梯度为2.94℃/100m,略低于辽东湾的平均值(3.0℃/100m),盆地数值模拟结果揭示,辽西凹陷古地温与古热流经历了较为类似的变化过程,在地史时期先由高到低,后又继续升高的趋势。裂陷作用强的阶段古地温梯度和古热流较高,裂陷作用弱时,二者相应降低。实测压力数据揭示,研究区存在泥岩欠压实-超压现象,利用泥岩声波时差方法分析出,研究区发育深浅两套泥岩欠压实-超压体系,分别对应于沙三段和东二下-东三段,且深部超压体系发育强度要大于浅部超压体系,但浅部超压体系分布范围要广一些。盆地数值模拟分析得知,研究区的压力演化存在三期的增压-泄压旋回,构造运动强烈的沙三段沉积时期,因为地层沉降速率大,产生了强烈的欠压实超压;沙一二段沉积时期,构造运动减弱,孔隙流体渗出,部分压力释放,超压强度减小；东三段沉积时期,构造运动再次增强,地层欠压实沉积作用增强,又积累了部分压力；东二段沉积时期,压力本应减弱,但是部分烃源岩开始生烃,导致压力继续增加,直到东一段沉积末期,地层发生抬升剥蚀,这时候压力因构造抬升得到部分的释放；明化镇组沉积时期,生烃达到高峰,压力增大；第四纪平原组沉积时期,生烃作用减弱,压力又减小。如此便经历了增压(沙三时期)-泄压(沙一二时期)-增压(东三-东一时期)-泄压(东一末期)-增压(明化镇组时期)-泄压(平原组时期)三期的旋回。
盆地数值模拟结果表明：沙三段烃源岩从沙一二段沉积时期开始进入生烃门限,东营组沉积时期开始排烃,馆陶组沉积时期达到生烃高峰同时开始排烃,明化镇组沉积时期达到排烃高峰;部分沙一二段烃源岩从馆陶组组沉积时期开始进入生烃门限并少量生烃,明化镇组沉积时期达到生烃高峰,同时开始排烃,平原组达到排烃高峰；极少量的东三段烃源岩从馆陶组沉积开始进入生烃门限并开始生烃,因数量较少,生排烃量也较少,对成藏的贡献很微弱。结合前人流体包裹体测试分析结果,利用生排烃史方法推测辽西凹陷油气发生大规模运移充注的时间大致为24.6Ma,即馆陶组沉积时期。
辽西凹陷原油物性差异较大,深层油大部分为密度较小的轻质、中质油,而浅层原油多为重质油；根据烃源岩甾烷成熟度参数,对辽西凹陷的原油类型进行了划分,包括未成熟油、低成熟油和成熟油,其上限深度分别为2500m、2780m和2900m；油源对比结果表明,辽西凹陷生成的油气多具有洼内成藏的规律,不存在穿洼运移现象；研究区油气富集规律在平面上南北富、中间贫,在纵向上浅层富、深层贫,在区带上高部位富、低部位贫。
三、成藏模式及主控因素
选取了辽西凹陷不同洼陷和不同构造带的典型油气藏,对其成藏条件、成藏机制和成藏主控因素进行了解剖分析,在此基础上,根据供烃洼陷、油气来源、油气储层、输导体系及富集程度等可将辽西凹陷的油气成藏模式区分为3大类和11亚类,并分析了各大类模式油气藏的主控因素与分布特征。
辽西凹陷油气成藏的模式可划分为混源深层古储型、单向浅层古储型和单向复合新储型三大类,其中混源深层古储型模式油气藏的主控因素为储层物性和输导通道,单向浅层古储型的主控因素为烃源岩条件、运移动力和储盖组合；单向混源复合新储型的主控因素为盖层发育及断裂活动。
三大类模式的油气藏具有明显的分布规律：深层古储型油气藏主要分布在辽西凹陷北洼；浅层古储型油气藏分布范围较广,在北洼、中洼和南洼都有分布；新储型油气藏只分布在南洼。各亚类模式的油气藏分布也有一定的规律：富集型油气藏主要分布在凹中隆构造带和陡坡带：混源型油气藏主要分布在北洼和南洼。
辽西凹陷油气差异富集是烃源岩、断裂、温压系统和储层综合控制的结果,各类要素的具体控制作用表现为：优质烃源岩决定油气富集程度,生烃中心控制富集区域,烃源岩热演化影响油、气分布的差异,断裂强烈活动期提供了优质烃源岩的发育条件,构造旋回式演化导致了多套生储盖组合的形成,断裂纵横交错分布控制了圈闭发育,断裂的晚期活化改良了油气运移通道,复式温压系统形成“异常压力流体封存箱”,油气主要聚集在超压系统边缘,储层整体质量影响油气聚集规模。
The Liaoxi depression is located in the northwest of Bohaiwan basin, it is the offshore extension of onshore western Liaohe depression in Xialiaohe depression, Liaoxi depression and western Liaohe depression are two sub-depression belongs to Xialiaohe depression, the two depression have the same tectonic setting and sedimentary sequence and similar structure, according to ghe successful exploration practice of onshore western Liaohe depression, the difference and commonness analogy between the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of these depressions will provide guiding for understanding the accumulation regularity of Liaoxi depression. Since1986,16structures have been drilled, with three oil fields, seven oil and gas construction found, the enrichment difference among the north sag, center sag and south sag is big, the analysis of petroleum accumulation mechanism and main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in Liaoxi depression has important theoretical guiding significance in the exploration of study area and other similar areas.
Starting from the basic geological conditions and tectonic background of the Liaoxi depression, based on the comprehensive utilization of the data of geology, geophysics and geochemistry, under the guidence of multi-disciplinary theories, this paper studied firstly the elements of hydrocarbon accumulation such as source rock, reservoir, seal rock, source-reservoir-seal assemblage,trap and then make a comparative analogy of geological conditions in Western Liaohe depression sag. After that, the accumulation progress was established, oil and gas enrichment regularity were analyzed, and through anatomy of typical reservoirs, division, the major patterns of oil and gas accumulation were established and the control factors of petroleum accumulation are discussed. The results are as followed:
The elements of hydrocarbon accumulation
Based on geochemical data, the organic matter abundance, types and maturity of source rocks in Liaoxi depression were evaluated, the results show that there are three sets of source rocks in Liaoxi depression namely Ed3, Es1+2and ES3, among them the ES3source rock have large thickness, high abundance of organic matter type, Ⅰ-Ⅱ kerogen type and high maturity is the largest contributor of accumulation in the study area; Es1+2source rocks with high abundance of organic matter and Ⅱ kerogen type, high maturity, thin thickness, is a set of important hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area; Ed3source rock with general abundance of organic matter,Ⅱ-Ⅲ type kerogen, general maturity, large thickness, is a minor contributor to the petroleum accumulation.
There exist delta sand body, sand bodies of braided river delta, fan delta sand body, nearshore subaqueous fan sand body and turbidite fan sand body deposit in Liaoxi depression; two kinds of reservoir spaces as primary pore and secondary pore, the secondary pore developed well, from top to bottom there are three major zones for the development of secondary porosity belts, mainly affected by the late diagenesis and dissolution, etc; the physical condition of reservoir in Liaoxi depression is superior with average of25.6%, the average permeability of479.3mD, most reservoir porosity more than20%, most permeability more than100mD, belong to type I reservoir with high porosity and permeability.
There are three sets of regional cap rock deposit in Liaoxi depression, namely Ed1-Ed2U, Ed2L-Ed3and ES3, among which, the Ed2L-Ed3regional cap rocks are the most important and widely distributed in the whole study area with strongest capping ability. Reservoir-seal associations in Liaoxi depression can be roughly divided into three categories:self sourced reservoirs, source rocks in the upper part and reservoirs in the lower part and source rocks in the lower part and reservoirs in the upper part.
The trap type developed in of the Liaoxi depression is unitary, mainly belong to structural trap related to the faults, pure lithologic trap and stratigraphic trap are rare, structural trap can be divided into faulted anticline, rolling anticline trap structure, draping anticline, fault nose and fault block5categories, the size of the traps is small, with average closed area of about16.3km2and average close range of178.85m.
The conducting system in Liaoxi depression is mainly composed of fault, sand body and unconformable surface, which can be divided into three kinds of faults namely the single fault element type, fault-sand body composite and composite unconformity, due to well developed oil source faults, trap mostly distribute dependent on oil source faults. Therefore, transportation systems in Liaoxi depression is given priority to with single fault element type, fault, sand body compound are developed, unconformity-fault rarely found.
Hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism and enrichment regularity
Basin simulation technology was used to study the buriing processes and evolution, hydrodynamic field and evolution, development and evolution and hydrocarbon source rocks of oil and gas filling history in Liaoxi depression. Results show that affected by tectonic evolution, buried formation has experienced different sedimentary changes and characteristics respectively corresponding to the tectonic evolution of four phases:during the Kongdian-Shasi period, the earth's crust begin to arch, sedimentation rate decrease, settlement become smaller, the whole depression become a segmented lake basin; during the ES3period, the rupturing is strongest, sedimentation rate increased, the subsidence quantity also increased; during the ES1+2period, the rupturing weaker, sedimentation rate become smaller and subsidence is minimal; during the Dongying group sedimentary period, the recurrence of lacunae, formation deposition rate increases again, thickness increased; After Neogene, formation and sedimentary being stable buried, entered the stage of depression..
Nowadays, measured temperature data revealed that the geothermal gradient in Liaoxi depression mainly distributed in2.2℃/100m to3.7℃/100m, average geothermal gradient at2.95℃/100m, slightly lower than the average of Longdongwan (3.0℃/100m), basin numerical simulation results revealed that the palaeogeothermal and palaeo-heat flow in Liaoxi depression has experienced relatively similar change process, which is from high to low first, and then continue to rise during the period of geologic history. The paleogeothermal gradient and palaeo-heat flow is higher during the chasmic strong stage, when the chasmic function is weak, they reduced correspondingly.
Measured pressure data revealed compaction, mudstone overpressure phenomenon in the study area, according to mudstone acoustic time difference method, there are two sets of mudstone undercompaction and overpressure system in the study area, namely ES3formation and Lower Ed2-Ed3formation, and the overpressure intensity in the deep overpressure system is larger than shallow overpressure system, but the shallow overpressure system distributes wider.
Basin numerical simulation analysis show that there are three periods of pressure-pressure release evolution cycle in the study area, and strong tectonic movement and high sedimentation rate, there exist strong undercompaction overpressure during the Es3sedimentary period,; druing the ES2sedimentary period, the tectonic movement is abate, pore fluid seepage, partial pressure release, overpressure intensity decreases; during the Ed3sedimentary period, tectonic movement intensity increase again, compaction increase, pressure accumulated; during the Ed2sedimentary period, the pressure should be reduced, but part of the hydrocarbon source rock began to expulsion hydrocarbon, lead to increase pressure, until the end of the east section of sedimentary strata uplift, due to the tectonic uplift and denudation, the pressure release; during the Minghuazhen formation, the source rock entered the hydrocarbon generation peak, pressure increase correspondingly; during the Quaternary Pingyuan formation sedimentary period, the hydrocarbon generation abate, pressure decrease again. These are the three phase of the pressure evolution cycle.
Sand basin numerical simulation results show that the ES3source rocks entered hydrocarbon generation threshold during the Es1+2formation sedimentary period, began to expulse hydrocarbon during the Dongying formation sedimentary period, reach the peak of hydrocarbon generation during the Guantao formation sedimentary period, reach the peak of hydrocarbon expulsion during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period; part of hydrocarbon source rocks from Guantao formation entered hydrocarbon generation threshold during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period and a small amount of hydrocarbon were expulsed, reached the hydrocarbon generation peak during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period, reach the hydrocarbon expulsion peak during the Pingyuan formation sedimentary period; very small amounts of Ed3source rocks entered hydrocarbon generation threshold and expulsed hydrocarbon during the Guantao formation sedimentary period, however the expulsion amount is rare, with minor contribution to the accumulation.Combining previous By combine the fluid inclusion test and analysis with the use of traditional generation and expulsion history of hydrocarbon, the results show that the mass migration and filling time of oil and gas in Liaoxi depression is roughly at24.6Ma, that is to say during the Guantao formation sedimentary period.
The physical properties of crude oil in Liaoxi depression varies with each other, most deep buried oils are light oil and intermediate oil, and shallow buried oils are mainly heavy oil; according to the hydrocarbon source rocks sterane maturity parameters, the types of crude oil in Liaoxi depression are divided, including immature oil, low mature oil and mature oil, their maximum depths are2500m,2780m and2900m respectively. Oil-source correlation results show that the Liaoxi depression mainly have a hollow accumulation rule, does not exist migration phenomenon between pools; the enrichment regularity in the study area show the oil and gas resources are abundant in north-south, with center area deficient on plane, deep layers abundant and shallow layers poverty vertically, high position abundant and low poverty laterally. Controlling factors and models of hydrocarbon accumulation
Several typical reservoirs were selected in different sub-sag, and different structural belt among the Liaoxi depression, then the accumulation conditions, the accumulation mechanism and main control factors of these reservoirs were analyzed, on this basis, according to the hydrocarbon sub-sag, oil and gas source, oil and gas reservoirs, conducting system and the degree of enrichment, the hydrocarbon accumulation model of Liaoxi depression can be divided into three categories and11sub-types, then the main control factors and distribution characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs were analyzes.
The hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of Liaoxi depression can be divided into three categories namely deep mixed source old reservoir type, one-way shallow old reservoir type and unidirectional composite new reservoir, in particular, the main controlling factors of deep mixed source old type reservoir are reservoir quality and conducting channel, main controlling factors for one-way shallow old reservoir type are hydrocarbon source rock condition, migration dynamics and assemblages; control factors for unidirectional composite new reservoir are caprock and faulting.
The distribution model of these three types of the reservoir is obvious:deep oil stored reservoirs are mainly distributed in the north sag of Liaoxi depression; shallow old reservoir distributes widely in the north sag, center and south sag; new storage reservoir distributes only in the south sag. Various kinds and patterns of hydrocarbon reservoirs distribution also follow a certain law:rich reservoirs are mainly distributed in the concave structure zone and the steep slope zone; mix sourced gas reservoirs are mainly distributed in the north sag and the south sag.
The different oil and gas enrichment mechanism in Liaoxi depression is controlled by comprehensive factors such as hydrocarbon source rocks, fracture, reservoir temperature pressure system, the control function of the various elements is shown as:high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks development deicide the distribution area of oil and gas, the hydrocarbon generation center control the enrichment area of oil and gas, the hydrocarbon source rock thermal evolution affect the difference of oil and gas distribution, intence fracture activity provides development condition for the high quality hydrocarbon source rock, tectonic evolution cycle led to the formation of multiple sets of reservoir-seal associations, and fracture distribution control the trap development, late activation of fractures improved oil and gas migration channel, double entry temperature pressure system manufacturing " fluid compartment", oil and gas mainly gathered on the edge of the overpressure system, reservoir quality affect the overall oil-gas accumulation scale.
本文利用各类地质、地震、地化资料,以含油气系统、成藏动力学、成藏主控因素论及地质类比等理论为指导,从辽西凹陷沉积、构造演化特征入手,在烃源岩、储集层、盖层、生储盖组合及圈闭等成藏地质条件系统分析及其与辽河西部凹陷地质条件类比的基础上,重建了油气成藏动力学过程,分析了辽西凹陷油气富集规律,并通过典型油气藏剖析,划分、建立了主要的油气成藏模式,探讨了成藏主控因素。论文主要取得了以下认识：
一、油气成藏条件
基于地化资料,分析评价了辽西凹陷烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,结果表明辽西凹陷主要发育东三段、沙一二段和沙三段3套烃源岩,其中沙三段烃源岩厚度大,有机质丰度高、类型主要为Ⅰ-Ⅱ型为主、成熟度高,为研究区的主力烃源岩,对成藏的贡献最大；沙一二段烃源岩有机质丰度高,类型主要为Ⅱ型,成熟度较高,但厚度薄,是研究区的一套重要烃源岩,对成藏有一定贡献；东三段烃源岩有机质丰度一般、类型主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ型、成熟度较低、厚度大,对成藏的贡献较小。
辽西凹陷主要发育三角洲砂体、辫状河三角洲砂体、扇三角洲砂体、近岸水下扇砂体和浊积扇砂体；储集空间有原生孔隙和次生孔隙两种,凹陷内次生孔隙较为发育,自上而下存在三个主要次生孔隙发育带,主要受到成岩作用和后期溶蚀作用等影响；辽西凹陷储集体物性条件较为优越,平均孔隙度25.6%,平均渗透率479.3mD,储层孔隙度多分布在20%以上,渗透率多分布在100mD以上,多为高孔高渗的Ⅰ类储层。
辽西凹陷发育三套区域性盖层,自上而下分别是东一段-东二上段、东二下-东三段和沙三段,其中以东二下-东三段区域性盖层最为重要,在全区范围内分布广,封盖能力最强。辽西凹陷的生储盖配置可大致分为三类：自生自储式配置、上生下储式配置及下生上储式配置。
辽西凹陷发现的圈闭类型比较单一,主要都是与断层有关的构造圈闭,单纯的岩性圈闭和地层圈闭很少,其构造圈闭主要分为断背斜、滚动背斜、披覆背斜、断鼻和断块5大类,圈闭的规模整体较小,闭合面积平均约16.3km2,闭合幅度平均为178.85m。
辽西凹陷的输导体系主要由断层、砂体和不整合面组成,可分为断层单要素型、断层-砂体复合型及断层-不整合复合型三种,由于凹陷内油源断裂较为发育,圈闭多依附油源断裂分布,因此辽西凹陷的输导体系以断层单要素型为主,断层-砂体复合型也较为发育,不整合-断层复合型输导体系发现较少。二、油气成藏机制及富集规律
利用盆地模拟分析技术研究了辽西凹陷的地层埋藏过程及演化、流体动力场及演化、烃源岩发育及演化和油气的充注历史。研究表明,受构造的旋回演化影响,凹陷的地层埋藏经历了不同的沉积变化,特征分别对应于构造演化的四个阶段：孔店-沙四时期,地壳开始拱张,沉降速率较小,沉降量也较小,凹陷为分割的湖盆；沙三时期,裂陷作用最强,沉降速率剧增,沉降量也剧增；沙一二段时期,裂陷作用变弱,沉降速率变小,沉降量最小；东营组沉积时期,再次发生裂陷作用,地层沉积速率再次增大,埋藏厚度剧增；新近系之后,地层稳定的沉积埋藏,进入坳陷阶段。
实测地温数据揭示,辽西凹陷现今地温梯度主要分布在2.2℃/100m-3.7℃/100m,平均地温梯度为2.94℃/100m,略低于辽东湾的平均值(3.0℃/100m),盆地数值模拟结果揭示,辽西凹陷古地温与古热流经历了较为类似的变化过程,在地史时期先由高到低,后又继续升高的趋势。裂陷作用强的阶段古地温梯度和古热流较高,裂陷作用弱时,二者相应降低。实测压力数据揭示,研究区存在泥岩欠压实-超压现象,利用泥岩声波时差方法分析出,研究区发育深浅两套泥岩欠压实-超压体系,分别对应于沙三段和东二下-东三段,且深部超压体系发育强度要大于浅部超压体系,但浅部超压体系分布范围要广一些。盆地数值模拟分析得知,研究区的压力演化存在三期的增压-泄压旋回,构造运动强烈的沙三段沉积时期,因为地层沉降速率大,产生了强烈的欠压实超压;沙一二段沉积时期,构造运动减弱,孔隙流体渗出,部分压力释放,超压强度减小；东三段沉积时期,构造运动再次增强,地层欠压实沉积作用增强,又积累了部分压力；东二段沉积时期,压力本应减弱,但是部分烃源岩开始生烃,导致压力继续增加,直到东一段沉积末期,地层发生抬升剥蚀,这时候压力因构造抬升得到部分的释放；明化镇组沉积时期,生烃达到高峰,压力增大；第四纪平原组沉积时期,生烃作用减弱,压力又减小。如此便经历了增压(沙三时期)-泄压(沙一二时期)-增压(东三-东一时期)-泄压(东一末期)-增压(明化镇组时期)-泄压(平原组时期)三期的旋回。
盆地数值模拟结果表明：沙三段烃源岩从沙一二段沉积时期开始进入生烃门限,东营组沉积时期开始排烃,馆陶组沉积时期达到生烃高峰同时开始排烃,明化镇组沉积时期达到排烃高峰;部分沙一二段烃源岩从馆陶组组沉积时期开始进入生烃门限并少量生烃,明化镇组沉积时期达到生烃高峰,同时开始排烃,平原组达到排烃高峰；极少量的东三段烃源岩从馆陶组沉积开始进入生烃门限并开始生烃,因数量较少,生排烃量也较少,对成藏的贡献很微弱。结合前人流体包裹体测试分析结果,利用生排烃史方法推测辽西凹陷油气发生大规模运移充注的时间大致为24.6Ma,即馆陶组沉积时期。
辽西凹陷原油物性差异较大,深层油大部分为密度较小的轻质、中质油,而浅层原油多为重质油；根据烃源岩甾烷成熟度参数,对辽西凹陷的原油类型进行了划分,包括未成熟油、低成熟油和成熟油,其上限深度分别为2500m、2780m和2900m；油源对比结果表明,辽西凹陷生成的油气多具有洼内成藏的规律,不存在穿洼运移现象；研究区油气富集规律在平面上南北富、中间贫,在纵向上浅层富、深层贫,在区带上高部位富、低部位贫。
三、成藏模式及主控因素
选取了辽西凹陷不同洼陷和不同构造带的典型油气藏,对其成藏条件、成藏机制和成藏主控因素进行了解剖分析,在此基础上,根据供烃洼陷、油气来源、油气储层、输导体系及富集程度等可将辽西凹陷的油气成藏模式区分为3大类和11亚类,并分析了各大类模式油气藏的主控因素与分布特征。
辽西凹陷油气成藏的模式可划分为混源深层古储型、单向浅层古储型和单向复合新储型三大类,其中混源深层古储型模式油气藏的主控因素为储层物性和输导通道,单向浅层古储型的主控因素为烃源岩条件、运移动力和储盖组合；单向混源复合新储型的主控因素为盖层发育及断裂活动。
三大类模式的油气藏具有明显的分布规律：深层古储型油气藏主要分布在辽西凹陷北洼；浅层古储型油气藏分布范围较广,在北洼、中洼和南洼都有分布；新储型油气藏只分布在南洼。各亚类模式的油气藏分布也有一定的规律：富集型油气藏主要分布在凹中隆构造带和陡坡带：混源型油气藏主要分布在北洼和南洼。
辽西凹陷油气差异富集是烃源岩、断裂、温压系统和储层综合控制的结果,各类要素的具体控制作用表现为：优质烃源岩决定油气富集程度,生烃中心控制富集区域,烃源岩热演化影响油、气分布的差异,断裂强烈活动期提供了优质烃源岩的发育条件,构造旋回式演化导致了多套生储盖组合的形成,断裂纵横交错分布控制了圈闭发育,断裂的晚期活化改良了油气运移通道,复式温压系统形成“异常压力流体封存箱”,油气主要聚集在超压系统边缘,储层整体质量影响油气聚集规模。
The Liaoxi depression is located in the northwest of Bohaiwan basin, it is the offshore extension of onshore western Liaohe depression in Xialiaohe depression, Liaoxi depression and western Liaohe depression are two sub-depression belongs to Xialiaohe depression, the two depression have the same tectonic setting and sedimentary sequence and similar structure, according to ghe successful exploration practice of onshore western Liaohe depression, the difference and commonness analogy between the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of these depressions will provide guiding for understanding the accumulation regularity of Liaoxi depression. Since1986,16structures have been drilled, with three oil fields, seven oil and gas construction found, the enrichment difference among the north sag, center sag and south sag is big, the analysis of petroleum accumulation mechanism and main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in Liaoxi depression has important theoretical guiding significance in the exploration of study area and other similar areas.
Starting from the basic geological conditions and tectonic background of the Liaoxi depression, based on the comprehensive utilization of the data of geology, geophysics and geochemistry, under the guidence of multi-disciplinary theories, this paper studied firstly the elements of hydrocarbon accumulation such as source rock, reservoir, seal rock, source-reservoir-seal assemblage,trap and then make a comparative analogy of geological conditions in Western Liaohe depression sag. After that, the accumulation progress was established, oil and gas enrichment regularity were analyzed, and through anatomy of typical reservoirs, division, the major patterns of oil and gas accumulation were established and the control factors of petroleum accumulation are discussed. The results are as followed:
The elements of hydrocarbon accumulation
Based on geochemical data, the organic matter abundance, types and maturity of source rocks in Liaoxi depression were evaluated, the results show that there are three sets of source rocks in Liaoxi depression namely Ed3, Es1+2and ES3, among them the ES3source rock have large thickness, high abundance of organic matter type, Ⅰ-Ⅱ kerogen type and high maturity is the largest contributor of accumulation in the study area; Es1+2source rocks with high abundance of organic matter and Ⅱ kerogen type, high maturity, thin thickness, is a set of important hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area; Ed3source rock with general abundance of organic matter,Ⅱ-Ⅲ type kerogen, general maturity, large thickness, is a minor contributor to the petroleum accumulation.
There exist delta sand body, sand bodies of braided river delta, fan delta sand body, nearshore subaqueous fan sand body and turbidite fan sand body deposit in Liaoxi depression; two kinds of reservoir spaces as primary pore and secondary pore, the secondary pore developed well, from top to bottom there are three major zones for the development of secondary porosity belts, mainly affected by the late diagenesis and dissolution, etc; the physical condition of reservoir in Liaoxi depression is superior with average of25.6%, the average permeability of479.3mD, most reservoir porosity more than20%, most permeability more than100mD, belong to type I reservoir with high porosity and permeability.
There are three sets of regional cap rock deposit in Liaoxi depression, namely Ed1-Ed2U, Ed2L-Ed3and ES3, among which, the Ed2L-Ed3regional cap rocks are the most important and widely distributed in the whole study area with strongest capping ability. Reservoir-seal associations in Liaoxi depression can be roughly divided into three categories:self sourced reservoirs, source rocks in the upper part and reservoirs in the lower part and source rocks in the lower part and reservoirs in the upper part.
The trap type developed in of the Liaoxi depression is unitary, mainly belong to structural trap related to the faults, pure lithologic trap and stratigraphic trap are rare, structural trap can be divided into faulted anticline, rolling anticline trap structure, draping anticline, fault nose and fault block5categories, the size of the traps is small, with average closed area of about16.3km2and average close range of178.85m.
The conducting system in Liaoxi depression is mainly composed of fault, sand body and unconformable surface, which can be divided into three kinds of faults namely the single fault element type, fault-sand body composite and composite unconformity, due to well developed oil source faults, trap mostly distribute dependent on oil source faults. Therefore, transportation systems in Liaoxi depression is given priority to with single fault element type, fault, sand body compound are developed, unconformity-fault rarely found.
Hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism and enrichment regularity
Basin simulation technology was used to study the buriing processes and evolution, hydrodynamic field and evolution, development and evolution and hydrocarbon source rocks of oil and gas filling history in Liaoxi depression. Results show that affected by tectonic evolution, buried formation has experienced different sedimentary changes and characteristics respectively corresponding to the tectonic evolution of four phases:during the Kongdian-Shasi period, the earth's crust begin to arch, sedimentation rate decrease, settlement become smaller, the whole depression become a segmented lake basin; during the ES3period, the rupturing is strongest, sedimentation rate increased, the subsidence quantity also increased; during the ES1+2period, the rupturing weaker, sedimentation rate become smaller and subsidence is minimal; during the Dongying group sedimentary period, the recurrence of lacunae, formation deposition rate increases again, thickness increased; After Neogene, formation and sedimentary being stable buried, entered the stage of depression..
Nowadays, measured temperature data revealed that the geothermal gradient in Liaoxi depression mainly distributed in2.2℃/100m to3.7℃/100m, average geothermal gradient at2.95℃/100m, slightly lower than the average of Longdongwan (3.0℃/100m), basin numerical simulation results revealed that the palaeogeothermal and palaeo-heat flow in Liaoxi depression has experienced relatively similar change process, which is from high to low first, and then continue to rise during the period of geologic history. The paleogeothermal gradient and palaeo-heat flow is higher during the chasmic strong stage, when the chasmic function is weak, they reduced correspondingly.
Measured pressure data revealed compaction, mudstone overpressure phenomenon in the study area, according to mudstone acoustic time difference method, there are two sets of mudstone undercompaction and overpressure system in the study area, namely ES3formation and Lower Ed2-Ed3formation, and the overpressure intensity in the deep overpressure system is larger than shallow overpressure system, but the shallow overpressure system distributes wider.
Basin numerical simulation analysis show that there are three periods of pressure-pressure release evolution cycle in the study area, and strong tectonic movement and high sedimentation rate, there exist strong undercompaction overpressure during the Es3sedimentary period,; druing the ES2sedimentary period, the tectonic movement is abate, pore fluid seepage, partial pressure release, overpressure intensity decreases; during the Ed3sedimentary period, tectonic movement intensity increase again, compaction increase, pressure accumulated; during the Ed2sedimentary period, the pressure should be reduced, but part of the hydrocarbon source rock began to expulsion hydrocarbon, lead to increase pressure, until the end of the east section of sedimentary strata uplift, due to the tectonic uplift and denudation, the pressure release; during the Minghuazhen formation, the source rock entered the hydrocarbon generation peak, pressure increase correspondingly; during the Quaternary Pingyuan formation sedimentary period, the hydrocarbon generation abate, pressure decrease again. These are the three phase of the pressure evolution cycle.
Sand basin numerical simulation results show that the ES3source rocks entered hydrocarbon generation threshold during the Es1+2formation sedimentary period, began to expulse hydrocarbon during the Dongying formation sedimentary period, reach the peak of hydrocarbon generation during the Guantao formation sedimentary period, reach the peak of hydrocarbon expulsion during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period; part of hydrocarbon source rocks from Guantao formation entered hydrocarbon generation threshold during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period and a small amount of hydrocarbon were expulsed, reached the hydrocarbon generation peak during the Minghuazhen formation sedimentary period, reach the hydrocarbon expulsion peak during the Pingyuan formation sedimentary period; very small amounts of Ed3source rocks entered hydrocarbon generation threshold and expulsed hydrocarbon during the Guantao formation sedimentary period, however the expulsion amount is rare, with minor contribution to the accumulation.Combining previous By combine the fluid inclusion test and analysis with the use of traditional generation and expulsion history of hydrocarbon, the results show that the mass migration and filling time of oil and gas in Liaoxi depression is roughly at24.6Ma, that is to say during the Guantao formation sedimentary period.
The physical properties of crude oil in Liaoxi depression varies with each other, most deep buried oils are light oil and intermediate oil, and shallow buried oils are mainly heavy oil; according to the hydrocarbon source rocks sterane maturity parameters, the types of crude oil in Liaoxi depression are divided, including immature oil, low mature oil and mature oil, their maximum depths are2500m,2780m and2900m respectively. Oil-source correlation results show that the Liaoxi depression mainly have a hollow accumulation rule, does not exist migration phenomenon between pools; the enrichment regularity in the study area show the oil and gas resources are abundant in north-south, with center area deficient on plane, deep layers abundant and shallow layers poverty vertically, high position abundant and low poverty laterally. Controlling factors and models of hydrocarbon accumulation
Several typical reservoirs were selected in different sub-sag, and different structural belt among the Liaoxi depression, then the accumulation conditions, the accumulation mechanism and main control factors of these reservoirs were analyzed, on this basis, according to the hydrocarbon sub-sag, oil and gas source, oil and gas reservoirs, conducting system and the degree of enrichment, the hydrocarbon accumulation model of Liaoxi depression can be divided into three categories and11sub-types, then the main control factors and distribution characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs were analyzes.
The hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of Liaoxi depression can be divided into three categories namely deep mixed source old reservoir type, one-way shallow old reservoir type and unidirectional composite new reservoir, in particular, the main controlling factors of deep mixed source old type reservoir are reservoir quality and conducting channel, main controlling factors for one-way shallow old reservoir type are hydrocarbon source rock condition, migration dynamics and assemblages; control factors for unidirectional composite new reservoir are caprock and faulting.
The distribution model of these three types of the reservoir is obvious:deep oil stored reservoirs are mainly distributed in the north sag of Liaoxi depression; shallow old reservoir distributes widely in the north sag, center and south sag; new storage reservoir distributes only in the south sag. Various kinds and patterns of hydrocarbon reservoirs distribution also follow a certain law:rich reservoirs are mainly distributed in the concave structure zone and the steep slope zone; mix sourced gas reservoirs are mainly distributed in the north sag and the south sag.
The different oil and gas enrichment mechanism in Liaoxi depression is controlled by comprehensive factors such as hydrocarbon source rocks, fracture, reservoir temperature pressure system, the control function of the various elements is shown as:high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks development deicide the distribution area of oil and gas, the hydrocarbon generation center control the enrichment area of oil and gas, the hydrocarbon source rock thermal evolution affect the difference of oil and gas distribution, intence fracture activity provides development condition for the high quality hydrocarbon source rock, tectonic evolution cycle led to the formation of multiple sets of reservoir-seal associations, and fracture distribution control the trap development, late activation of fractures improved oil and gas migration channel, double entry temperature pressure system manufacturing " fluid compartment", oil and gas mainly gathered on the edge of the overpressure system, reservoir quality affect the overall oil-gas accumulation scale.
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