基于光谱整形的微波光子信号产生及处理技术研究
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摘要
随着微波技术在雷达系统、无线通信、射频天文学等多个应用领域的蓬勃发展,对高频微波信号进行实时的产生、处理和操控成为目前学术界及工业界共同面临的问题。微波光子学正是针对这一发展需求所产生的新兴交叉学科,它旨在利用光学技术的高速、高带宽及低损耗等固有优势,解决传统微波技术所面临的带宽及速率瓶颈问题。本论文针对于微波光子学领域中的国际研究热点,围绕微波光子信号产生技术及光载无线信号处理技术两方面展开研究。一方面探索新型的波形构造方法,提高基于全光器件任意波形产生技术的灵活性；另一方面旨在解决光载无线系统中的性能损伤问题,通过全光处理技术提高光载微波信号的传输性能。
在微波信号的光学产生方面,本论文基于偏光干涉滤波器单元,提出了两种结构方式以构建具有三角形滤波响应的全光滤波器,进而结合频域到时域映射技术实现了三角形微波信号的产生；接着,将串联结构的光谱构造模型推广到任意波形产生领域,并通过理论和实验共同证明了该模型的有效性；进一步通过光谱滤波器结构上的优化设计实现了参数可调的微波信号产生。在光载微波信号的处理方面,搭建了光载无线系统的下行传输线路系统,提出了解决功率衰落效应及调制深度问题的预失真技术,有效增加了系统的接收灵敏度。本文主要的研究内容和成果如下：
(1)提出了基于并联结构的三角微波脉冲产生方法。结合保偏光纤及偏振片设计了基于偏光干涉的梳状滤波器结构,从理论上分析了该滤波器的实现原理,并给出了滤波响应函数随保偏光纤长度的变化趋势。随后,基于傅里叶级数展开原理,分析了三角波函数的谐波分量构成,并探讨了谐波分量阶数对三角波形质量的影响。在忽略高阶谐波影响的情况下,通过并联的偏光干涉滤波器产生了对应基波及三次谐波的两路正弦形光谱。引入偏振合束器实现了两路正弦光谱的强度叠加,完成了三角光谱构造。最后,研究了频时域映射的理论基础及应用条件,实现了三角光谱到脉冲的映射过程。实验结果表明,产生的三角脉冲频率及脉宽可以通过保偏光纤长度及光纤色散大小调节,符合理论模型期望。
(2)设计了基于串联型偏光干涉滤波器的任意微波波形产生系统。首先分析了输入光偏振控制对偏光干涉滤波器滤波响应函数的影响,探讨了输出正弦形光谱的消光比系数可调范围。构建了基于串联型偏光干涉滤波模块的系统结构,推导了该结构的输出光谱理论模型。推导公式表明,串联型的偏光干涉滤波模块能产生傅里叶级数式的多分量光谱组合。另外,通过合理的调节模块中各级滤波器的偏振关系,可以实现对各光谱分量的幅度控制,从而完成任意光谱输出。通过仿真证明,输出光谱精确度与滤波器级联个数有关。而级联个数的增加又提高了控制算法复杂度,因此,利用遗传算法解决了各级滤波器偏振关系的复杂计算。实验中使用三级级联结构的偏光干涉滤波器实现了正弦形、三角形及矩形光谱的产生。同样利用色散光纤及高速光电探测器组成的频时域映射模块结合上述串联型构造器实现了三角形微波信号的产生。
(3)通过加入可调光器件对偏光干涉滤波器系统结构进行优化,以实现二维可调的微波信号产生。取代保偏光纤的可调差分群时延模块用于控制输出光谱的自由谱范围,并采用带宽及波长可调的光学滤波器用以控制输出光谱带宽。基于该光谱构造系统结构并结合频时域映射机制,理论推导了输出微波波形与差分群时延及后级滤波器带宽的关系,并通过实验证明了该理论正确性。实验结果表明,该系统方案能实现频率范围为4GHz-30GHz、信号宽度为0.7nm-3nm的微波信号生成。
(4)通过在偏光干涉滤波器中引入差分群时延扰动以实现相位编码的微波信号产生。基于偏光干涉滤波器中差分群时延与输出光谱自由谱范围的关系,利用相位调制器引入额外的相位延时,以实现输出光谱的频移调制,结合频时域映射技术将频移调制转换为输出微波信号的相位调制。实验产生了频率为10GHz的相位编码信号,并证明了输出微波信号相位与相位调制器射频输入电压成正比关系。
(5)提出了用于提高光载无线信号系统传输性能的光学预失真技术。首先从理论上分析了光载无线系统中双边带信号及单边带信号的最优载波边带比,并根据理论结果,通过实验比较了具有最优化载波边带比的双边带信号及单边带信号传输性能,证明了前者具有1.5dB的性能优势。随后研究了光载无线系统中的色散损伤,推导了色散引起的功率衰落机理,分析了功率衰落随微波频率及传输距离的变化趋势。利用预失真技术对双边带信号中的两个边带提前预置相位差,抵消链路中的色散影响,解决双边带信号在系统中的功率衰落问题。实验结果证明了预失真技术的有效性,并表明在光载无线系统中,经预失真处理的双边带信号相比单边带信号具有1.2dB的灵敏度提升。
As the explosive development of microwave technology in the application areas of radar system, wireless transmission and radio astronomy, recently the generation, processing and manipulation techniques of high-frequency microwave signals have been major concerns in academia and industry. Thanks to the inherent characteristics of light, such as high speed, large bandwidth and low loss, photonic techniques are usually used to solve the microwave problems. Under this condition, microwave photonics emerges as an emerging interdiscipline, which is aimed at breaking the bottleneck of traditional microwave technology on bandwidth and processing rate. Aim at the hotspots in microwave photonics, this thesis studies on two aspects including the generation and the all-fiber processing of microwave photonic signals. On one aspect, novel spectral shaping methods have been explored to improve the flexibility of arbitrary waveform generation; on the other aspect, we aim at optimizing the system performance in radio over fiber transmission by suppressing the system impairments using all-fiber techniques.
In the area of microwave photonic generation, firstly this thesis proposes a filter structure with sinusoidal response based on polarization interference, and established the theoretical model. Based on this model, we present two methods to design an optical filter with triangular-shaped response function. Subsequently, the mechanism of frequency-to-time mapping has been analyzed, and an experimental setup is established based on the mapping principle to generate triangular-shaped signals. Then, we extend the cascaded spectral shaper to the area of arbitrary waveform generation and verify the effectiveness by theoretical and experimental results. Finally, two dimensional tunable microwave signal generation is demonstrated by structure modification of the spectral shaper; for the all-fiber processing of optical microwave signals, the downlink transmission system is experimentally established. A pre-distortion scheme based on spectral shaping is proposed to solve the dispersion-induced power fading effects, which obviously improves the system receiving sensitivity. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) Generation of triangular-shaped microwave signals with parallel filter structure is proposed. A comb filter based on polarization interference (PI) is designed by combining a polarization maintaining fiber and a polarizer. The formula which can illustrate the concept is derived in theory and the variation trend of the filter response as the fiber length is analyzed. Subsequently, based on Fourier expansion theory, we analyze the harmonic components of a triangular waveform and study the effects of the high-order harmonic to the overall envelop. In absence of the high-order harmonic, two sinusoidal-shaped spectra corresponding to the fundamental harmonic and third-order harmonic are generated by parallel PI filters. A polarization beam combiner is employed subsequently to superpose the two spectral components without interference to obtain triangular-shaped spectrum. Finally, theoretical principle of the frequency to time mapping technique is discussed and used to achieve triangular waveform generation. Experimental results verify that the frequency and pulse width of the generated pulses can be tuned with the PMF and single mode fiber, which meets well with the theoretical model.
(2) Arbitrary waveform generator based on cascaded PI filters is designed. Firstly, we analyze the influences of the input polarization to the response function of the PI filter, and discuss the extinction ratio range of the output sinusoidal spectrum. A cascaded system structure based on PI filters is established and the theoretical expression of its output spectrum is derived, which shows that the system can generate combination of multi-components of the Fourier expansion. Moreover, arbitrary waveform can be obtained by adjust the output amplitude of each spectral component. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the output spectrum is relative to the filter amounts. However, the algorithm flexibility increases with the filter amounts. Consequently, we utilize genetic algorithm to solve the flexible calculation of the polarization relation between each PI filter. By just using three cascaded filters, we achieve the sinusoidal, triangle and rectangle shaped spectrum generation. After that triangular-shaped waveform is obtained by poured the generated spectrum into a frequency-to-time mapping module composed of a dispersive fiber and a photodetector.
(3) Two-dimensional tunable microwave signal generation is achieved by optimizing the filter structure based on polarization interference. A tunable DGD element replaces the PMF to control the free spectrum range of the output spectrum, and a bandwidth-tunable filter is cascaded subsequently to adjust the spectral bandwidth. The function relationship of the signal frequency and the DGD value is derived. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of this proposed scheme. Microwave signals with frequency range of4GHz-30GHz and pulse width of0.7nm-3nm is generated.
(4) A photonic scheme to generate phase-coded microwave signals using all-fiber components is proposed. A filter module that is composed of two polarization controllers, a piece of polarization maintaining fiber and a polarizer is employed to generate sinusoidal optical spectrum. The phase modulator is cascaded ahead of the filter module to bring in small variation of the differential group delay in the delay interference process, which can result in frequency shifting of the optical spectrum. Through the frequency to time conversion in a dispersive medium, the frequency shift of the optical spectrum is mapped into the time domain. Consequently, the phase of generated RF signals can be continuously shifted by tuning the applied voltage onto the phase modulator. In out experiment, phase-coded RF signals with symbol periods of0.1-ns and carrier frequency of25-GHz are obtained and the continuous tunability of the generated signal phase is demonstrated.
(5) An all-fiber predistortion method is presented to improve the performance of optical microwave signals in radio over fiber transmission. The predistortion process includes two approaches based on optical spectral shaping technique. First, we theoretically show that optimal CSR for DSB signals is3dB and this optimal CSR can be achieved via filtering process. Secondly, a pre-distortion operation is used by adding beforehand phase shift between the two sidebands of the transmitted signals to cancel the dispersion effects for RoF systems. The experimental results show that by employing this pre-distortion method the DSB signals with an optimal CSR of3dB achieve1.2dB sensitivity improvements over SSB signals with an optimal CSR of0dB.
在微波信号的光学产生方面,本论文基于偏光干涉滤波器单元,提出了两种结构方式以构建具有三角形滤波响应的全光滤波器,进而结合频域到时域映射技术实现了三角形微波信号的产生；接着,将串联结构的光谱构造模型推广到任意波形产生领域,并通过理论和实验共同证明了该模型的有效性；进一步通过光谱滤波器结构上的优化设计实现了参数可调的微波信号产生。在光载微波信号的处理方面,搭建了光载无线系统的下行传输线路系统,提出了解决功率衰落效应及调制深度问题的预失真技术,有效增加了系统的接收灵敏度。本文主要的研究内容和成果如下：
(1)提出了基于并联结构的三角微波脉冲产生方法。结合保偏光纤及偏振片设计了基于偏光干涉的梳状滤波器结构,从理论上分析了该滤波器的实现原理,并给出了滤波响应函数随保偏光纤长度的变化趋势。随后,基于傅里叶级数展开原理,分析了三角波函数的谐波分量构成,并探讨了谐波分量阶数对三角波形质量的影响。在忽略高阶谐波影响的情况下,通过并联的偏光干涉滤波器产生了对应基波及三次谐波的两路正弦形光谱。引入偏振合束器实现了两路正弦光谱的强度叠加,完成了三角光谱构造。最后,研究了频时域映射的理论基础及应用条件,实现了三角光谱到脉冲的映射过程。实验结果表明,产生的三角脉冲频率及脉宽可以通过保偏光纤长度及光纤色散大小调节,符合理论模型期望。
(2)设计了基于串联型偏光干涉滤波器的任意微波波形产生系统。首先分析了输入光偏振控制对偏光干涉滤波器滤波响应函数的影响,探讨了输出正弦形光谱的消光比系数可调范围。构建了基于串联型偏光干涉滤波模块的系统结构,推导了该结构的输出光谱理论模型。推导公式表明,串联型的偏光干涉滤波模块能产生傅里叶级数式的多分量光谱组合。另外,通过合理的调节模块中各级滤波器的偏振关系,可以实现对各光谱分量的幅度控制,从而完成任意光谱输出。通过仿真证明,输出光谱精确度与滤波器级联个数有关。而级联个数的增加又提高了控制算法复杂度,因此,利用遗传算法解决了各级滤波器偏振关系的复杂计算。实验中使用三级级联结构的偏光干涉滤波器实现了正弦形、三角形及矩形光谱的产生。同样利用色散光纤及高速光电探测器组成的频时域映射模块结合上述串联型构造器实现了三角形微波信号的产生。
(3)通过加入可调光器件对偏光干涉滤波器系统结构进行优化,以实现二维可调的微波信号产生。取代保偏光纤的可调差分群时延模块用于控制输出光谱的自由谱范围,并采用带宽及波长可调的光学滤波器用以控制输出光谱带宽。基于该光谱构造系统结构并结合频时域映射机制,理论推导了输出微波波形与差分群时延及后级滤波器带宽的关系,并通过实验证明了该理论正确性。实验结果表明,该系统方案能实现频率范围为4GHz-30GHz、信号宽度为0.7nm-3nm的微波信号生成。
(4)通过在偏光干涉滤波器中引入差分群时延扰动以实现相位编码的微波信号产生。基于偏光干涉滤波器中差分群时延与输出光谱自由谱范围的关系,利用相位调制器引入额外的相位延时,以实现输出光谱的频移调制,结合频时域映射技术将频移调制转换为输出微波信号的相位调制。实验产生了频率为10GHz的相位编码信号,并证明了输出微波信号相位与相位调制器射频输入电压成正比关系。
(5)提出了用于提高光载无线信号系统传输性能的光学预失真技术。首先从理论上分析了光载无线系统中双边带信号及单边带信号的最优载波边带比,并根据理论结果,通过实验比较了具有最优化载波边带比的双边带信号及单边带信号传输性能,证明了前者具有1.5dB的性能优势。随后研究了光载无线系统中的色散损伤,推导了色散引起的功率衰落机理,分析了功率衰落随微波频率及传输距离的变化趋势。利用预失真技术对双边带信号中的两个边带提前预置相位差,抵消链路中的色散影响,解决双边带信号在系统中的功率衰落问题。实验结果证明了预失真技术的有效性,并表明在光载无线系统中,经预失真处理的双边带信号相比单边带信号具有1.2dB的灵敏度提升。
As the explosive development of microwave technology in the application areas of radar system, wireless transmission and radio astronomy, recently the generation, processing and manipulation techniques of high-frequency microwave signals have been major concerns in academia and industry. Thanks to the inherent characteristics of light, such as high speed, large bandwidth and low loss, photonic techniques are usually used to solve the microwave problems. Under this condition, microwave photonics emerges as an emerging interdiscipline, which is aimed at breaking the bottleneck of traditional microwave technology on bandwidth and processing rate. Aim at the hotspots in microwave photonics, this thesis studies on two aspects including the generation and the all-fiber processing of microwave photonic signals. On one aspect, novel spectral shaping methods have been explored to improve the flexibility of arbitrary waveform generation; on the other aspect, we aim at optimizing the system performance in radio over fiber transmission by suppressing the system impairments using all-fiber techniques.
In the area of microwave photonic generation, firstly this thesis proposes a filter structure with sinusoidal response based on polarization interference, and established the theoretical model. Based on this model, we present two methods to design an optical filter with triangular-shaped response function. Subsequently, the mechanism of frequency-to-time mapping has been analyzed, and an experimental setup is established based on the mapping principle to generate triangular-shaped signals. Then, we extend the cascaded spectral shaper to the area of arbitrary waveform generation and verify the effectiveness by theoretical and experimental results. Finally, two dimensional tunable microwave signal generation is demonstrated by structure modification of the spectral shaper; for the all-fiber processing of optical microwave signals, the downlink transmission system is experimentally established. A pre-distortion scheme based on spectral shaping is proposed to solve the dispersion-induced power fading effects, which obviously improves the system receiving sensitivity. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) Generation of triangular-shaped microwave signals with parallel filter structure is proposed. A comb filter based on polarization interference (PI) is designed by combining a polarization maintaining fiber and a polarizer. The formula which can illustrate the concept is derived in theory and the variation trend of the filter response as the fiber length is analyzed. Subsequently, based on Fourier expansion theory, we analyze the harmonic components of a triangular waveform and study the effects of the high-order harmonic to the overall envelop. In absence of the high-order harmonic, two sinusoidal-shaped spectra corresponding to the fundamental harmonic and third-order harmonic are generated by parallel PI filters. A polarization beam combiner is employed subsequently to superpose the two spectral components without interference to obtain triangular-shaped spectrum. Finally, theoretical principle of the frequency to time mapping technique is discussed and used to achieve triangular waveform generation. Experimental results verify that the frequency and pulse width of the generated pulses can be tuned with the PMF and single mode fiber, which meets well with the theoretical model.
(2) Arbitrary waveform generator based on cascaded PI filters is designed. Firstly, we analyze the influences of the input polarization to the response function of the PI filter, and discuss the extinction ratio range of the output sinusoidal spectrum. A cascaded system structure based on PI filters is established and the theoretical expression of its output spectrum is derived, which shows that the system can generate combination of multi-components of the Fourier expansion. Moreover, arbitrary waveform can be obtained by adjust the output amplitude of each spectral component. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the output spectrum is relative to the filter amounts. However, the algorithm flexibility increases with the filter amounts. Consequently, we utilize genetic algorithm to solve the flexible calculation of the polarization relation between each PI filter. By just using three cascaded filters, we achieve the sinusoidal, triangle and rectangle shaped spectrum generation. After that triangular-shaped waveform is obtained by poured the generated spectrum into a frequency-to-time mapping module composed of a dispersive fiber and a photodetector.
(3) Two-dimensional tunable microwave signal generation is achieved by optimizing the filter structure based on polarization interference. A tunable DGD element replaces the PMF to control the free spectrum range of the output spectrum, and a bandwidth-tunable filter is cascaded subsequently to adjust the spectral bandwidth. The function relationship of the signal frequency and the DGD value is derived. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of this proposed scheme. Microwave signals with frequency range of4GHz-30GHz and pulse width of0.7nm-3nm is generated.
(4) A photonic scheme to generate phase-coded microwave signals using all-fiber components is proposed. A filter module that is composed of two polarization controllers, a piece of polarization maintaining fiber and a polarizer is employed to generate sinusoidal optical spectrum. The phase modulator is cascaded ahead of the filter module to bring in small variation of the differential group delay in the delay interference process, which can result in frequency shifting of the optical spectrum. Through the frequency to time conversion in a dispersive medium, the frequency shift of the optical spectrum is mapped into the time domain. Consequently, the phase of generated RF signals can be continuously shifted by tuning the applied voltage onto the phase modulator. In out experiment, phase-coded RF signals with symbol periods of0.1-ns and carrier frequency of25-GHz are obtained and the continuous tunability of the generated signal phase is demonstrated.
(5) An all-fiber predistortion method is presented to improve the performance of optical microwave signals in radio over fiber transmission. The predistortion process includes two approaches based on optical spectral shaping technique. First, we theoretically show that optimal CSR for DSB signals is3dB and this optimal CSR can be achieved via filtering process. Secondly, a pre-distortion operation is used by adding beforehand phase shift between the two sidebands of the transmitted signals to cancel the dispersion effects for RoF systems. The experimental results show that by employing this pre-distortion method the DSB signals with an optimal CSR of3dB achieve1.2dB sensitivity improvements over SSB signals with an optimal CSR of0dB.
引文
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