典型农田土壤磷素环境阈值研究
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摘要
磷素是作物生长必需营养元素，然而，磷素的过量施用已经引起水体富营养化等环境问题。在保障作物产量和水环境质量安全的条件下，如何确定土壤有效磷农学阈值和环境阈值对于农业生产和水环境保护具有重要意义。本研究分别在我国南方(南方湿润平原区、湖北省)和北方(黄淮海半湿润平原区、北京市)的两个典型区域位点，选择水旱轮作和小麦玉米轮作2种典型种植模式，以长期监测点数据为基础，结合室内模拟试验，通过分析不同磷肥用量条件下土壤有效磷与作物产量、水环境指标的关系，确定了基于保障作物产量和水环境质量安全的土壤有效磷农学阈值和环境阈值(Pt)，并通过分析土壤Olsen-P初始含量、施磷量、作物吸磷量、流失磷素以及单位剩余磷素引起的Olsen-P累积量等参数间相互关系，提出土壤磷素环境投入阈值经验模型，为预测磷肥投入对水环境污染风险评估提供技术支撑。主要研究结果如下：
1.南方湿润平原区水旱轮作模式，土壤磷素径流流失以颗粒态磷为主，其中，不同施肥处理磷素流失中，可溶性总磷(TDP)占总磷(TP)的9.5-85.6%，平均为47.8%；旱作期TDP约占TP的29.3%，水稻季TDP约占TP的50.0%。不同施肥处理总磷流失量在3.9-5.7kg P hm-2之间，其中土壤本底磷素流失比重占80%以上。土壤磷素表观流失率平均为1.5%。
2.黄淮海半湿润平原区小麦玉米轮作模式，土层120cm处磷素淋溶流失以可溶性磷为主，其中，不同施肥处理磷素流失中，可溶性总磷(TDP)占总磷(TP)的48.2-91.7%，平均为69.1%。不同施肥处理总磷流失量在0.035-0.096kg P hm-2之间。土壤磷素表观流失率平均为0.065%。
3.当磷肥过量投入时，土壤Olsen-P含量随着时间延长而升高。在北京褐潮土地区，小麦玉米轮作模式下，单施化肥处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量增加0.019mg kg-1，有机无机配施处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量平均增加0.054mg P kg-1，约为单施化肥处理的3倍；在湖北水稻土地区，水旱轮作模式下，单施化肥处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量平均增加0.086mg P kg-1。
4.分别利用双直线和直线-平台模型模拟分析了黄淮海半湿润平原区典型轮作模式(小麦玉米轮作)下，褐潮土Olsen-P含量与作物产量之间的关系，确定了小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤Olsen-P农学阈值为15mg Pkg1；同时，室内培养与田间原位监测相结合，模拟分析了土壤Olsen-P含量与水环境磷指标的关系，结果表明，黄淮海半湿润平原区农田面源污染径流流失风险较低，主要以淋溶为主，控制土壤Olsen-P环境阈值为30mg P kg1；最终提出，黄淮海半湿润平原区小麦-玉米轮作模式下农田褐潮土Olsen-P阈值控制范围为15-30mg Pkg-1。
5.分别利用双直线和直线-平台模型分析探讨了南方湿润平原区典型轮作模式(水旱轮作)下水稻土Olsen-P含量与作物产量之间的关系，确定了水稻油菜轮作模式下土壤Olsen-P农学阈值为15mg Pkg1；同时，室内培养与田间原位监测相结合，模拟研究了土壤Olsen-P含量与水环境磷指标的关系，结果表明，南方湿润平原区农田面源污染风险主要以径流为主，并结合地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水对不同水体类型的限制，磷素流失目标水体为湖、库区时，应控制土壤Olsen-P环境阈值为25mg P kg-1；目标水体为河流时，控制目标为75mg P kg-1；最终提出，南方湿润平原区水旱轮作模式下水稻土Olsen-P阈值为15-25mg Pkg-1(湖、库区)与15-75mg Pkg-1(河流流域)。
6.基于土壤磷平衡黑箱理论，通过模拟分析土壤有效磷累积特征，首次构建了土壤磷素投入阈值经验模型： f (P1i C i Yi L i) ti。以本研究中小麦玉米轮作模式为例，假设土壤Olsen-Pi起始含量为15mg P kg-1时，年均化肥磷素投入量(Pi)为65kg P hm-2，土壤Olsen-P达到环境阈值(30mg P kg-1)需要25年，而在年均化肥磷素投入量为35kg P hm-2时，基本能够保证土壤Olsen-P不累积，并能够保障作物产量和水环境质量安全。本方法能够为农业生产和水环境保护提供管理思路。
The soil available phosphorus (P) plays an important role on crop growth and the safety of waterenvironment, excessive application of P fertilizers to agricultural land can cause various ecologicalproblems, such as entrophication. How to establish the relationship between soil availiable P, the cropyield and the evaluation index of water environment, which have a great significance for the agricultureproduction and water environment protection. Two typical agriculture planting patterns were chose asthe research regions, which were the Southern semi-humid region of Hubei province and the NorthernHuang-huai-hai semi-humid region of Beijing, and in combination with two long-term monitor test,which were paddy-upland rotation and wheat-maize rotation, respectively. The research was based onthe field monitor test and combined with the indoor simulation experiment. Through the differentdosage of P fertilizer applicating to the field, analysising the relationship between soil availiable P, thecrop yield and the evaluation index of water environment. The threshold value of agronomy andenvironmental was identified, which was based on ensure the crop yield and the security of waterenvironment quality. According to analysising the relationship between the initial concentration of soil P,P application, crop yield and the Olsen-P accumulation by residual P, and based on environmentalthreshold, then present the calculation model of soil P application to the field. The model was expectedto provide a kind of management thought concerning the agricultural product and water environmentprotect. The main results were as follows:
1. In the paddy-upland rotation of the Southern semi-humid region, the runoff loss of soil P wasmainly composed of PP, in the P leaching process with different treatments, TDP was accounted for9.5-85.6%of the TP, with average of47.8%; TDP was accounted for29.3%of TP in the dry periodwhile TDP was accounted for50.0%of TP in the rice season. The leaching of TP with differenttreatments was ranged from3.9to5.7kg P hm-2and the soil available P was accounted for above80%.The average value of soil Papparent turnover was1.5%.
2. In the wheat-maize rotation of the Northern Huang-huai-hai semi-humid region, the leaching lossof soil P was mainly composed of TDPin120cm of soil profile, in the Pleaching process with differenttreatments, TDP was accounted for48.2-91.7%of the TP, with average of69.1%. The leaching of TPwith different treatments was ranged from0.035to0.096kg P hm-2. The average value of soil Papparent turnover was0.065%.
3. When excessive application P fertilizer to the soil, soil Olsen-P content was increased withprolonged. In the wheat-maize rotation of the Haplic Luvisol soil in Beijing area, soil Olsen-P contentincreased0.019mg kg1with NPK treatment when1kg P fertilizer was remained in soil. Meanwhile,soil Olsen-P content increased an average of0.054mg kg1with NPKM1and NPKM2treatments when1kg P fertilizer was remained in soil, which was about three times than the NPK treatment. In addition,in the paddy-upland rotation of the Paddy soil in Hubei province, soil Olsen-P content increased0.086mg Pkg-1with NPK treatment when1kg Pfertilizer was remained in soil.
4. The results showed that the line-line and line-platform model was fitted to simulate relationshipbetween soil Olsen-P content and crop yield in the wheat-maize rotation of the Huang-huai-haisemi-humid region, the agronomy threshold of soil Olsen P was15mg Pkg1; Meanwhile conbinatingwith the indoor cultivation and monitoring experiments in the situ, analysising the relationship betweensoil Olsen-P content and the index of the water environment. Results showed that the non-point sourcepollution in this regions was mainly conposed of P leaching and the environmental threshold of soilOlsen P was30mg P kg1. Finally, the threshold of Olsen P in Haplic Luvisol soil was ranged from15to30mg P kg-1in the wheat-maize rotation of the Northern Huang-huai-hai semi-humid region.
5. The results showed that the line-line and line-platform model was fitted to simulate relationshipbetween soil Olsen-P content and crop yield in the paddy-upland rotation of the semi-humid region, theagronomy threshold of soil Olsen P was15mg P kg1; Meanwhile conbinating with the indoorcultivation and monitoring experiments in the situ, analysising the relationship between soil Olsen-Pcontent and the index of the water environment. Results showed that the non-point source pollution inthis regions was mainly conposed of running off of P. Furthermore, in combination with the Pconcentration limit in different waters refering to the Environmental Quality Standards for SurfaceWater (GB3838-2002), the environmental threshold of soil Olsen-P was25mg P kg-1when aiming atthe waters of lake or reservoir; the environmental threshold of soil Olsen-P was75mg P kg-1whenaiming at the waters of river. Finally, in the paddy-upland rotation of the Southern semi-humid region,the threshold of Olsen P in Paddy soil was ranged from15to25mg P kg-1mg P kg-1in the waters oflake or reservoir while in the waters of river, the values was ranged from15to75mg P kg-1mg Pkg-1.
6. In this study, we built a threshold model of soil P input to the field in the first time, it was basedon the balance of soil phosphorus black-box theory, and analyzed the soil Olsen-P accumulationnP t characteristic, which th P0f (P i Ci Yi L i) te model wasi1. We took the wheat and maize rotation asexample in this study. The soil Olsen-Pinitial content was15mg P kg-1, and the average of chemical Papplication amount was65kg P hm-2a-1. The result calculated by the model indicated that the soilOlsen-P would reach the environmental threshold in25years. However, if the input amount was35kg Phm-2a-1, it could guarantee the soil Olsen-P did not accumulate, and could ensure the crop yield and thesafety of water environment. This method could provide a management idea for the agriculturalproduction and water environment protection.
1.南方湿润平原区水旱轮作模式，土壤磷素径流流失以颗粒态磷为主，其中，不同施肥处理磷素流失中，可溶性总磷(TDP)占总磷(TP)的9.5-85.6%，平均为47.8%；旱作期TDP约占TP的29.3%，水稻季TDP约占TP的50.0%。不同施肥处理总磷流失量在3.9-5.7kg P hm-2之间，其中土壤本底磷素流失比重占80%以上。土壤磷素表观流失率平均为1.5%。
2.黄淮海半湿润平原区小麦玉米轮作模式，土层120cm处磷素淋溶流失以可溶性磷为主，其中，不同施肥处理磷素流失中，可溶性总磷(TDP)占总磷(TP)的48.2-91.7%，平均为69.1%。不同施肥处理总磷流失量在0.035-0.096kg P hm-2之间。土壤磷素表观流失率平均为0.065%。
3.当磷肥过量投入时，土壤Olsen-P含量随着时间延长而升高。在北京褐潮土地区，小麦玉米轮作模式下，单施化肥处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量增加0.019mg kg-1，有机无机配施处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量平均增加0.054mg P kg-1，约为单施化肥处理的3倍；在湖北水稻土地区，水旱轮作模式下，单施化肥处理每剩余1kg磷肥(P)，土壤Olsen-P含量平均增加0.086mg P kg-1。
4.分别利用双直线和直线-平台模型模拟分析了黄淮海半湿润平原区典型轮作模式(小麦玉米轮作)下，褐潮土Olsen-P含量与作物产量之间的关系，确定了小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤Olsen-P农学阈值为15mg Pkg1；同时，室内培养与田间原位监测相结合，模拟分析了土壤Olsen-P含量与水环境磷指标的关系，结果表明，黄淮海半湿润平原区农田面源污染径流流失风险较低，主要以淋溶为主，控制土壤Olsen-P环境阈值为30mg P kg1；最终提出，黄淮海半湿润平原区小麦-玉米轮作模式下农田褐潮土Olsen-P阈值控制范围为15-30mg Pkg-1。
5.分别利用双直线和直线-平台模型分析探讨了南方湿润平原区典型轮作模式(水旱轮作)下水稻土Olsen-P含量与作物产量之间的关系，确定了水稻油菜轮作模式下土壤Olsen-P农学阈值为15mg Pkg1；同时，室内培养与田间原位监测相结合，模拟研究了土壤Olsen-P含量与水环境磷指标的关系，结果表明，南方湿润平原区农田面源污染风险主要以径流为主，并结合地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水对不同水体类型的限制，磷素流失目标水体为湖、库区时，应控制土壤Olsen-P环境阈值为25mg P kg-1；目标水体为河流时，控制目标为75mg P kg-1；最终提出，南方湿润平原区水旱轮作模式下水稻土Olsen-P阈值为15-25mg Pkg-1(湖、库区)与15-75mg Pkg-1(河流流域)。
6.基于土壤磷平衡黑箱理论，通过模拟分析土壤有效磷累积特征，首次构建了土壤磷素投入阈值经验模型： f (P1i C i Yi L i) ti。以本研究中小麦玉米轮作模式为例，假设土壤Olsen-Pi起始含量为15mg P kg-1时，年均化肥磷素投入量(Pi)为65kg P hm-2，土壤Olsen-P达到环境阈值(30mg P kg-1)需要25年，而在年均化肥磷素投入量为35kg P hm-2时，基本能够保证土壤Olsen-P不累积，并能够保障作物产量和水环境质量安全。本方法能够为农业生产和水环境保护提供管理思路。
The soil available phosphorus (P) plays an important role on crop growth and the safety of waterenvironment, excessive application of P fertilizers to agricultural land can cause various ecologicalproblems, such as entrophication. How to establish the relationship between soil availiable P, the cropyield and the evaluation index of water environment, which have a great significance for the agricultureproduction and water environment protection. Two typical agriculture planting patterns were chose asthe research regions, which were the Southern semi-humid region of Hubei province and the NorthernHuang-huai-hai semi-humid region of Beijing, and in combination with two long-term monitor test,which were paddy-upland rotation and wheat-maize rotation, respectively. The research was based onthe field monitor test and combined with the indoor simulation experiment. Through the differentdosage of P fertilizer applicating to the field, analysising the relationship between soil availiable P, thecrop yield and the evaluation index of water environment. The threshold value of agronomy andenvironmental was identified, which was based on ensure the crop yield and the security of waterenvironment quality. According to analysising the relationship between the initial concentration of soil P,P application, crop yield and the Olsen-P accumulation by residual P, and based on environmentalthreshold, then present the calculation model of soil P application to the field. The model was expectedto provide a kind of management thought concerning the agricultural product and water environmentprotect. The main results were as follows:
1. In the paddy-upland rotation of the Southern semi-humid region, the runoff loss of soil P wasmainly composed of PP, in the P leaching process with different treatments, TDP was accounted for9.5-85.6%of the TP, with average of47.8%; TDP was accounted for29.3%of TP in the dry periodwhile TDP was accounted for50.0%of TP in the rice season. The leaching of TP with differenttreatments was ranged from3.9to5.7kg P hm-2and the soil available P was accounted for above80%.The average value of soil Papparent turnover was1.5%.
2. In the wheat-maize rotation of the Northern Huang-huai-hai semi-humid region, the leaching lossof soil P was mainly composed of TDPin120cm of soil profile, in the Pleaching process with differenttreatments, TDP was accounted for48.2-91.7%of the TP, with average of69.1%. The leaching of TPwith different treatments was ranged from0.035to0.096kg P hm-2. The average value of soil Papparent turnover was0.065%.
3. When excessive application P fertilizer to the soil, soil Olsen-P content was increased withprolonged. In the wheat-maize rotation of the Haplic Luvisol soil in Beijing area, soil Olsen-P contentincreased0.019mg kg1with NPK treatment when1kg P fertilizer was remained in soil. Meanwhile,soil Olsen-P content increased an average of0.054mg kg1with NPKM1and NPKM2treatments when1kg P fertilizer was remained in soil, which was about three times than the NPK treatment. In addition,in the paddy-upland rotation of the Paddy soil in Hubei province, soil Olsen-P content increased0.086mg Pkg-1with NPK treatment when1kg Pfertilizer was remained in soil.
4. The results showed that the line-line and line-platform model was fitted to simulate relationshipbetween soil Olsen-P content and crop yield in the wheat-maize rotation of the Huang-huai-haisemi-humid region, the agronomy threshold of soil Olsen P was15mg Pkg1; Meanwhile conbinatingwith the indoor cultivation and monitoring experiments in the situ, analysising the relationship betweensoil Olsen-P content and the index of the water environment. Results showed that the non-point sourcepollution in this regions was mainly conposed of P leaching and the environmental threshold of soilOlsen P was30mg P kg1. Finally, the threshold of Olsen P in Haplic Luvisol soil was ranged from15to30mg P kg-1in the wheat-maize rotation of the Northern Huang-huai-hai semi-humid region.
5. The results showed that the line-line and line-platform model was fitted to simulate relationshipbetween soil Olsen-P content and crop yield in the paddy-upland rotation of the semi-humid region, theagronomy threshold of soil Olsen P was15mg P kg1; Meanwhile conbinating with the indoorcultivation and monitoring experiments in the situ, analysising the relationship between soil Olsen-Pcontent and the index of the water environment. Results showed that the non-point source pollution inthis regions was mainly conposed of running off of P. Furthermore, in combination with the Pconcentration limit in different waters refering to the Environmental Quality Standards for SurfaceWater (GB3838-2002), the environmental threshold of soil Olsen-P was25mg P kg-1when aiming atthe waters of lake or reservoir; the environmental threshold of soil Olsen-P was75mg P kg-1whenaiming at the waters of river. Finally, in the paddy-upland rotation of the Southern semi-humid region,the threshold of Olsen P in Paddy soil was ranged from15to25mg P kg-1mg P kg-1in the waters oflake or reservoir while in the waters of river, the values was ranged from15to75mg P kg-1mg Pkg-1.
6. In this study, we built a threshold model of soil P input to the field in the first time, it was basedon the balance of soil phosphorus black-box theory, and analyzed the soil Olsen-P accumulationnP t characteristic, which th P0f (P i Ci Yi L i) te model wasi1. We took the wheat and maize rotation asexample in this study. The soil Olsen-Pinitial content was15mg P kg-1, and the average of chemical Papplication amount was65kg P hm-2a-1. The result calculated by the model indicated that the soilOlsen-P would reach the environmental threshold in25years. However, if the input amount was35kg Phm-2a-1, it could guarantee the soil Olsen-P did not accumulate, and could ensure the crop yield and thesafety of water environment. This method could provide a management idea for the agriculturalproduction and water environment protection.
引文
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