低beta超导腔体的测试研究
摘要
低beta超导腔体主要应用于质子或重离子超导直线加速器，是超导直线加速器的加速元件。在超导腔体上线运行之前，测试其性能非常重要，因此本论文主要研究低beta超导腔体的测试系统、测试方法以及分析物理现象。
首先，低beta超导腔体的测试离不开腔体的设计、加工以及表面处理。超导腔体纵向加速电场、峰值电场等诸多测量参数依赖于腔体电磁仿真设计参数。良好的加工以及表面处理工艺也是测试顺利进行的必要条件。因此论文首先阐述了低beta超导腔体的工作原理，介绍了设计、加工以及表面处理方法以及必要基础设施的设计理念。
其次，低beta超导腔体测试属于射频测量的范畴。所以论文从射频测量基础出发逐步解释说明超导腔体的测试原理。测试原理中最重要的部分是压控振荡器锁相环（VCO-PLL）技术，利用该技术可以锁定超导腔体的本征频率，使测量顺利进行。论文从锁相环原理出发，对整个锁频系统进行建模仿真，验证了该技术的使用条件。
接下来，本论文详细描述了整套低beta超导腔体测试平台的设计。整个设计包括基础设施，外围设备，硬件设计，软件设计以及保护设计。
论文的第五章详细解释了超导腔体测试前耦合天线的射频测量选取，线缆校准方法，腔体参数df/dp、Q0、Epk以及洛仑兹失谐量的测量方法，并给出了IMP-HWR010-S超导腔体的实际测量结果。
论文的最后一章分析了低beta超导腔体在低温测试中出现的各种物理现象，特别分析了超导腔体的受迫振动效应。该效应的现象是频谱分析设备上出现令人困惑的两条频率峰。本论文从受迫振动的数学模型出发并借助仿真工具解释该现象，此项工作也成为了本论文的创新点。最后，针对测试中的各种物理现象，讨论了低beta超导腔体的射频锻炼技术。
The low beta superconducting cavity is used for a proton or a heavy ionsuperconducting linac as the accelerating part. Before the low beta superconductingcavity online operation, testing the performance of the cavity is essential. So the mainresearch issue of this thesis is the testing of low beta superconducting cavities.
First of all, the testing of low beta superconducting cavities is inseparable from thedesign, the machining and the surface treatment of the cavity. Many measurementparameters, such as the average accelerating field, the peak electric field, etc., dependon electromagnetic simulation parameters of the cavity design. Good machining andsurface processing of the cavity are also necessary conditions for testing successfully.So the thesis expounds the working principle of the low beta superconducting cavity,introduces the design, the machining, the surface processing, and the design concept ofessential fundamental infrastructures in the beginning.
Secondly, the testing of low beta superconducting cavities belongs to the RFmeasurement domain. So the thesis bases on the principle of the RF measurement,explains the theory of the superconducting cavity testing. The VCO-PLL (voltagecontrolled oscillator phase lock loop) is the most important technique. It can be used tolock the eigen frequency of the superconducting cavity. Based on the theory of the PLL,the application condition is verified by the modeling and the simulation.
After that, the thesis describes the design of the test plant for low beta cavities indetail. It includes fundamental infrastructures, accessory equipments, hardwares, softwares, and protecting interlocks.
The chapter five of the thesis explains the choice method of the coupling antennalength through the RF measurement. It also explains the method of the cable calibrationand measuring parameters such as df/dp, Q0, Epkand Lorentz detuning in detail. It alsoshows the test result of IMP-HWR010-S superconducting cavities.
The last chapter of the thesis analyses various physical phenomena which haveemerged in the low temperature test of low beta superconducting cavities. This chapterespecially analyses the forced vibration effect of the superconducting cavity. Thephenomenon of this effect in the superconducting cavity is that perplexing twofrequency peaks appear on the spectrum analyzer. The thesis explains this phenomenonby mean of the math of the forced vibration and simulation tools. And this researchbecame an innovative point of the thesis. Finally, contraposing various physicalphenomena in the test, RF conditioning techniques of the low beta superconductingcavities have been discussed.
首先，低beta超导腔体的测试离不开腔体的设计、加工以及表面处理。超导腔体纵向加速电场、峰值电场等诸多测量参数依赖于腔体电磁仿真设计参数。良好的加工以及表面处理工艺也是测试顺利进行的必要条件。因此论文首先阐述了低beta超导腔体的工作原理，介绍了设计、加工以及表面处理方法以及必要基础设施的设计理念。
其次，低beta超导腔体测试属于射频测量的范畴。所以论文从射频测量基础出发逐步解释说明超导腔体的测试原理。测试原理中最重要的部分是压控振荡器锁相环（VCO-PLL）技术，利用该技术可以锁定超导腔体的本征频率，使测量顺利进行。论文从锁相环原理出发，对整个锁频系统进行建模仿真，验证了该技术的使用条件。
接下来，本论文详细描述了整套低beta超导腔体测试平台的设计。整个设计包括基础设施，外围设备，硬件设计，软件设计以及保护设计。
论文的第五章详细解释了超导腔体测试前耦合天线的射频测量选取，线缆校准方法，腔体参数df/dp、Q0、Epk以及洛仑兹失谐量的测量方法，并给出了IMP-HWR010-S超导腔体的实际测量结果。
论文的最后一章分析了低beta超导腔体在低温测试中出现的各种物理现象，特别分析了超导腔体的受迫振动效应。该效应的现象是频谱分析设备上出现令人困惑的两条频率峰。本论文从受迫振动的数学模型出发并借助仿真工具解释该现象，此项工作也成为了本论文的创新点。最后，针对测试中的各种物理现象，讨论了低beta超导腔体的射频锻炼技术。
The low beta superconducting cavity is used for a proton or a heavy ionsuperconducting linac as the accelerating part. Before the low beta superconductingcavity online operation, testing the performance of the cavity is essential. So the mainresearch issue of this thesis is the testing of low beta superconducting cavities.
First of all, the testing of low beta superconducting cavities is inseparable from thedesign, the machining and the surface treatment of the cavity. Many measurementparameters, such as the average accelerating field, the peak electric field, etc., dependon electromagnetic simulation parameters of the cavity design. Good machining andsurface processing of the cavity are also necessary conditions for testing successfully.So the thesis expounds the working principle of the low beta superconducting cavity,introduces the design, the machining, the surface processing, and the design concept ofessential fundamental infrastructures in the beginning.
Secondly, the testing of low beta superconducting cavities belongs to the RFmeasurement domain. So the thesis bases on the principle of the RF measurement,explains the theory of the superconducting cavity testing. The VCO-PLL (voltagecontrolled oscillator phase lock loop) is the most important technique. It can be used tolock the eigen frequency of the superconducting cavity. Based on the theory of the PLL,the application condition is verified by the modeling and the simulation.
After that, the thesis describes the design of the test plant for low beta cavities indetail. It includes fundamental infrastructures, accessory equipments, hardwares, softwares, and protecting interlocks.
The chapter five of the thesis explains the choice method of the coupling antennalength through the RF measurement. It also explains the method of the cable calibrationand measuring parameters such as df/dp, Q0, Epkand Lorentz detuning in detail. It alsoshows the test result of IMP-HWR010-S superconducting cavities.
The last chapter of the thesis analyses various physical phenomena which haveemerged in the low temperature test of low beta superconducting cavities. This chapterespecially analyses the forced vibration effect of the superconducting cavity. Thephenomenon of this effect in the superconducting cavity is that perplexing twofrequency peaks appear on the spectrum analyzer. The thesis explains this phenomenonby mean of the math of the forced vibration and simulation tools. And this researchbecame an innovative point of the thesis. Finally, contraposing various physicalphenomena in the test, RF conditioning techniques of the low beta superconductingcavities have been discussed.
引文
[1] U.S. Department of ENERGY, Accelerators for America’s Future, June2010.
[2] Xiaoyu Wu, Recent Progress at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beam (FRIB),Michigan State University, April2011.
[3] http://europeanspallationsource.se/.
[4] A. Facco, Low-and Intermediate-beta Cavity Design, INFN-LNL,14thInternational Conference on RF Superconductivity, Berlin, Germany, Sep.2009.
[5]陈佳洱，加速器物理基础，北京大学出版社，2012年9月第1版。
[6] R.E. Laxdal, ISAC-I and ISAC-II at TRIUMF: Achieved Performance and NewConstruction, TRIUMF, Proceedings of LINAC2002, Gyeongju, Korea,2002.
[7] F. Orsini, et al, Preliminary Results of The IFMIF Cavity Prototypes Tests InVertical Cryostat and Cryomodule Development, Proceeding of SRF2011, Chicago, ILUSA,2011.
[8] Michael Kelly, Superconducting SPOKE Cavities, ANL, Proceedings of HB2006,Tsukuba, Japan,2006.
[9]郝建奎，铜铌溅射超导四分之一波长谐振腔的研究，核技术，2000年第1期。
[10] Yuan He, Low Beta Cavities at IMP, TESLA Technology Collaboration(TTC)Meeting, Cornell University, NY USA, Jun12,2013.
[11] Weiming Yue, et al, R&D of IMP Superconducting HWR for China ADS,Proceedings of LINAC2012, Tel-Aviv, Israel,2012.
[12] M.X.Xu, et al. The Superconducting CH Cavity Developing in IMP, Proceedingsof LINAC2012, Tel-Aviv, Israel,2012.
[13] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley&Sons, INC., ThirdEdition,2005.
[14] Jean Delayen, Surface Impedance, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland,USA,2008.
[15] Hasan Padamsee, RF Superconductivity: Science, Technology, and Applications,WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA,2009.
[16] Hasan Padamsee, RF Superconductivity for Accelerators, John Wiley&Sons,INC.,1998.
[17] Dieter Proch, et al, Niobium in Superconducting RF Cavities, Niobium2001International Symposium.2001.
[18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium.
[19] Thomas P. Wangler, RF Linear Accelerators, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA, Second Edition,2008.
[20] York R C, et al, Facility For Rare Isotope Beams Technical Description, MichiganState University, July2009.
[21] Jean Delayen, Cavity Fabrication, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland,USA,2008.
[22] J. Mammosser, SRF Cavity Preparation and Limitations, Lecture of SRF2009,Berlin, Germany,2009.
[23] Jean Delayen, SRF Limitations, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland, USA,2008.
[24] A. Nassiri, RF Cavity and Components for Accelerators: S-Parameters, Lectureof USPAS2010, MIT, USA,2010.
[25]董树义，近代微波测量技术，电子工业出版社，1995年10月第一版。
[26] David Cory, et al, Introduction to Electronics, Signals, and Measurement, Lectureof MIT Open Courseware, MIT, Spring2006.
[27] Walter Hartung, Introduction to Superconducting Cavities: Lecture Notes forUSPAS Course on Beam Measurements and Experiments at NSCL, Michigan StateUniversity, June2007.
[28] Tom Powers, Theory and Practice of Cavity RF Test Systems, Conference:12thInternational Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Ithaca, NY USA, Jul2005.
[29] M.P. Kelly, K.W. Shepard, Microphonics Measurements in SRF Cavities for RIA,Conference: The2003Particle Accelerator Conference. Portland, Oregon USA, May2003.
[30] Michael John O’Farrell, Low Level Radio Frequency Control of RIASuperconducting Cavities, Master Thesis, Michigan State University,2005.
[31] William F. Egan, Phase-Lock Basics, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Second Edition,2008.
[32] M. Ge, et al. A Temperature-Mapping System for Multi-Cell SRF AcceleratingCavities, Proceedings of PAC2013, Pasadena, CA USA,2009.
[33] Agilent E4428C模拟信号发生器技术说明文档。
[34] NI FPGA系列设备说明文档。
[35] NI PXI-7830R技术说明文档。
[36] http://www.home.agilent.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/sc_8753user.pdf, Agilent网络分析仪用户指南。
[37] Walter Hartung, Studies of Multipacting in Axisymmetric Cavities for Medium-Velocity Beams, The10thWorkshop on RF Superconductivity, Tsukuba, Japan,2001.
[38]张聪，ADS-HWR腔体Multipacting现象的仿真研究，中国科学院近代物理研究所直线室内部报告，2012。
[39] Martin Wilson, Superconducting Magnets for Accelerators, Lecture of GSI, April2001.
[40] R.P. Feynman（等）著，李洪芳（等）译，费恩曼物理学讲义（第1卷），上海科学技术出版社，2006年1月第一版。
[41] Ralf Richhorn, Supraleitende Beschleunigerentwicklung in Jülich,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany,2004.
[42] Joseph P. Ozelis, et al, Design and Commissioning of Fermilab’s Vertical TestStand for ILC SRF Cavities, Proceedings of PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,2007.
[43] Joseph P. Ozelis, et al, RF and Data Acquisition Systems for Fermilab’s ILC SRFCavity Vertical Test Stand, Proceedings of PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,2007.
[44]俎栋林，陈佳洱，RF超导腔低温测量原理，高能物理与核物理，第20卷第7期，1996年7月。
[45]侯洪涛，500MHz单Cell超导高频腔测试技术研究，博士论文，中国科学院上海应用物理研究所，2010年11月。
[46]吕剑锋，超导射频腔垂直测试系统研制，硕士论文，华中科技大学，2005年4月。
[47] Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics Application Note150, Agilent TechnologiesInc., August2006.
[48] Paul E. Gray, et al, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits,Elsevier Inc.,2005.
[49] Rick Bitter, et al, Labview Advanced Programming Techiniques, CRC Press LLC,2001.
[50] Joseph F. White, High Frequency Techniques: An Introduction to RF andMicrowave Engineering, A John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,2004.
[51] P. Goudket, et al, ILC Crab Cavity Vertical Test Results, Proceedings of SRF2009,Berlin, Germany,2009.
[52] Jens Knobloch, Basic Concepts of Measurements Made on Superconducting RFCavities, Cornell University, August1991.
[53] NI Labview FPGA Coures Manual, National Instruments,2012.
[2] Xiaoyu Wu, Recent Progress at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beam (FRIB),Michigan State University, April2011.
[3] http://europeanspallationsource.se/.
[4] A. Facco, Low-and Intermediate-beta Cavity Design, INFN-LNL,14thInternational Conference on RF Superconductivity, Berlin, Germany, Sep.2009.
[5]陈佳洱，加速器物理基础，北京大学出版社，2012年9月第1版。
[6] R.E. Laxdal, ISAC-I and ISAC-II at TRIUMF: Achieved Performance and NewConstruction, TRIUMF, Proceedings of LINAC2002, Gyeongju, Korea,2002.
[7] F. Orsini, et al, Preliminary Results of The IFMIF Cavity Prototypes Tests InVertical Cryostat and Cryomodule Development, Proceeding of SRF2011, Chicago, ILUSA,2011.
[8] Michael Kelly, Superconducting SPOKE Cavities, ANL, Proceedings of HB2006,Tsukuba, Japan,2006.
[9]郝建奎，铜铌溅射超导四分之一波长谐振腔的研究，核技术，2000年第1期。
[10] Yuan He, Low Beta Cavities at IMP, TESLA Technology Collaboration(TTC)Meeting, Cornell University, NY USA, Jun12,2013.
[11] Weiming Yue, et al, R&D of IMP Superconducting HWR for China ADS,Proceedings of LINAC2012, Tel-Aviv, Israel,2012.
[12] M.X.Xu, et al. The Superconducting CH Cavity Developing in IMP, Proceedingsof LINAC2012, Tel-Aviv, Israel,2012.
[13] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley&Sons, INC., ThirdEdition,2005.
[14] Jean Delayen, Surface Impedance, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland,USA,2008.
[15] Hasan Padamsee, RF Superconductivity: Science, Technology, and Applications,WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA,2009.
[16] Hasan Padamsee, RF Superconductivity for Accelerators, John Wiley&Sons,INC.,1998.
[17] Dieter Proch, et al, Niobium in Superconducting RF Cavities, Niobium2001International Symposium.2001.
[18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium.
[19] Thomas P. Wangler, RF Linear Accelerators, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA, Second Edition,2008.
[20] York R C, et al, Facility For Rare Isotope Beams Technical Description, MichiganState University, July2009.
[21] Jean Delayen, Cavity Fabrication, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland,USA,2008.
[22] J. Mammosser, SRF Cavity Preparation and Limitations, Lecture of SRF2009,Berlin, Germany,2009.
[23] Jean Delayen, SRF Limitations, Lecture of USPAS June2008, U. Maryland, USA,2008.
[24] A. Nassiri, RF Cavity and Components for Accelerators: S-Parameters, Lectureof USPAS2010, MIT, USA,2010.
[25]董树义，近代微波测量技术，电子工业出版社，1995年10月第一版。
[26] David Cory, et al, Introduction to Electronics, Signals, and Measurement, Lectureof MIT Open Courseware, MIT, Spring2006.
[27] Walter Hartung, Introduction to Superconducting Cavities: Lecture Notes forUSPAS Course on Beam Measurements and Experiments at NSCL, Michigan StateUniversity, June2007.
[28] Tom Powers, Theory and Practice of Cavity RF Test Systems, Conference:12thInternational Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Ithaca, NY USA, Jul2005.
[29] M.P. Kelly, K.W. Shepard, Microphonics Measurements in SRF Cavities for RIA,Conference: The2003Particle Accelerator Conference. Portland, Oregon USA, May2003.
[30] Michael John O’Farrell, Low Level Radio Frequency Control of RIASuperconducting Cavities, Master Thesis, Michigan State University,2005.
[31] William F. Egan, Phase-Lock Basics, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Second Edition,2008.
[32] M. Ge, et al. A Temperature-Mapping System for Multi-Cell SRF AcceleratingCavities, Proceedings of PAC2013, Pasadena, CA USA,2009.
[33] Agilent E4428C模拟信号发生器技术说明文档。
[34] NI FPGA系列设备说明文档。
[35] NI PXI-7830R技术说明文档。
[36] http://www.home.agilent.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/sc_8753user.pdf, Agilent网络分析仪用户指南。
[37] Walter Hartung, Studies of Multipacting in Axisymmetric Cavities for Medium-Velocity Beams, The10thWorkshop on RF Superconductivity, Tsukuba, Japan,2001.
[38]张聪，ADS-HWR腔体Multipacting现象的仿真研究，中国科学院近代物理研究所直线室内部报告，2012。
[39] Martin Wilson, Superconducting Magnets for Accelerators, Lecture of GSI, April2001.
[40] R.P. Feynman（等）著，李洪芳（等）译，费恩曼物理学讲义（第1卷），上海科学技术出版社，2006年1月第一版。
[41] Ralf Richhorn, Supraleitende Beschleunigerentwicklung in Jülich,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany,2004.
[42] Joseph P. Ozelis, et al, Design and Commissioning of Fermilab’s Vertical TestStand for ILC SRF Cavities, Proceedings of PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,2007.
[43] Joseph P. Ozelis, et al, RF and Data Acquisition Systems for Fermilab’s ILC SRFCavity Vertical Test Stand, Proceedings of PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,2007.
[44]俎栋林，陈佳洱，RF超导腔低温测量原理，高能物理与核物理，第20卷第7期，1996年7月。
[45]侯洪涛，500MHz单Cell超导高频腔测试技术研究，博士论文，中国科学院上海应用物理研究所，2010年11月。
[46]吕剑锋，超导射频腔垂直测试系统研制，硕士论文，华中科技大学，2005年4月。
[47] Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics Application Note150, Agilent TechnologiesInc., August2006.
[48] Paul E. Gray, et al, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits,Elsevier Inc.,2005.
[49] Rick Bitter, et al, Labview Advanced Programming Techiniques, CRC Press LLC,2001.
[50] Joseph F. White, High Frequency Techniques: An Introduction to RF andMicrowave Engineering, A John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,2004.
[51] P. Goudket, et al, ILC Crab Cavity Vertical Test Results, Proceedings of SRF2009,Berlin, Germany,2009.
[52] Jens Knobloch, Basic Concepts of Measurements Made on Superconducting RFCavities, Cornell University, August1991.
[53] NI Labview FPGA Coures Manual, National Instruments,2012.
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