大开间多层砖砌体结构抗地震倒塌性能研究
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摘要
大开间多层砖砌体房屋的结构布置形式主要由建筑功能决定,这导致其抗震性能较差,在地震现场屡屡发现倒塌破坏,从而造成了大量的人员伤亡及不可估量的负面社会效应。为了研究该类结构的抗地震倒塌能力,本文以数值模拟手段为主,对其地震倒塌破坏模式、倒塌分析方法及判别标准进行了系统研究,并得出了结构抗地震倒塌性能的评价指标。论文的主要研究内容和成果如下：
首先,通过对汶川地震灾区的现场调查及大量震害资料分析,归纳并总结了砖墙构件及整体结构的不同破坏形式及程度。同时,深入分析了多层砌体结构在地震中发生倒塌破坏的原因。通过与框架结构的层屈服地震倒塌机制的比较,详细说明了多层砌体结构的竖向倒塌机制。在此基础上,对一典型大开间多层砌体结构模型进行拆除构件法分析,提出了该类结构在地震作用下的典型倒塌模式,为其倒塌分析方法的提出提供了基础。
其次,对现有的砖砌体结构数值计算模型进行了梳理,再将Holmquist-Johnson-Cook损伤本构材料模型引入基于三维实体单元整体式模型的显式动力计算方法,有效实现了采用预制楼板和现浇楼板的典型大开间多层砌体结构地震倒塌全过程模拟。通过对计算结果的分析,进一步验证了该类结构的竖向倒塌机制。并以此为基础,提出了多层砌体结构的简化地震倒塌分析方法—“二阶段”法。
接下来,针对“二阶段”法中的数值计算模型展开了系统研究,提出采用能提供砖墙完整恢复力模型的三弹簧单元模型进行非线性动力时程分析。通过收集国内外近百个砖墙试件的拟静力试验数据,并将其分为无约束实心墙、无约束开洞墙、约束实心墙和约束丌洞墙,采用数值统计和回归方法,分别提出了确定恢复力模型关键参数的计算公式。提出采用修正D-P Cap破坏准则进行基于三维实体单元模型的竖向倒塌验算分析,通过将其与弥散裂缝损伤本构模型进行对比明确了其具备更好的适用性。在此基础上,对10片砖墙构件和一栋子结构模型进行了拟静力试验,通过与试验结果的对比验证了上述计算模型的合理性和有效性。
此外,对砖砌体的双参数损伤模型进行了改进,明确了不同类型砖墙抗震性能的差异,并对其损伤控制指标进行了重新标定。在此基础上,对大开间多层砖砌体结构在不同烈度下的地震响应进行了计算,研究了结构的损伤分布状态。基于非线性静力拆除构件分析方法,研究了现浇楼板、圈梁、构造柱等构件对结构抗倒塌性能的影响,计算得出了相应的开间、进深、层高等参数的抗倒塌限值。
最后,采用上述倒塌分析方法及判别标准,基于IDA计算,分别对4种采用不同构造措施的结构模型进行了CMR分析,从而得到了评价大开间多层砌体结构抗地震倒塌性能的定量化指标。
The poor seismic behavior of large-bay multistory brick masonry structures is determined by architectural function, which causes mass collapse in earthquakes, leading to terrible death and negative effects on society. In order to investigate the seismic collapse resisitant capacity of such kind of structures, numerical simulation is used to study the collapse modes and collapse analysis method. Besides, the performance index of collapse resisitant capacity is obtained. The main contents and achivements of this thesis are summarized as follow.
First of all, through a large amount of earthquake disaster data, the failure modes and degrees of both masonry walls and structures are summed up. According to comparing with story yield collapse mechanism of frame structures, the vertical collapse mechanism of multistory masonry structures is expounded. On this basis, a standard large-bay multistory brick masonry structure model is analyzed by means of alternate path method, and the typical collapse modes are proposed to set the stage for collapse analysis method.
Then, the available numerical models for brick masonry are sorted out and commented. For reconstructing the entire collapse process of both the model with precast slabs and the model with cast-in-place slabs in earthquakes effectively, Holmquist-Johnson-Cook damage constitutive model is introducted in explicit dynamic calculation based on3D finite solid elements model. According to the simulation results, the vertical collapse mechanism is tested and verified. On this basis, a collapse analysis method called two-phases method is proposed for multistory masonry structures.
Moreover, the numerical models used for two-phases method are researched, while the three spring elements model which can supply complete restoring force model of masonry walls is proposed for nonlinear dynamic time history calculation. The masonry walls are classified into4types depending on tie columns and openings, of which the key parameters formatting restoring force model are obtained by means of statistical analysis on nearly a hundred of experimental results. Besides, the modified Drucker-Prager failure criterion is used for vertial collapse analysis, which is proved to be more applicable than smeared crack model by comparing the calculation results. In addition,10masonry wall specimens and1sub-structure model are tested under pseudo-static load, which are used to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical models mentioned above.
Furthermore. a two-parameter seismic damage model of brick masonry is improved by making a distinction between different types of masonry wall and redefining the damage index. On this basis, the seismic response of a large-bay multistory brick masonry structure under different intensity is calculated for researching the distribution of seismic damage. Then the nonlinear static alternate path method is used to analyze the variation of collapse resistant capacity affected by cast-in-place slabs, tie columns and ring beams, meanwhile, the limit values of depth, breadth and height are obtained.
Lastly, based on the collapse analysis method and related judgement criterion proposed above, the collapse margin ratios of4types of structure model are obtained by means of incremental dynamic analysis, which can be used as the quantitative description method for seismic collapse resistant capacity of large-bay multistory brick masonry structures.
首先,通过对汶川地震灾区的现场调查及大量震害资料分析,归纳并总结了砖墙构件及整体结构的不同破坏形式及程度。同时,深入分析了多层砌体结构在地震中发生倒塌破坏的原因。通过与框架结构的层屈服地震倒塌机制的比较,详细说明了多层砌体结构的竖向倒塌机制。在此基础上,对一典型大开间多层砌体结构模型进行拆除构件法分析,提出了该类结构在地震作用下的典型倒塌模式,为其倒塌分析方法的提出提供了基础。
其次,对现有的砖砌体结构数值计算模型进行了梳理,再将Holmquist-Johnson-Cook损伤本构材料模型引入基于三维实体单元整体式模型的显式动力计算方法,有效实现了采用预制楼板和现浇楼板的典型大开间多层砌体结构地震倒塌全过程模拟。通过对计算结果的分析,进一步验证了该类结构的竖向倒塌机制。并以此为基础,提出了多层砌体结构的简化地震倒塌分析方法—“二阶段”法。
接下来,针对“二阶段”法中的数值计算模型展开了系统研究,提出采用能提供砖墙完整恢复力模型的三弹簧单元模型进行非线性动力时程分析。通过收集国内外近百个砖墙试件的拟静力试验数据,并将其分为无约束实心墙、无约束开洞墙、约束实心墙和约束丌洞墙,采用数值统计和回归方法,分别提出了确定恢复力模型关键参数的计算公式。提出采用修正D-P Cap破坏准则进行基于三维实体单元模型的竖向倒塌验算分析,通过将其与弥散裂缝损伤本构模型进行对比明确了其具备更好的适用性。在此基础上,对10片砖墙构件和一栋子结构模型进行了拟静力试验,通过与试验结果的对比验证了上述计算模型的合理性和有效性。
此外,对砖砌体的双参数损伤模型进行了改进,明确了不同类型砖墙抗震性能的差异,并对其损伤控制指标进行了重新标定。在此基础上,对大开间多层砖砌体结构在不同烈度下的地震响应进行了计算,研究了结构的损伤分布状态。基于非线性静力拆除构件分析方法,研究了现浇楼板、圈梁、构造柱等构件对结构抗倒塌性能的影响,计算得出了相应的开间、进深、层高等参数的抗倒塌限值。
最后,采用上述倒塌分析方法及判别标准,基于IDA计算,分别对4种采用不同构造措施的结构模型进行了CMR分析,从而得到了评价大开间多层砌体结构抗地震倒塌性能的定量化指标。
The poor seismic behavior of large-bay multistory brick masonry structures is determined by architectural function, which causes mass collapse in earthquakes, leading to terrible death and negative effects on society. In order to investigate the seismic collapse resisitant capacity of such kind of structures, numerical simulation is used to study the collapse modes and collapse analysis method. Besides, the performance index of collapse resisitant capacity is obtained. The main contents and achivements of this thesis are summarized as follow.
First of all, through a large amount of earthquake disaster data, the failure modes and degrees of both masonry walls and structures are summed up. According to comparing with story yield collapse mechanism of frame structures, the vertical collapse mechanism of multistory masonry structures is expounded. On this basis, a standard large-bay multistory brick masonry structure model is analyzed by means of alternate path method, and the typical collapse modes are proposed to set the stage for collapse analysis method.
Then, the available numerical models for brick masonry are sorted out and commented. For reconstructing the entire collapse process of both the model with precast slabs and the model with cast-in-place slabs in earthquakes effectively, Holmquist-Johnson-Cook damage constitutive model is introducted in explicit dynamic calculation based on3D finite solid elements model. According to the simulation results, the vertical collapse mechanism is tested and verified. On this basis, a collapse analysis method called two-phases method is proposed for multistory masonry structures.
Moreover, the numerical models used for two-phases method are researched, while the three spring elements model which can supply complete restoring force model of masonry walls is proposed for nonlinear dynamic time history calculation. The masonry walls are classified into4types depending on tie columns and openings, of which the key parameters formatting restoring force model are obtained by means of statistical analysis on nearly a hundred of experimental results. Besides, the modified Drucker-Prager failure criterion is used for vertial collapse analysis, which is proved to be more applicable than smeared crack model by comparing the calculation results. In addition,10masonry wall specimens and1sub-structure model are tested under pseudo-static load, which are used to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical models mentioned above.
Furthermore. a two-parameter seismic damage model of brick masonry is improved by making a distinction between different types of masonry wall and redefining the damage index. On this basis, the seismic response of a large-bay multistory brick masonry structure under different intensity is calculated for researching the distribution of seismic damage. Then the nonlinear static alternate path method is used to analyze the variation of collapse resistant capacity affected by cast-in-place slabs, tie columns and ring beams, meanwhile, the limit values of depth, breadth and height are obtained.
Lastly, based on the collapse analysis method and related judgement criterion proposed above, the collapse margin ratios of4types of structure model are obtained by means of incremental dynamic analysis, which can be used as the quantitative description method for seismic collapse resistant capacity of large-bay multistory brick masonry structures.
引文
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