复杂网络隧洞群施工通风技术研究
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摘要
水电工程地下洞室群施工十分复杂,作业面多,钻孔,爆破,装渣,运输,喷锚支护,二次衬砌等多道工序平行作业,在无轨运输的大环境下,施工通风是不仅影响整个施工进度,而且关系到施工人员的生命安全。本论文以锦屏二级电站引水隧洞群施工通风为工程背景,基于引水隧洞“断面大,洞室长,界面广,无露头,内燃作业,无轨运输,污染量大”等工程重难点,通过综合采用技术调研、工程类比、理论分析和数值模拟、现场测试和现场试验、归纳总结等研究手段,针对压入式通风辅以支洞射流通风技术、壁面粗糙度对通风效果的影响、隧洞施工通风的计算流体动力学分析技术、巷道式联合通风技术、通风效果现场测试进行了深入研究。本论文主要研究工作和研究成果体现在以下几个方面：
(1)由于支洞断面尺寸的限制,在支洞顶部布置的2条风管直径不能大于2.0m的条件下研究极限通风距离,以能见度达到20m为衡量标准,将极限通风距离的最小风速确定为0.1m/s。在通风管理水平1.5%的漏风率情况下,压入式通风的极限距离控制在5000m比较合适。根据辅助洞西端的经验并结合西引支洞断面与最大风速设计,计划安装75kw强力射流风机7台,可满足施工需要,与实际施工现场射流风机台数布置一致。
(2)通过建立典型粗糙壁面模型就粗糙形状、粗糙高度、粗糙间距以及同一粗糙条件下断面直径对隧洞施工通风的影响进行了深入分析,研究结果表明,在近粗糙壁面,除了正弦模型外,方形、三角形、混合形三种粗糙模型近壁附近速度分布都出现了涡流,正弦粗糙模型对通道内空气的流通以及CO快速排出起到的阻碍作用比其它三种粗糙模型小。在同样的粗糙间距下,粗糙高度越大,对流体流通的阻碍作用越大；在同样的粗糙高度下,粗糙间距越大,对流体流体的阻碍作用越小。在同一粗糙条件下(相同的粗糙形状、高度、间距),断面越大,粗糙壁面对流体流通的影响相对越小。以隧洞实际开挖轮廓线和设计开挖轮廓线之间包络的面积与取样长度两者的比值定义了隧洞壁面平均粗糙高度,并提出了壁面粗糙常数的取值计算的模型分解法和主要粗糙度法。
(3)锦屏引水隧洞壁面粗糙参数为平均粗糙高度0.231m,粗糙常数Rc值为0.46。对锦屏引水隧洞及排水隧洞联合施工通风系统数值计算,优化了射流风机和轴流风管在隧洞内的布置方式。研究结果表明,15分钟之后1#-4#洞工作区域(距掌子面300m范围内)已达到施工要求；横通道布置射流风机时最好将风机布置在靠近横通道一侧气流的下风向,且射流风机距离横通道不宜太远并尽可能将风机安装于隧洞上方,否则通风效果将变差。掌子面所用的风管的有效射程在30m左右。引水隧洞在交叉口处的射流风机布置在距离支洞与引水隧洞交线15m位置处的隧洞右侧对支洞内新鲜风流的引入效果较好。中间横通道附近射流风机升压过高,会造成引入的风流较大,从而影响引水隧洞风流的主流方向。
(4)将运营通风射流技术引入到无露头多洞室群的施工通风中,从理论研究结合现场通风测试,探讨了射流通风的需风量、风机台数计算公式及相关参数的取值原则。研究结果表明实际风机台数与理论计算风机台数相差2台,属于正常范围,并且实际施工空气质量满足规范和人员健康的要求。风机数量与通风阻力与风机升压比有关,其中沿程阻力系数λ=0.1-0.3,粗糙度大取大,锚喷可取大,二衬砼可取小。按照进风洞少、污风洞多的原则进行布置射流风机,有轴流风机的洞多布置、无轴流风机的洞少布置。巷道式通风通过换边,有利于洞内开展多工序平行作业,并能达到满意的通风效果。
(5)通过对隧洞内通风效果的现场测试发现,在引水隧洞主洞独头掘进2000米之前,基本能够保证洞内通风质量,洞内平均污风排出速度大于0.15m/s,能见度大于50m；但随着开挖的深入,通风效果急剧下降,特别是在换成巷道式通风之前(主洞掘进到3300米左右),最差时洞内能见度不足10m。实施巷道式联合通风,洞内空气质量良好,主洞内平均风速大于0.2m/s,施工支洞及排水隧洞内平均风速2-4m/s。开挖爆破后5min内掌子面50m范围内即清晰可见,出碴时引水隧洞内能见度大于150m。这些技术成果的研究成功及在设计施工中的应用,为实现锦屏引水隧洞施工安全、快速、高效、优质地完成,确保施工工发挥了非常重要的作用,必将为国内外类似地下工程建设提供了非常有价值的参考和借鉴。
Construction of underground caverns is very complex, with multi-surface operations, including multi-process and parallel operation of drilling, blasting, loading slag, transporting, shotcrete-bolt supporting and secondary lining. Under the environment of trackless transport, construction ventilation is not only affecting the entire construction progress, but also to the lives and safety of construction workers. Taking the construction ventilation of diversion tunnels in Jinping Ⅱ hydropower project as engineering background, based on the project features of super long tunnels with large section, wide interface, no outcrop, internal combustion operation, trackless transportation, large pollution in Jinping diversion tunnels, by utilizing an integrated method of literature review, engineering analogy, theoretical analysis and numerical modeling, field tests and field monitoring, induction and summarization, etc. A series of questions were researched including:(1) The influence of wall roughness to the ventilation effect,(2) computational fluid dynamics analysis techniques of construction ventilation in tunnel,(3) forced ventilation technology supplemented jet ventilation in branch tunnel,(4) gallery ventilation technology,(5) field test of ventilation effect. The main wok done and achievements in this dissertation are as follows:
The extreme ventilation distance of forced ventilation under the branch tunnel section size restricted is first obtained, the calculation of the extreme ventilation distance is as the visibility to reach20m, the minimum wind speed of the extreme ventilation distance is determined to be0.1m/s. The research results shows that the extreme distance of forced ventilation is more appropriate in the5000m. On the basis the experience of Jinping auxiliary tunnel combined with west branch tunnel section and maximum wind speed design, seven sets of75kw power jet fans can meet the construction need, fans arrangement in branch tunnel are the same as the calculation results.
This study conducted a deep analysis of the influence of the rough element shape, height, spacing and tunnel section diameter under the same rough conditions on the tunnel construction ventilation, the results show that except for the sinusoidal model, the velocity distribution of the square, triangle and mixed model appeared eddy current near the rough wall, the hindering effect for air circulation and CO rapid discharge of the sinusoidal rough model is less than the other three rough model. The impediment for the fluid flow increased with increase of the rough height increases under the same roughness spacing. The larger rough spacing, the less impediment for the fluid flow under the same roughness height and the larger tunnel section diameter, the less impediment for the fluid flow in the same rough conditions(the same roughness shape, height, spacing). The average roughness height on wall surface in tunnel is first defined by the envelope area of actual tunnel excavation contour and design excavation contour divided by the sampling length. The calculation method of roughness constant is first proposed, including the model decomposition method and main roughness method.
The average wall roughness height is0.231m and the roughness constant is0.46in Jinping diversion tunnels. Numerical calculation on construction ventilation system of Jinping diversion tunnels and drainage tunnel optimizes the arrangement of jet fans and axial duct in the tunnel. It is found that work area (within300m from the tunnel face) of1#to4#tunnel has reached the construction requirements after15minutes. The best layout of the jet fan is aroud the transverse channel under the direction of airflow and jet fans should not be too far away from the transverse channel and install the fans at the top of the tunnel as far as possible, or the ventilation will deteriorate. The effective range of duct in tunnel face is about30m. The jet fans at the intersection arranges at15m from the branch tunnel and diversion tunnel cross line at the right side of the tunnel will introduce fresh air effect better in the branch. The introduction strong wind caused by the high boost of the jet fans near intermediate cross-channel has influences the main flow direction of the air flow in the diversion tunnel.
The jet technology in operation ventilation is introduced to construction ventilation, the required airflow of jet ventilation, the calculation formula of jet fan number and the adoption principleis of related parameters is studied by theoretical research combined with field test of ventilation. The research results shows that the difference between the number of units with the theoretical calculation and the actual fans in the number of units2, within the normal range, and the actual construction air quality can meet the requirements of the specification and the health of persons. The number of fans are related to the ratio of ventilation resistance and fan boost, the frictional resistant coefficient λ is0.1-0.3, the larger roughness, the larger λ, in the shotcrete position the λ is relatively large and in the secondary lining the λ is relatively small. Fans layout in accordance with the principle of less fans in the air inlet and more fans in the air outlet, more jet fans in the tunnel with axial flow fan and less jet fans in the tunnel with no axial flow fan. The gallery ventilation through exchanging side is conducive to the tunnel to carry out multi-step parallel operations, and achieve satisfactory ventilation effect.
It is found from the field monitoring of ventilation effect that the average wind speed of polluted air is greater than0.15m/s and the visible distance greater than50m to ensure the tunnel ventilation quality before the diversion tunnel is excavated to2000m. But along with the tunnel advancing, the ventilation effect declines sharp and the worst visible distance is less than10m, especially the diversion tunnel is excavated to3300m. The air quality is good when the gallery ventilation is applied, the average wind speed is greater than0.2m/s in diversion tunnels and the average wind speed is2-4m/s in the construction branch tunnel and drainage tunnel. The visible distance at the work face is greater than50m at5minutes after ventilation and greater than150m during mucking in the diversion tunnels.
These technical achievements and their application in the design and construction played a very important role in achieving a safe, fast, effective construction with high quality and in time, which can surely provide a very valuable reference for the construction of similar underground projects world wide in the future.
(1)由于支洞断面尺寸的限制,在支洞顶部布置的2条风管直径不能大于2.0m的条件下研究极限通风距离,以能见度达到20m为衡量标准,将极限通风距离的最小风速确定为0.1m/s。在通风管理水平1.5%的漏风率情况下,压入式通风的极限距离控制在5000m比较合适。根据辅助洞西端的经验并结合西引支洞断面与最大风速设计,计划安装75kw强力射流风机7台,可满足施工需要,与实际施工现场射流风机台数布置一致。
(2)通过建立典型粗糙壁面模型就粗糙形状、粗糙高度、粗糙间距以及同一粗糙条件下断面直径对隧洞施工通风的影响进行了深入分析,研究结果表明,在近粗糙壁面,除了正弦模型外,方形、三角形、混合形三种粗糙模型近壁附近速度分布都出现了涡流,正弦粗糙模型对通道内空气的流通以及CO快速排出起到的阻碍作用比其它三种粗糙模型小。在同样的粗糙间距下,粗糙高度越大,对流体流通的阻碍作用越大；在同样的粗糙高度下,粗糙间距越大,对流体流体的阻碍作用越小。在同一粗糙条件下(相同的粗糙形状、高度、间距),断面越大,粗糙壁面对流体流通的影响相对越小。以隧洞实际开挖轮廓线和设计开挖轮廓线之间包络的面积与取样长度两者的比值定义了隧洞壁面平均粗糙高度,并提出了壁面粗糙常数的取值计算的模型分解法和主要粗糙度法。
(3)锦屏引水隧洞壁面粗糙参数为平均粗糙高度0.231m,粗糙常数Rc值为0.46。对锦屏引水隧洞及排水隧洞联合施工通风系统数值计算,优化了射流风机和轴流风管在隧洞内的布置方式。研究结果表明,15分钟之后1#-4#洞工作区域(距掌子面300m范围内)已达到施工要求；横通道布置射流风机时最好将风机布置在靠近横通道一侧气流的下风向,且射流风机距离横通道不宜太远并尽可能将风机安装于隧洞上方,否则通风效果将变差。掌子面所用的风管的有效射程在30m左右。引水隧洞在交叉口处的射流风机布置在距离支洞与引水隧洞交线15m位置处的隧洞右侧对支洞内新鲜风流的引入效果较好。中间横通道附近射流风机升压过高,会造成引入的风流较大,从而影响引水隧洞风流的主流方向。
(4)将运营通风射流技术引入到无露头多洞室群的施工通风中,从理论研究结合现场通风测试,探讨了射流通风的需风量、风机台数计算公式及相关参数的取值原则。研究结果表明实际风机台数与理论计算风机台数相差2台,属于正常范围,并且实际施工空气质量满足规范和人员健康的要求。风机数量与通风阻力与风机升压比有关,其中沿程阻力系数λ=0.1-0.3,粗糙度大取大,锚喷可取大,二衬砼可取小。按照进风洞少、污风洞多的原则进行布置射流风机,有轴流风机的洞多布置、无轴流风机的洞少布置。巷道式通风通过换边,有利于洞内开展多工序平行作业,并能达到满意的通风效果。
(5)通过对隧洞内通风效果的现场测试发现,在引水隧洞主洞独头掘进2000米之前,基本能够保证洞内通风质量,洞内平均污风排出速度大于0.15m/s,能见度大于50m；但随着开挖的深入,通风效果急剧下降,特别是在换成巷道式通风之前(主洞掘进到3300米左右),最差时洞内能见度不足10m。实施巷道式联合通风,洞内空气质量良好,主洞内平均风速大于0.2m/s,施工支洞及排水隧洞内平均风速2-4m/s。开挖爆破后5min内掌子面50m范围内即清晰可见,出碴时引水隧洞内能见度大于150m。这些技术成果的研究成功及在设计施工中的应用,为实现锦屏引水隧洞施工安全、快速、高效、优质地完成,确保施工工发挥了非常重要的作用,必将为国内外类似地下工程建设提供了非常有价值的参考和借鉴。
Construction of underground caverns is very complex, with multi-surface operations, including multi-process and parallel operation of drilling, blasting, loading slag, transporting, shotcrete-bolt supporting and secondary lining. Under the environment of trackless transport, construction ventilation is not only affecting the entire construction progress, but also to the lives and safety of construction workers. Taking the construction ventilation of diversion tunnels in Jinping Ⅱ hydropower project as engineering background, based on the project features of super long tunnels with large section, wide interface, no outcrop, internal combustion operation, trackless transportation, large pollution in Jinping diversion tunnels, by utilizing an integrated method of literature review, engineering analogy, theoretical analysis and numerical modeling, field tests and field monitoring, induction and summarization, etc. A series of questions were researched including:(1) The influence of wall roughness to the ventilation effect,(2) computational fluid dynamics analysis techniques of construction ventilation in tunnel,(3) forced ventilation technology supplemented jet ventilation in branch tunnel,(4) gallery ventilation technology,(5) field test of ventilation effect. The main wok done and achievements in this dissertation are as follows:
The extreme ventilation distance of forced ventilation under the branch tunnel section size restricted is first obtained, the calculation of the extreme ventilation distance is as the visibility to reach20m, the minimum wind speed of the extreme ventilation distance is determined to be0.1m/s. The research results shows that the extreme distance of forced ventilation is more appropriate in the5000m. On the basis the experience of Jinping auxiliary tunnel combined with west branch tunnel section and maximum wind speed design, seven sets of75kw power jet fans can meet the construction need, fans arrangement in branch tunnel are the same as the calculation results.
This study conducted a deep analysis of the influence of the rough element shape, height, spacing and tunnel section diameter under the same rough conditions on the tunnel construction ventilation, the results show that except for the sinusoidal model, the velocity distribution of the square, triangle and mixed model appeared eddy current near the rough wall, the hindering effect for air circulation and CO rapid discharge of the sinusoidal rough model is less than the other three rough model. The impediment for the fluid flow increased with increase of the rough height increases under the same roughness spacing. The larger rough spacing, the less impediment for the fluid flow under the same roughness height and the larger tunnel section diameter, the less impediment for the fluid flow in the same rough conditions(the same roughness shape, height, spacing). The average roughness height on wall surface in tunnel is first defined by the envelope area of actual tunnel excavation contour and design excavation contour divided by the sampling length. The calculation method of roughness constant is first proposed, including the model decomposition method and main roughness method.
The average wall roughness height is0.231m and the roughness constant is0.46in Jinping diversion tunnels. Numerical calculation on construction ventilation system of Jinping diversion tunnels and drainage tunnel optimizes the arrangement of jet fans and axial duct in the tunnel. It is found that work area (within300m from the tunnel face) of1#to4#tunnel has reached the construction requirements after15minutes. The best layout of the jet fan is aroud the transverse channel under the direction of airflow and jet fans should not be too far away from the transverse channel and install the fans at the top of the tunnel as far as possible, or the ventilation will deteriorate. The effective range of duct in tunnel face is about30m. The jet fans at the intersection arranges at15m from the branch tunnel and diversion tunnel cross line at the right side of the tunnel will introduce fresh air effect better in the branch. The introduction strong wind caused by the high boost of the jet fans near intermediate cross-channel has influences the main flow direction of the air flow in the diversion tunnel.
The jet technology in operation ventilation is introduced to construction ventilation, the required airflow of jet ventilation, the calculation formula of jet fan number and the adoption principleis of related parameters is studied by theoretical research combined with field test of ventilation. The research results shows that the difference between the number of units with the theoretical calculation and the actual fans in the number of units2, within the normal range, and the actual construction air quality can meet the requirements of the specification and the health of persons. The number of fans are related to the ratio of ventilation resistance and fan boost, the frictional resistant coefficient λ is0.1-0.3, the larger roughness, the larger λ, in the shotcrete position the λ is relatively large and in the secondary lining the λ is relatively small. Fans layout in accordance with the principle of less fans in the air inlet and more fans in the air outlet, more jet fans in the tunnel with axial flow fan and less jet fans in the tunnel with no axial flow fan. The gallery ventilation through exchanging side is conducive to the tunnel to carry out multi-step parallel operations, and achieve satisfactory ventilation effect.
It is found from the field monitoring of ventilation effect that the average wind speed of polluted air is greater than0.15m/s and the visible distance greater than50m to ensure the tunnel ventilation quality before the diversion tunnel is excavated to2000m. But along with the tunnel advancing, the ventilation effect declines sharp and the worst visible distance is less than10m, especially the diversion tunnel is excavated to3300m. The air quality is good when the gallery ventilation is applied, the average wind speed is greater than0.2m/s in diversion tunnels and the average wind speed is2-4m/s in the construction branch tunnel and drainage tunnel. The visible distance at the work face is greater than50m at5minutes after ventilation and greater than150m during mucking in the diversion tunnels.
These technical achievements and their application in the design and construction played a very important role in achieving a safe, fast, effective construction with high quality and in time, which can surely provide a very valuable reference for the construction of similar underground projects world wide in the future.
引文
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