分层异重流背景下三峡水库典型支流水华生消机理及其调控
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摘要
三峡水库支流库湾水华暴发频次高,涉及范围广,严重影响了库区人民正常生活生产活动,已成为三峡水库当前最严重的水环境问题。如何有效防控支流水华、改善水库水质是三峡水库当前正常运行迫切需要解决的重要问题,直接关系到三峡库区生态文明建设和民生改善。然而,三峡水库因其自身的特殊性,支流水华生消机理至今尚未完全弄清。本文通过整理2008-2012年三峡水库干支流水文水质跟踪监测数据,从近年来发现的支流库湾分层异重流出发,系统分析了分层异重流的分布特征、形成机制及演变过程；研究了分层异重流对三峡水库支流库湾水体层化结构、营养盐补给过程的影响;利用多元示踪技术分析了香溪河库湾营养盐的主要界面交换过程和真光层内营养盐的主要补给模式；拓展了经典临界层理论并验证其在三峡水库的适应性,由此凝练了分层异重流背景下香溪河库湾水华生消机理；最后根据研究结果提出了防控三峡水库支流水华的“潮汐式”生态调度方法,分析了“潮汐式”生态调度在三峡水库应用的可行性。研究得到的主要结论包括：
(1)在三峡水库干流,水体泥沙浓度逐年下降,近坝区域已低于0.5g/L；水体滞留时间在夏季低于20d,冬季超过80d；干流水体整体呈自水库上游流向下游的一维特性。在香溪河库湾,夏季水体滞留时间长期超过200d,冬季接近900d；库湾水流呈现复杂的分层异向流态,包括河口底部倒灌楔、底部倒灌异重流、中层倒灌异重流、表层倒灌异重流和上游来流底层顺坡异重流等5种异重流。三峡水库干、支流及上游来流水温差的变化导致了香溪河库湾水流流态的不断转化,是分层异重流形成的根本原因。
(2)在三峡水库干流,最低水温出现在每年2月,但不低于9℃；最高水温出现在每年8月,在27℃左右；表底温差不超过3℃；水体整体为河流型,部分时期为过渡型,适合于经典水温分层理论。在香溪河库湾,水温分层在每年3月开始发育,夏季分层最显著,水库蓄水后表层分层开始消失,冬季处于混合状态;库湾春夏为湖泊型水体,但秋冬为过渡型水体；香溪河水温分层呈现下游“双‘混-斜’”型和上游“半U”型水温分层结构,且水体越深、分层越弱,水体越浅、分层越强；这种特殊水温分层主要是因气温和分层异重流相互作用形成,并伴随分层异重流的转化而改变,不符合经典水温分层理论。
(3)建立的香溪河库湾立面二维水流水温模型能够很好地模拟库湾分层异重流以及特殊水温分层的时空差异及垂向分布特征。设置的五种水温边界工况包含了香溪河库湾典型的五种水流流态时的边界条件,模拟的无显著倒灌、底部倒灌楔、底层倒灌异重流、中层倒灌异重流和表层倒灌异重流的水流场和温度场与实测规律一致。凝练了香溪河库湾不同情形下的五类水流循环模式,这五种循环模式对分析香溪河库湾水华生消机理及其防控措施具有重要的生态环境意义。
(4)香溪河库湾上游来流磷营养盐相对较高,氮、硅营养盐相对较低；长江干流总磷浓度相对略低,氮和硅营养盐相对较高。Na+和Cl-具有较好的相关性(R2=0.926),是进行干支流水团混合示踪的理想离子,其与氢氧同位素在长江干流、香溪河库湾和香溪河上游来流三者间的差异显著。常量离子示踪和同位素示踪计算结果均表明长江干流对香溪河库湾氮营养盐的贡献总体超过上游来流的贡献。干支流交换界面和上游来流入库界面是香溪河库湾营养盐来源的主要界面；真光层营养盐补给模式主要包括水平输移、中层补给、掺混补给、藻类分解和点面源输入等五种类型,除每年3月香溪河库湾真光层内营养盐多受上游来流影响外,其它时期均由长江倒灌异重流进行补给。
(5)2010-2011年香溪河库湾均暴发了一定程度的水华,主要包括春季水华和夏季水华,夏季水华更为严重。临界层理论表明：当混合层深度小于光补偿深度时,浮游植物迅速增殖,水华风险最大；当混合层深度大于临界层深度时,浮游植物生长受到限制,水华消失；当混合层深度处于二者之间时,浮游植物缓慢生长,水华逐渐发育。香溪河冬季围隔实验验证了上述结论的正确性,且临界层理论能够很好解释2010-2011年香溪河库湾水华生消过程。在一般环境中临界层与真光层数值相似,可以用真光层底部来代表临界层深度值。香溪河库湾底层倒灌异重流和中层倒灌异重流导致的水温特殊分层是导致水华暴发的主要诱因,水温分层所衍生的光热特征是导致香溪河库湾浮游植物群落演替的主要原因。
(6)三峡水库典型水位波动过程能够促使香溪河库湾水流由中层倒灌转变为表层倒灌,打破波动前的表层水温分层现象,使得库湾营养盐空间上分布均匀；能够增大库湾水体混合层深度,进而导致藻类叶绿素a浓度降低。基于临界层理论和中度扰动理论提出的防控支流水华的三峡水库“潮汐式”生态调度概念包括“春季潮汐式”调度方法、“夏季潮汐式”调度方法和“秋季提前分期蓄水”调度方法。与三峡水库设计水位调度过程线相比,“潮汐式”生态调度能够增大三峡水库的发电效益,其对三峡水库年度水华频率、夏季水华和秋季水华均具有很好的防控作用。三峡水库“潮汐式”生态调度在理论上能够应用于三峡水库并有效防控支流水华。
The algal bloom, happened frequently and covered a large area in some tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), has done bad effects on water ecosystem, industry and agriculture, and is now the most serious environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. In order to improve the water quality in the TGR, it is very urgent and important to find useful methods to control and eradicate the algal bloom. However, up to now, the mechanism of the algal bloom is unclear. To solve this environmental problem in a short time is also very difficult.
In this thesis, some work has been carried out to research the mechanism of the algal bloom and its controlled method in Xiangxi Bay (XXB) of the TGR. Firstly, the characteristics and mechanism of the special bidirectional density currents (BDDCs) in the XXB were analyzed based on a five year's monitoring data from2008to2012. A mathematical model was also established to study the water cycle processes and their patterns in the XXB. Secondly, the spatial distribution and temporal changes of the nutrient in the bay have been monitored and analyzed. The tracer method, based on the major ions (Cl~-and Na~+) and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δD and δ~(18)O), were used to estimate the contribution rates of the Yangtze River (CJ) and upstream of the XXB to the XXB. Thirdly, the Critical Depth Hypothesis was developed to be an applicative theory to clear the mechanism of the algal bloom. The relationships between the phytoplankton succession and water stratification were also analyzed based on the CDH theory. Finally, a "tide-type" water level fluctuation method was suggested to control the algal bloom in the tributaries of the XXB. Summary, followed6important results were shown below.
(1) The sediment concentration was decreasing gradually in the CJ, which was less than0.5g/L in the area near the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). The water flowed as a one-dimensional pattern from the upstream of the TGR to the TGD directly. The water residence time in the TGR was less than20days in summers and more than80days in winters, while in the XXB, which was more than200days in summers and900days in winters most of the time. It is shown that the complex BBDCs were the dominated hydrodynamics in the XXB all through the years, which was more caused by the water temperature deference between the CJ, the XXB and the inflows of the XXB. Exactly, the BBDC could be divided into5different patterns in different season: reverse bottom-layer cuneal flow (RBCF), reverse bottom-layer density current (RBDC), reverse middle-layer density current (RMDC) and reverse surface-layer density current (RSDC) from the CJ, and downslope bottom-layer density current (DBDC) from the inflow of the XXB. Those5flow patterns were changed from one to another with the changes of the water temperature difference in different water body of TGR.
(2) In the CJ, the lowest water temperature happened in February and was more than9℃, while the highest one was less than27℃and happened in August. The differ between the surface and bottom layer was less than3℃. So, water body in the CJ was shown as a complete mixing pattern (river-type) most of the year, except in March when a weak stratification happened. The CJ was suitable to the Hutchinson's typical classifications of the lakes in the north hemisphere. In XXB, the water stratification started to develop in March, peaked in summers, and disappeared in the impounding periods, and completely mixed in winters. Water body in the XXB was more shown as the lake-type pattern. However, the stratification in the XXB was not fit the Hutchinson's typical classifications. It was very unusual, in deep water area in the downstream of the XXB, there was a weak stratification as a "double mixolimnion-metalimnion "pattern, but in shallow area near the end of the XXB, the stratification became more stronger and was shown as a "right half of U" pattern. Those particular stratification patterns were in turn affected by the BDDCs and changed gradually with the development of the BDDCs.
(3) The hydrodynamic-temperature mathematical model, based on the CE-QUAL-W2, could simulate the unusual characteristics of BBDCs and water temperature. The boundary conditions of the water temperature in the simulation processes covered all the situations happened in different hydrodynamic patterns. As a result, the simulated flow, during the periods of the one-dimensional pattern, the RBCF, RBDC, RMDC, RSDC and DBDC, could well fit the measured features.5different flow circulation patterns were summarized through the flow lines charts, which could be very significant and useful to research the mechanism of the algal bloom and its control methods in the XXB.
(4) In the inflow water of the XXB, total phosphorus concentration (TP) was relatively very high, but total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved silicon (D-SiO2) were much lower than CJ. The linearly dependent coefficient between Na~+and Cl-was very high (R2=0.926), and the Na+and Cl~-could be effective tracer ions to estimate the contribution rates of different nutrient sources in the XXB. There were remarkable isotope (δD and δ18O) difference between the CJ and inflow of the XXB. The CJ and inflows of XXB were the main sources of the water and nutrient in the XXB. However, estimated results of constant ion tracer method and isotope tracer method were both shown that the contribution rates of the C J, both water and nutrient, always exceeded that of inflow of the XXB. The nutrient supplied processes-in the euphotic zone could be classified as five ways:horizontal transportation, middle-up in summers, overturn in winters, organic decomposition and points and no-points sources. Only in every March, euphotic zone could be more affected by the inflows of the XXB, which nutrient was almost mainly from the CJ in the other time.
(5) There were serious and intermittent algal blooms both in springs and summers from2010to2011, while the summer algal bloom was much more serious. ************In fact, the critical depth could be estimated by the euphotic zone because the values of them were closed. There were three patterns, to affect the algal blooms, about the relationships between the mixing depth、compensation depth and critical depth according to Critical Depth Theory:in a water with a sufficient nutrient, the algal blooms could happened when mixing depth was less than composition depth, which could be restrained when the mixing depth exceeded the critical depth and develop when the mixing depth was less than the critical depth but deeper than the compensation depth. Those three inferences were proved to be credible in the XXB through a stratification experiment in winter. The algal blooms happened in2009-2010could also be illuminated by the critical depth theory. In XXB, the particular water stratification, caused by the BDDC, could be the main factor to trigger algal blooms. Conditions of water light intensity and stratification were also the main factors to affect phytoplankton succession.
(6) The water level fluctuation of TGR could change the RMDC into RSDC, through which the stratification before the fluctuation would be destroyed. As a result, the mixing depth in the XXB increased and phytoplankton biomass decreased. Based on this situation, an eco-environmental friendly operation (EEFO) of the TGR, named"tide-type" water level fluctuation method, was suggested to control the algal bloom in those tributaries, consisted of a tide-type operation in the water releasing stage (TTOR), a tide-type operation in flood control stage (TTOF), and a stair-type impounding during the impounding stage (STII). The demonstration indicated that the EEFO could do great effects on algal blooms in the XXB. The algal blooms could be restricted in summers and autumn trough using the EEFO. What's more, the Critical Depth Theory and the Intermediate Disturbance Theory gave a theoretical supports to this EEFO to control the algal blooms in the tributaries of TGR.
(1)在三峡水库干流,水体泥沙浓度逐年下降,近坝区域已低于0.5g/L；水体滞留时间在夏季低于20d,冬季超过80d；干流水体整体呈自水库上游流向下游的一维特性。在香溪河库湾,夏季水体滞留时间长期超过200d,冬季接近900d；库湾水流呈现复杂的分层异向流态,包括河口底部倒灌楔、底部倒灌异重流、中层倒灌异重流、表层倒灌异重流和上游来流底层顺坡异重流等5种异重流。三峡水库干、支流及上游来流水温差的变化导致了香溪河库湾水流流态的不断转化,是分层异重流形成的根本原因。
(2)在三峡水库干流,最低水温出现在每年2月,但不低于9℃；最高水温出现在每年8月,在27℃左右；表底温差不超过3℃；水体整体为河流型,部分时期为过渡型,适合于经典水温分层理论。在香溪河库湾,水温分层在每年3月开始发育,夏季分层最显著,水库蓄水后表层分层开始消失,冬季处于混合状态;库湾春夏为湖泊型水体,但秋冬为过渡型水体；香溪河水温分层呈现下游“双‘混-斜’”型和上游“半U”型水温分层结构,且水体越深、分层越弱,水体越浅、分层越强；这种特殊水温分层主要是因气温和分层异重流相互作用形成,并伴随分层异重流的转化而改变,不符合经典水温分层理论。
(3)建立的香溪河库湾立面二维水流水温模型能够很好地模拟库湾分层异重流以及特殊水温分层的时空差异及垂向分布特征。设置的五种水温边界工况包含了香溪河库湾典型的五种水流流态时的边界条件,模拟的无显著倒灌、底部倒灌楔、底层倒灌异重流、中层倒灌异重流和表层倒灌异重流的水流场和温度场与实测规律一致。凝练了香溪河库湾不同情形下的五类水流循环模式,这五种循环模式对分析香溪河库湾水华生消机理及其防控措施具有重要的生态环境意义。
(4)香溪河库湾上游来流磷营养盐相对较高,氮、硅营养盐相对较低；长江干流总磷浓度相对略低,氮和硅营养盐相对较高。Na+和Cl-具有较好的相关性(R2=0.926),是进行干支流水团混合示踪的理想离子,其与氢氧同位素在长江干流、香溪河库湾和香溪河上游来流三者间的差异显著。常量离子示踪和同位素示踪计算结果均表明长江干流对香溪河库湾氮营养盐的贡献总体超过上游来流的贡献。干支流交换界面和上游来流入库界面是香溪河库湾营养盐来源的主要界面；真光层营养盐补给模式主要包括水平输移、中层补给、掺混补给、藻类分解和点面源输入等五种类型,除每年3月香溪河库湾真光层内营养盐多受上游来流影响外,其它时期均由长江倒灌异重流进行补给。
(5)2010-2011年香溪河库湾均暴发了一定程度的水华,主要包括春季水华和夏季水华,夏季水华更为严重。临界层理论表明：当混合层深度小于光补偿深度时,浮游植物迅速增殖,水华风险最大；当混合层深度大于临界层深度时,浮游植物生长受到限制,水华消失；当混合层深度处于二者之间时,浮游植物缓慢生长,水华逐渐发育。香溪河冬季围隔实验验证了上述结论的正确性,且临界层理论能够很好解释2010-2011年香溪河库湾水华生消过程。在一般环境中临界层与真光层数值相似,可以用真光层底部来代表临界层深度值。香溪河库湾底层倒灌异重流和中层倒灌异重流导致的水温特殊分层是导致水华暴发的主要诱因,水温分层所衍生的光热特征是导致香溪河库湾浮游植物群落演替的主要原因。
(6)三峡水库典型水位波动过程能够促使香溪河库湾水流由中层倒灌转变为表层倒灌,打破波动前的表层水温分层现象,使得库湾营养盐空间上分布均匀；能够增大库湾水体混合层深度,进而导致藻类叶绿素a浓度降低。基于临界层理论和中度扰动理论提出的防控支流水华的三峡水库“潮汐式”生态调度概念包括“春季潮汐式”调度方法、“夏季潮汐式”调度方法和“秋季提前分期蓄水”调度方法。与三峡水库设计水位调度过程线相比,“潮汐式”生态调度能够增大三峡水库的发电效益,其对三峡水库年度水华频率、夏季水华和秋季水华均具有很好的防控作用。三峡水库“潮汐式”生态调度在理论上能够应用于三峡水库并有效防控支流水华。
The algal bloom, happened frequently and covered a large area in some tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), has done bad effects on water ecosystem, industry and agriculture, and is now the most serious environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. In order to improve the water quality in the TGR, it is very urgent and important to find useful methods to control and eradicate the algal bloom. However, up to now, the mechanism of the algal bloom is unclear. To solve this environmental problem in a short time is also very difficult.
In this thesis, some work has been carried out to research the mechanism of the algal bloom and its controlled method in Xiangxi Bay (XXB) of the TGR. Firstly, the characteristics and mechanism of the special bidirectional density currents (BDDCs) in the XXB were analyzed based on a five year's monitoring data from2008to2012. A mathematical model was also established to study the water cycle processes and their patterns in the XXB. Secondly, the spatial distribution and temporal changes of the nutrient in the bay have been monitored and analyzed. The tracer method, based on the major ions (Cl~-and Na~+) and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δD and δ~(18)O), were used to estimate the contribution rates of the Yangtze River (CJ) and upstream of the XXB to the XXB. Thirdly, the Critical Depth Hypothesis was developed to be an applicative theory to clear the mechanism of the algal bloom. The relationships between the phytoplankton succession and water stratification were also analyzed based on the CDH theory. Finally, a "tide-type" water level fluctuation method was suggested to control the algal bloom in the tributaries of the XXB. Summary, followed6important results were shown below.
(1) The sediment concentration was decreasing gradually in the CJ, which was less than0.5g/L in the area near the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). The water flowed as a one-dimensional pattern from the upstream of the TGR to the TGD directly. The water residence time in the TGR was less than20days in summers and more than80days in winters, while in the XXB, which was more than200days in summers and900days in winters most of the time. It is shown that the complex BBDCs were the dominated hydrodynamics in the XXB all through the years, which was more caused by the water temperature deference between the CJ, the XXB and the inflows of the XXB. Exactly, the BBDC could be divided into5different patterns in different season: reverse bottom-layer cuneal flow (RBCF), reverse bottom-layer density current (RBDC), reverse middle-layer density current (RMDC) and reverse surface-layer density current (RSDC) from the CJ, and downslope bottom-layer density current (DBDC) from the inflow of the XXB. Those5flow patterns were changed from one to another with the changes of the water temperature difference in different water body of TGR.
(2) In the CJ, the lowest water temperature happened in February and was more than9℃, while the highest one was less than27℃and happened in August. The differ between the surface and bottom layer was less than3℃. So, water body in the CJ was shown as a complete mixing pattern (river-type) most of the year, except in March when a weak stratification happened. The CJ was suitable to the Hutchinson's typical classifications of the lakes in the north hemisphere. In XXB, the water stratification started to develop in March, peaked in summers, and disappeared in the impounding periods, and completely mixed in winters. Water body in the XXB was more shown as the lake-type pattern. However, the stratification in the XXB was not fit the Hutchinson's typical classifications. It was very unusual, in deep water area in the downstream of the XXB, there was a weak stratification as a "double mixolimnion-metalimnion "pattern, but in shallow area near the end of the XXB, the stratification became more stronger and was shown as a "right half of U" pattern. Those particular stratification patterns were in turn affected by the BDDCs and changed gradually with the development of the BDDCs.
(3) The hydrodynamic-temperature mathematical model, based on the CE-QUAL-W2, could simulate the unusual characteristics of BBDCs and water temperature. The boundary conditions of the water temperature in the simulation processes covered all the situations happened in different hydrodynamic patterns. As a result, the simulated flow, during the periods of the one-dimensional pattern, the RBCF, RBDC, RMDC, RSDC and DBDC, could well fit the measured features.5different flow circulation patterns were summarized through the flow lines charts, which could be very significant and useful to research the mechanism of the algal bloom and its control methods in the XXB.
(4) In the inflow water of the XXB, total phosphorus concentration (TP) was relatively very high, but total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved silicon (D-SiO2) were much lower than CJ. The linearly dependent coefficient between Na~+and Cl-was very high (R2=0.926), and the Na+and Cl~-could be effective tracer ions to estimate the contribution rates of different nutrient sources in the XXB. There were remarkable isotope (δD and δ18O) difference between the CJ and inflow of the XXB. The CJ and inflows of XXB were the main sources of the water and nutrient in the XXB. However, estimated results of constant ion tracer method and isotope tracer method were both shown that the contribution rates of the C J, both water and nutrient, always exceeded that of inflow of the XXB. The nutrient supplied processes-in the euphotic zone could be classified as five ways:horizontal transportation, middle-up in summers, overturn in winters, organic decomposition and points and no-points sources. Only in every March, euphotic zone could be more affected by the inflows of the XXB, which nutrient was almost mainly from the CJ in the other time.
(5) There were serious and intermittent algal blooms both in springs and summers from2010to2011, while the summer algal bloom was much more serious. ************In fact, the critical depth could be estimated by the euphotic zone because the values of them were closed. There were three patterns, to affect the algal blooms, about the relationships between the mixing depth、compensation depth and critical depth according to Critical Depth Theory:in a water with a sufficient nutrient, the algal blooms could happened when mixing depth was less than composition depth, which could be restrained when the mixing depth exceeded the critical depth and develop when the mixing depth was less than the critical depth but deeper than the compensation depth. Those three inferences were proved to be credible in the XXB through a stratification experiment in winter. The algal blooms happened in2009-2010could also be illuminated by the critical depth theory. In XXB, the particular water stratification, caused by the BDDC, could be the main factor to trigger algal blooms. Conditions of water light intensity and stratification were also the main factors to affect phytoplankton succession.
(6) The water level fluctuation of TGR could change the RMDC into RSDC, through which the stratification before the fluctuation would be destroyed. As a result, the mixing depth in the XXB increased and phytoplankton biomass decreased. Based on this situation, an eco-environmental friendly operation (EEFO) of the TGR, named"tide-type" water level fluctuation method, was suggested to control the algal bloom in those tributaries, consisted of a tide-type operation in the water releasing stage (TTOR), a tide-type operation in flood control stage (TTOF), and a stair-type impounding during the impounding stage (STII). The demonstration indicated that the EEFO could do great effects on algal blooms in the XXB. The algal blooms could be restricted in summers and autumn trough using the EEFO. What's more, the Critical Depth Theory and the Intermediate Disturbance Theory gave a theoretical supports to this EEFO to control the algal blooms in the tributaries of TGR.
引文
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