再生水灌溉土壤—地下水重金属污染特征与风险评价
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摘要
本文以北京市东南郊再生水灌区为主要研究对象，采用灌区调查、田间灌溉试验、河道入渗试验相结合的系统方法开展了再生水灌溉土壤、地下水重金属污染特征与风险评价研究。揭示了再生水灌区土壤与地下水重金属的空间分布特征与污染来源，明晰了再生水输配水和灌溉过程中重金属的迁移规律与影响机制，识别了再生水灌溉地下水重金属特征风险污染物，提出了北京市东南郊地区再生水灌溉污染风险分区发展对策。
通过构建再生水灌区环境重金属长期监测网络，揭示了土壤、地下水重金属的空间分布规律。研究表明长期再生（污）水灌溉土壤重金属含量总体处于较低水平，低于《土壤环境质量标准》二级限值。灌区土壤重金属汞（Hg）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）随污灌历史增加而增加，河道渠系周边田块灌溉水保证率较高会导致重金属的累积。土壤重金属空间分布与全铁（TFe2O3）、有机质、阳离子交换量、颗粒组分含量显著相关（p<0.05）。重金属溯源分析表明Hg、Cu、Pb为再生水灌区土壤优先控制污染物。地下水中Hg、砷（As）在灌区北部污灌历史较长区域有明显累积。As、Cd在灌区地表、地下水中含量具有较好相关性（RAs=0.554、RCd=0.485），土壤与地下水中重金属含量无明显相关性。
提出了再生水长期入渗试验与小区灌溉试验相结合的重金属污染风险识别方法，明晰了再生水输配水、灌溉条件下重金属在土壤、地下水中迁移特征与影响因素。研究发现：以地下水灌溉为对照，10年再生水灌溉土壤剖面Hg累积程度最高（45.85%）；Cd、Pb、Cu也出现显著累积（p<0.05）；Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd为长期再生水灌溉土壤重金属风险污染物指标，风险高低排序为：Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb。长期再生水灌溉改变了土壤中重金属与其它共存元素间的相互作用机制；粘粒含量、pH值、有机质以及钠吸附比均为影响再生水灌溉土壤重金属行为特征的重要因素。地表再生水长期入渗对浅层地下水中As、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）累积产生显著影响（p<0.05）；距河岸不同距离和层位含水层重金属含量处于较低水平，试验区砂粘交替包气带结构对重金属具有较好的防护性能。
识别了再生水灌溉地下水重金属特征风险污染物，提出了北京市东南郊地区地下水重金属污染风险分区发展对策，将再生水利用区域分为低、中和高三类风险区，面积分别为775km2、1040km2和122km2，占总区域面积比例分别为40%、53.7%和6.3%。
The objective of ths study is to ascertain pollution risk of heavy metals in soil andgroundwater of reclaimed water irrigated district in the surth-easten area of Beijing, China,based on district investigation, field irrigation experiment and in situ infiltration experiment.The spatical distribution and origin of heavy metals in soil and groundwater of the long-termreclaimed water (or wastewater) irrigation were determined. The characteristic of migrationand influencing factors of heavy metal in soil-groundwater system at the process of watertransportion and irrigation were found in this study. The groundwater risk zoning strategy wasproposed.
The heavy metal monitor system of long-term reclaimed water irrigated district wasestablished. The spatical distribution, origin and affect factor of heavy metals in soil andgroundwater of such area were determined by the investigation. Compared with other sewageirrigation areas, both domestic and international, the mean contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb,Zn, Se, and Mn in soils were still at a relatively low level in the study area, and the contents ofall of the examined heavy metals were below national standard limits (GB15618-1995). Thelonger time of wastewater irrigation led to the accelerated enrichments of Hg, Cu and Pb.Significant heavy metal enrichments occurred in the areas around reclaimed water outfalls inthe irrigation area and canals, in which the wasterwater could be more easily lifted than theinterior areas., The TFe2O3content, OM, CEC and particle components of the soils werefound to be the major influencing factors affecting the accumulation and absorption of heavymetals in the soils. Our comprehensive analysis, combining the assessment of various sourcesof heavy metals, enrichment levels and the toxicity levels of heavy metals, suggested that Hg,Cu and Pb are the pollutants that should be given priority in control measures implemented inthe sewage irrigation district. Spatial distribution characteristics and sources of heavy metalsin the shallow groundwater in the district were detected. The longer time of wastewaterirrigation led to the accelerated enrichments of Hg and As. Fe and Mn in soil were relativelyhigher correlated with that in the shallow groundwater (RFe=0.497、RMn=0.375). As and Cd inthe shallow groundwater relatively were higher correlated with that in the surface water(RAs=0.554、RCd=0.485).
The detect method of heavy metal pollution was established, which contained thelong-term reclaimed water irrigation experiment and in situ mornitoring infiltrationexperiment. Compared with the the groundwater treatment, the significantly higher levels ofTotal metal (Cd, Pb, and Hg) were found at50~70cm,30~40cm, respectively (p<0.05), and the significantly higher concentrations of DTPA-extractable metals (Cd, Cu, Fe) at deeperdepths of50~90cm (p<0.05). Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb are the pollutants that should be givenpriority in control measures implemented which from high risk to low with the long-termreclaimed water irrigation. The contents of pH, OM, clay, sand, and SAR were the mainlyfactors which affect the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in soil profiles.The inputof extra metals and nutrients by the process of reclaimed water irrigation has led to thesignificantly difference of the correlation between metals and other elements the soilsirrigated with reclaimed water and groundwater. Except for Fe and Mn, the other heavymetals were at a low level in the deffrent shadow groundwater depths which were at distanceof5m,15m,35m longitudinal to the reclaim water river. The vadose zone and the shallowaquifer in this study area contain a large amount of clay and sand-clay interlayers, which hascertain anti-pollution properties.
Four metals parameters were selected as representative contaminants for groundwaterpollution risk assessment under reclaimed water irrigation. Groundwater heavy metalpollution risk zoning for the groundwater of study area was proposed and the district wasdivided into relatively low-, intermediate-and high-risk areas. with the area of775km2(40%of total area),1,040km2(53.7%) and122km2(6.3%) respectively. The strategies andmeasures are proposed in order to prohibit groundwater pollution in developing reclaimedwater irrigation.
通过构建再生水灌区环境重金属长期监测网络，揭示了土壤、地下水重金属的空间分布规律。研究表明长期再生（污）水灌溉土壤重金属含量总体处于较低水平，低于《土壤环境质量标准》二级限值。灌区土壤重金属汞（Hg）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）随污灌历史增加而增加，河道渠系周边田块灌溉水保证率较高会导致重金属的累积。土壤重金属空间分布与全铁（TFe2O3）、有机质、阳离子交换量、颗粒组分含量显著相关（p<0.05）。重金属溯源分析表明Hg、Cu、Pb为再生水灌区土壤优先控制污染物。地下水中Hg、砷（As）在灌区北部污灌历史较长区域有明显累积。As、Cd在灌区地表、地下水中含量具有较好相关性（RAs=0.554、RCd=0.485），土壤与地下水中重金属含量无明显相关性。
提出了再生水长期入渗试验与小区灌溉试验相结合的重金属污染风险识别方法，明晰了再生水输配水、灌溉条件下重金属在土壤、地下水中迁移特征与影响因素。研究发现：以地下水灌溉为对照，10年再生水灌溉土壤剖面Hg累积程度最高（45.85%）；Cd、Pb、Cu也出现显著累积（p<0.05）；Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd为长期再生水灌溉土壤重金属风险污染物指标，风险高低排序为：Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb。长期再生水灌溉改变了土壤中重金属与其它共存元素间的相互作用机制；粘粒含量、pH值、有机质以及钠吸附比均为影响再生水灌溉土壤重金属行为特征的重要因素。地表再生水长期入渗对浅层地下水中As、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）累积产生显著影响（p<0.05）；距河岸不同距离和层位含水层重金属含量处于较低水平，试验区砂粘交替包气带结构对重金属具有较好的防护性能。
识别了再生水灌溉地下水重金属特征风险污染物，提出了北京市东南郊地区地下水重金属污染风险分区发展对策，将再生水利用区域分为低、中和高三类风险区，面积分别为775km2、1040km2和122km2，占总区域面积比例分别为40%、53.7%和6.3%。
The objective of ths study is to ascertain pollution risk of heavy metals in soil andgroundwater of reclaimed water irrigated district in the surth-easten area of Beijing, China,based on district investigation, field irrigation experiment and in situ infiltration experiment.The spatical distribution and origin of heavy metals in soil and groundwater of the long-termreclaimed water (or wastewater) irrigation were determined. The characteristic of migrationand influencing factors of heavy metal in soil-groundwater system at the process of watertransportion and irrigation were found in this study. The groundwater risk zoning strategy wasproposed.
The heavy metal monitor system of long-term reclaimed water irrigated district wasestablished. The spatical distribution, origin and affect factor of heavy metals in soil andgroundwater of such area were determined by the investigation. Compared with other sewageirrigation areas, both domestic and international, the mean contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb,Zn, Se, and Mn in soils were still at a relatively low level in the study area, and the contents ofall of the examined heavy metals were below national standard limits (GB15618-1995). Thelonger time of wastewater irrigation led to the accelerated enrichments of Hg, Cu and Pb.Significant heavy metal enrichments occurred in the areas around reclaimed water outfalls inthe irrigation area and canals, in which the wasterwater could be more easily lifted than theinterior areas., The TFe2O3content, OM, CEC and particle components of the soils werefound to be the major influencing factors affecting the accumulation and absorption of heavymetals in the soils. Our comprehensive analysis, combining the assessment of various sourcesof heavy metals, enrichment levels and the toxicity levels of heavy metals, suggested that Hg,Cu and Pb are the pollutants that should be given priority in control measures implemented inthe sewage irrigation district. Spatial distribution characteristics and sources of heavy metalsin the shallow groundwater in the district were detected. The longer time of wastewaterirrigation led to the accelerated enrichments of Hg and As. Fe and Mn in soil were relativelyhigher correlated with that in the shallow groundwater (RFe=0.497、RMn=0.375). As and Cd inthe shallow groundwater relatively were higher correlated with that in the surface water(RAs=0.554、RCd=0.485).
The detect method of heavy metal pollution was established, which contained thelong-term reclaimed water irrigation experiment and in situ mornitoring infiltrationexperiment. Compared with the the groundwater treatment, the significantly higher levels ofTotal metal (Cd, Pb, and Hg) were found at50~70cm,30~40cm, respectively (p<0.05), and the significantly higher concentrations of DTPA-extractable metals (Cd, Cu, Fe) at deeperdepths of50~90cm (p<0.05). Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb are the pollutants that should be givenpriority in control measures implemented which from high risk to low with the long-termreclaimed water irrigation. The contents of pH, OM, clay, sand, and SAR were the mainlyfactors which affect the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in soil profiles.The inputof extra metals and nutrients by the process of reclaimed water irrigation has led to thesignificantly difference of the correlation between metals and other elements the soilsirrigated with reclaimed water and groundwater. Except for Fe and Mn, the other heavymetals were at a low level in the deffrent shadow groundwater depths which were at distanceof5m,15m,35m longitudinal to the reclaim water river. The vadose zone and the shallowaquifer in this study area contain a large amount of clay and sand-clay interlayers, which hascertain anti-pollution properties.
Four metals parameters were selected as representative contaminants for groundwaterpollution risk assessment under reclaimed water irrigation. Groundwater heavy metalpollution risk zoning for the groundwater of study area was proposed and the district wasdivided into relatively low-, intermediate-and high-risk areas. with the area of775km2(40%of total area),1,040km2(53.7%) and122km2(6.3%) respectively. The strategies andmeasures are proposed in order to prohibit groundwater pollution in developing reclaimedwater irrigation.
引文
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