华北平原德州地面沉降成生机理、监测预警与可控性研究
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摘要
地下水开采引发的地面沉降严重影响区域经济、社会的可持续发展和生态文明建设,自上世纪50年代以来,地面沉降问题作为一种缓变地质灾害现象越来越受到全世界的广泛关注。地面沉降会对高速铁路、城市环境及生态、生命线工程、建筑物及基础设施等产生重大的不良影响。截至2011年12月,中国有90余个城市出现地面沉降,长三角地区、华北平原和汾渭盆地已成重灾区,沉降面积达9万平方公里,并伴生了地裂缝灾害。在山东省范围内,地面沉降主要发生在鲁北、鲁西等深层地下水开采量较大、地表建筑较为集中的德州、滨州、东营、济宁、菏泽、济南(部分)、淄博(部分)和潍坊(部分)等平原城市的中心城区和部分县城城区。德州所在的鲁北平原地面沉降存在发展空间大、发展趋势强、地下流体采源深和影响因素复杂等特点,对工农业生产、水利设施、城市建设、高速公路、京沪高速铁路建设和运行等造成了一定的影响,已成为影响鲁北区域经济社会可持续发展的重要因素之一。德州深层地下水最大开采深度已达940m,是华北平原目前地下水开采最深的层位。德州市城区由于长期超量开采深层地下水,形成了区域性的深层地下水降落漏斗,地面沉降、(地下)咸水界面下侵、南移等地质环境问题业已出现。现在随着德城区深层地下水位降漏斗深度与广度的不断加大,与周边的沧州漏斗、衡水漏斗、文安-大成漏斗、天津漏斗、临邑漏斗联为一片,形成区域性复合式深层地下水位降落漏斗分布区,成为华北大漏斗的一部分。德州漏斗是华北平原最为典型的深层地下水降落漏斗之一。黄河三角洲高效生态经济区、山东半岛蓝色经济区部分地段、黄河沿线、小清河以及一些重要工矿区也位于华北平原(山东部分)地面沉降区(或易发区)范围内,也是地面沉降重点防控区；京沪高铁、京沪高速公路、南水北调输水工程纵贯鲁北平原区,高铁、水利、市政等建设项目应严格控制地面沉降量。德州市区(德城区为主)是鲁北平原地面沉降出现最早、影响最大、最为严重的地区。本课题研究的目标是以德城区为背景,综合水文地质、工程地质学、地下水动力学和岩土力学等学科,通过现场监测、室内试验、理论研究、数值分析等手段,研究该区域地下水流场时空动态分布规律、地下水开采引发的地面沉降成生发展演化的宏细观机理及规律、基于层次分析法的可拓学易发性分区研究、三维流固全耦合本构模型等关键科学问题,研究具有一定创新性。并通过比较调整开采量、开采层位、开采井布局等方案,为区域地面沉降的防治提供理论依据,提出可以经济、合理、高效的控制地面沉降的工程、非工程措施。
本次研究重点开展了地面沉降调查、水文地质钻探、物探测井、抽水试验、岩土力学测试、地面沉降监测(GPS测量、二等水准测量)、地下水动态监测、地面沉降预警预报模型建设和数值计算等工作,主要成果如下：
(1)通过现场钻探进行深部地层勘查,准确确定研究区域的地层结构分布,钻孔全孔取芯,并对各地层取样,对试样进行室内试验,测定各地层的物理力学参数和水文地质参数；同时对关键压缩层岩芯进行电镜扫描等测试,获得该层位岩土体的微观结构参数。
(2)通过现场抽水试验及原有资料分析,建立地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,预测地下水流场的时空动态分布规律。
(3)利用地下水开采动态资料和地面沉降监测资料,结合研究区域的水文地质资料,以达西定律、Biot固结理论等为基础,运用COMSOL Multiphysies软件,建立渗流场和应力场相互耦合的三维地面沉降的预警预报数值模型。
(4)根据现场实验、室内试验、理论分析、数值分析的结果,初步确定德州地区地下水开采诱发地面沉降的规律。通过数值模拟试验,比较调整开采量、开采层位、开采井布局和回灌地下水等方案对控制德州市地面沉降作用效果,为德州市地面沉降的防治提供理论依据,并提出了可以经济、合理、高效的控制地面沉降的工程、非工程措施。
本次研究工作对德州市的地面沉降防治工程具有重要的理论和实际意义,不仅为区内重大基础工程的结构安全稳固性提供技术依据,对于维护人民群众生命财产安全具有重要意义,对于德州市的城市规划及建设具有重要的指导意义,对于山东省其他地区的地面沉降防治工作具有示范效应,完善和推动了地面沉降领域的理论发展和工程实践应用。研究成果可为地质环境保护、促进地质环境和生态文明的良性发展提供依据,促进经济社会又好又快地可持续发展。
Land subsidence seriously affected the sustainable development of regional economic, social and ecological civilization construction. Since the50's of last century, the problem of land subsidence as a slowly varying geological disaster phenomenon was paid more and more close attention all over the world. Land subsidence will have a significant adverse effect on high-speed railway, city environment and ecology, lifeline engineering, buildings and infrastructure. By December2011, more than90cities in China were come about land subsidence, such as the heavy disaster area of the Yangtze River Delta region, North China Plain and Fenwei basin, which area was90000square kilometers, and associated with the ground fissure. In Shandong Province, land subsidence occurred mainly in the deep groundwater exploitation, the place where the ground buildings are concentrated, in Dezhou, Binzhou, Dongying, Jining, Heze, Ji'nan (part), Zibo (part) and Weifang (part) et al. plain city center city and partial county city. Dezhou is located in Lubei plain where land subsidence has large development space, the development trend of strong, underground fluid source of deep and complex factors, and was caused some impact on industrial and agricultural production, water conservancy facilities, city construction, highway, the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway construction and operation, and has become one of the important factors affecting the economic and society sustainable development of Lubei region. The largest exploitation depth of deep groundwater in Dezhou has reached940m, which is the most deep layer groundwater exploitation in North China Plain. Due to the long-term over exploitation of deep groundwater, a deep groundwater regional cone of depression, land subsidence, seawater intrusion (underground) interface, geological environment problems have appeared in Dezhou city. Now with the deep water table depth and breadth in drop continuously, and the surrounding Cangzhou, Hengshui, WenAn-DaCheng funnel, Tianjin funnel, Linyi funnel connected into a sheet, forming deep regional groundwater level combined funnel distribution area, and become a part of the North China funnel. Dezhou funnel is the most typical of deep groundwater drawdown funnel of North China Plain. Efficient ecological economic zone of the Yellow River Delta in Shandong, Shandong Peninsula blue economic zone, the Yellow River part area, along the Xiaoqing River, and some important industrial zone are located in subsidence area (or prone areas) range of the North China Plain (Shandong), which are also the focus of prevention and control of land subsidence. High-speed Rail district of Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Shanghai Expressway, the south to North Water Diversion Project water runs through the northern plain areas, strict control of land subsidence should be controlled for High-speed Rail, water conservancy, municipal construction projects. Dezhou city of Lubei plain land subsidence was appeared the earliest,and the impact was the biggest, the most serious areas. The goal of this research is to Decheng district as background, comprehensive engineering geology hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics, rock and soil mechanics, through field monitoring, laboratory test, theoretical research, numerical analysis, to study the temporal and spatial dynamic distribution of regional groundwater flow, land subsidence as the development and evolution of the macro micro mechanism and rules, the extension study based on AHP, primary partition of3D fluid solid coupling constitutive model of key scientific problem. This research is more innovative in some way. By comparison, the exploited horizon, adjusting production wells layout scheme, and provides theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment for the regional land subsidence, proposed control land subsidence can be economical and reasonable, efficient settlement, non engineering measures.
This reasearch focuses on the ground investigation, hydrogeological drilling, geophysical logging, pumping test, rock mechanics test, land subsidence monitoring (GPS measurement, two leveling), groundwater dynamic monitoring, land subsidence prediction model construction and numerical calculation, the main results are as follows:
(1) For the deep strata exploration through the field drilling, accurately determine the distribution of stratum structure in the study area, drilling cores, and the stratum sampling, laboratory testing of samples, determination of the physical and mechanical parameters of stratum and hydrogeological parameters; At the same time the scanning electron microscopy test of key compression layer core, obtain the micro structural parameters of the layer of rock and soil.
(2) Through the pumping test and the original data analysis, a three-dimensional groundwater unsteady flow numerical model, prediction of dynamic changes of groundwater flow.
(3) The exploitation of groundwater dynamic data and surface subsidence monitoring data, combined with hydrological data of the study area, using Darcy's law, Biot's consolidation theory, the use of COMSOL Multiphysies software, numerical model of seepage field and forecast of ground stress coupling field of settlement building.
(4) According to the field experiments, laboratory test, theoretical analysis, numerical analysis results, preliminary determine the law of groundwater exploitation induced subsidence area of Dezhou. Through numerical simulation, comparison adjustment exploitation, exploitation layers, exploitation and recharge of groundwater scheme to control the land subsidence of Dezhou city effect well layout, and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of land subsidence in Dezhou City, and put forward the economic, reasonable, effective control of land subsidence engineering and the non engineering measures.
There are the important theory and the practical significance of the research work of Dezhou land subsidence control project, which not only to provide technical basis for the structural safety zone major foundation engineering firm, and has an important significance for protecting the safety of people's lives and property, and have important guiding significance for city planning and construction of Dezhou City, with a demonstration effect on other areas of Shandong province land subsidence prevention and controlling work, and continue to improve and promote the development of land subsidence theory and engineering practice application. The research results can provide a basis for the protection of geological environment, and promote the benign development of geological environment and ecological civilization, and promote sound and rapid economic and social sustainable development.
本次研究重点开展了地面沉降调查、水文地质钻探、物探测井、抽水试验、岩土力学测试、地面沉降监测(GPS测量、二等水准测量)、地下水动态监测、地面沉降预警预报模型建设和数值计算等工作,主要成果如下：
(1)通过现场钻探进行深部地层勘查,准确确定研究区域的地层结构分布,钻孔全孔取芯,并对各地层取样,对试样进行室内试验,测定各地层的物理力学参数和水文地质参数；同时对关键压缩层岩芯进行电镜扫描等测试,获得该层位岩土体的微观结构参数。
(2)通过现场抽水试验及原有资料分析,建立地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,预测地下水流场的时空动态分布规律。
(3)利用地下水开采动态资料和地面沉降监测资料,结合研究区域的水文地质资料,以达西定律、Biot固结理论等为基础,运用COMSOL Multiphysies软件,建立渗流场和应力场相互耦合的三维地面沉降的预警预报数值模型。
(4)根据现场实验、室内试验、理论分析、数值分析的结果,初步确定德州地区地下水开采诱发地面沉降的规律。通过数值模拟试验,比较调整开采量、开采层位、开采井布局和回灌地下水等方案对控制德州市地面沉降作用效果,为德州市地面沉降的防治提供理论依据,并提出了可以经济、合理、高效的控制地面沉降的工程、非工程措施。
本次研究工作对德州市的地面沉降防治工程具有重要的理论和实际意义,不仅为区内重大基础工程的结构安全稳固性提供技术依据,对于维护人民群众生命财产安全具有重要意义,对于德州市的城市规划及建设具有重要的指导意义,对于山东省其他地区的地面沉降防治工作具有示范效应,完善和推动了地面沉降领域的理论发展和工程实践应用。研究成果可为地质环境保护、促进地质环境和生态文明的良性发展提供依据,促进经济社会又好又快地可持续发展。
Land subsidence seriously affected the sustainable development of regional economic, social and ecological civilization construction. Since the50's of last century, the problem of land subsidence as a slowly varying geological disaster phenomenon was paid more and more close attention all over the world. Land subsidence will have a significant adverse effect on high-speed railway, city environment and ecology, lifeline engineering, buildings and infrastructure. By December2011, more than90cities in China were come about land subsidence, such as the heavy disaster area of the Yangtze River Delta region, North China Plain and Fenwei basin, which area was90000square kilometers, and associated with the ground fissure. In Shandong Province, land subsidence occurred mainly in the deep groundwater exploitation, the place where the ground buildings are concentrated, in Dezhou, Binzhou, Dongying, Jining, Heze, Ji'nan (part), Zibo (part) and Weifang (part) et al. plain city center city and partial county city. Dezhou is located in Lubei plain where land subsidence has large development space, the development trend of strong, underground fluid source of deep and complex factors, and was caused some impact on industrial and agricultural production, water conservancy facilities, city construction, highway, the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway construction and operation, and has become one of the important factors affecting the economic and society sustainable development of Lubei region. The largest exploitation depth of deep groundwater in Dezhou has reached940m, which is the most deep layer groundwater exploitation in North China Plain. Due to the long-term over exploitation of deep groundwater, a deep groundwater regional cone of depression, land subsidence, seawater intrusion (underground) interface, geological environment problems have appeared in Dezhou city. Now with the deep water table depth and breadth in drop continuously, and the surrounding Cangzhou, Hengshui, WenAn-DaCheng funnel, Tianjin funnel, Linyi funnel connected into a sheet, forming deep regional groundwater level combined funnel distribution area, and become a part of the North China funnel. Dezhou funnel is the most typical of deep groundwater drawdown funnel of North China Plain. Efficient ecological economic zone of the Yellow River Delta in Shandong, Shandong Peninsula blue economic zone, the Yellow River part area, along the Xiaoqing River, and some important industrial zone are located in subsidence area (or prone areas) range of the North China Plain (Shandong), which are also the focus of prevention and control of land subsidence. High-speed Rail district of Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Shanghai Expressway, the south to North Water Diversion Project water runs through the northern plain areas, strict control of land subsidence should be controlled for High-speed Rail, water conservancy, municipal construction projects. Dezhou city of Lubei plain land subsidence was appeared the earliest,and the impact was the biggest, the most serious areas. The goal of this research is to Decheng district as background, comprehensive engineering geology hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics, rock and soil mechanics, through field monitoring, laboratory test, theoretical research, numerical analysis, to study the temporal and spatial dynamic distribution of regional groundwater flow, land subsidence as the development and evolution of the macro micro mechanism and rules, the extension study based on AHP, primary partition of3D fluid solid coupling constitutive model of key scientific problem. This research is more innovative in some way. By comparison, the exploited horizon, adjusting production wells layout scheme, and provides theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment for the regional land subsidence, proposed control land subsidence can be economical and reasonable, efficient settlement, non engineering measures.
This reasearch focuses on the ground investigation, hydrogeological drilling, geophysical logging, pumping test, rock mechanics test, land subsidence monitoring (GPS measurement, two leveling), groundwater dynamic monitoring, land subsidence prediction model construction and numerical calculation, the main results are as follows:
(1) For the deep strata exploration through the field drilling, accurately determine the distribution of stratum structure in the study area, drilling cores, and the stratum sampling, laboratory testing of samples, determination of the physical and mechanical parameters of stratum and hydrogeological parameters; At the same time the scanning electron microscopy test of key compression layer core, obtain the micro structural parameters of the layer of rock and soil.
(2) Through the pumping test and the original data analysis, a three-dimensional groundwater unsteady flow numerical model, prediction of dynamic changes of groundwater flow.
(3) The exploitation of groundwater dynamic data and surface subsidence monitoring data, combined with hydrological data of the study area, using Darcy's law, Biot's consolidation theory, the use of COMSOL Multiphysies software, numerical model of seepage field and forecast of ground stress coupling field of settlement building.
(4) According to the field experiments, laboratory test, theoretical analysis, numerical analysis results, preliminary determine the law of groundwater exploitation induced subsidence area of Dezhou. Through numerical simulation, comparison adjustment exploitation, exploitation layers, exploitation and recharge of groundwater scheme to control the land subsidence of Dezhou city effect well layout, and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of land subsidence in Dezhou City, and put forward the economic, reasonable, effective control of land subsidence engineering and the non engineering measures.
There are the important theory and the practical significance of the research work of Dezhou land subsidence control project, which not only to provide technical basis for the structural safety zone major foundation engineering firm, and has an important significance for protecting the safety of people's lives and property, and have important guiding significance for city planning and construction of Dezhou City, with a demonstration effect on other areas of Shandong province land subsidence prevention and controlling work, and continue to improve and promote the development of land subsidence theory and engineering practice application. The research results can provide a basis for the protection of geological environment, and promote the benign development of geological environment and ecological civilization, and promote sound and rapid economic and social sustainable development.
引文
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