非弹性应变恢复原地应力测量方法的实验研究及应用
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摘要
ASR法是近年发展起来的三维地应力测量方法。5.12汶川地震后,我国首次引进ASR方法用于科学钻孔的原地应力测量。ASR方法中非弹性应变恢复柔量如何确定,岩石的热膨胀系数及温度变化对ASR法测试结果的影响,ASR法测试结果的可靠性等问题是需要深入实验和研究的重要问题,它将影响ASR方法的深入发展和广泛应用。本文在梳理国内外原地应力测试方法研究现状的基础上,详细介绍了ASR地应力测试方法的理论背景、发展历程和应用实例等,重点开展了岩石非弹性应变恢复柔量和岩石热膨胀系数实验研究,并以汶川地震科学钻孔ASR地应力测量结果为例,分析了ASR地应力测试方法的可靠性及影响因素,取得的主要进展和成果如下：
1.在回顾国内外原地应力测试方法研究现状的基础上,系统梳理了ASR地应力测量方法的原理、测试设备及流程,给出了详细的数据处理方法及相关函数表达。指出岩石为均质且各向同性粘弹性材料的前提下,测试材料和设备的精度及长期稳定性是决定测试结果好坏的关键。
2.非弹性应变恢复柔量是ASR地应力测试方法中确定原地应力大小的关键参数。单轴应力条件下ASR柔量实验结果表明不同岩石的ASR柔量实验结果不同,且剪切模式ASR柔量大于体积模式,剪切与体积模式非弹性应变恢复柔量的比值随时间的增加逐渐趋于较小的变化范围。ASR柔量与单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等常规岩石力学参数之间符合指数函数关系,在一定条件下,岩石的ASR柔量可通过常规岩石力学参数进行估算。
3.温度变化及岩石的热膨胀系数是影响岩石非弹性恢复应变测量结果的主要因索。建立了高精度中低温岩石热膨胀系数测试系统,开展了0～60℃条件下不同岩石的热膨胀系数实验研究,确定了8种不同岩石的热膨胀系数的变化范围为5.3～8.7×10-6/℃之间。实验结果为分析ASR地应力测试方法中温度影响研究提供了基础数据,表明温度对ASR地应力测量结果的影响不容忽视。1℃的温度变化将引起约5～9个微应变的测量误差,保证温度引起的误差小于1个微应变,ASR测量过程中的温度波动应不大于±0.1℃。同时分析了样品温度平衡稳定过程等对ASR地应力测试结果的影响。
4.以ASR法在汶川地震断裂带科学钻孔中的成功应用为例,分析了WFSD-1钻孔原地应力大小及方向随深度的变化规律。在424～1173m深度范围内最大主应力介于10.8～45.7MPa之间,中间主应力介于10.4～29.4MPa之间,最小主应力介于6～26MPa之间,最大主应力优势方向为NW51°。ASR法测试结果与其它方法获取的地应力测试结果基本吻合。对同一岩芯开展了ASR变形测量及ASR柔量实验,讨论了ASR柔量对测试结果的影响。结果表明非弹性应变恢复柔量比值(Jas/Jav=2.9)与通常假设(Jas/Jav=2)条件下最大、中间和最小主应力的误差分别为6.3%、5.0%、4.0%。分析了非弹性应变恢复柔量比值(Jas/Jav)与上应力大小之间的对应关系。
5.总结了时间、温度、岩芯定向等因素对ASR法地应力测量结果的影响,对ASR地应力测试方法的测试精度和可靠性进行了总体评价,结果表明现场测试使用相对均质且各向同性岩芯,测量中进行恒温控制,并采用岩芯扫描和测井进行定阳,主应力大小及方阳的误差可控制在±10%以内。
ASR法同其他地应力测试方法相比,具有成本低、效率高、适应应性强、且无测量深度限制等优点,只要能够取地下深部的定向岩芯.即可进行地应力测量并取得可靠实测数据：ASR方法将在地壳深部资源开发、地下空间利用及地球动力学研究中具有广泛的应用前景。
ASR method is a three-dimensional stress measurement method developed in recent years. After the5.12Wenchuan earthquakes, ASR method was introduced firstly for in-situ stress measurement in Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling (WFSD) project in China. In the ASR method, how to determine the ASR compliances, the influence of thermal expansion coefficient and temperature, and the reliability of the test results are important issues that need further experimental studies. All these issues will influence the in-depth development and wide application of ASR method. In this paper, basing on the development existing circumstances of different in-situ stress measurement methods, the theoretical background, development process and application examples of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are expatiated in detail. The anelastic strain recovery compliances and thermal expansion coefficient experimental study of rocks are focused. According to the actual in-situ stress measurement results of WFSD holes by ASR method, the reliability and influencing factors of ASR in-situ stress measurements are analyzed. The main progress and achievements are as follows:
1. In reviewing the research status of different in-situ stress measurement methods, the principles, equipment and processes of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are summarized. The data processing method and related functions expression are given in detailed. It is pointed that the accuracy and long-term stability of materials and equipment are key factors of the quality of the test results under the premise of homogeneous and isotropic visco-elastic rock material.
2. Anelastic strain recovery compliance is a key parameter to determine the magnitude of in-situ stress. ASR compliance experimental results show that the results of ASR compliance for different rock are different under the Uniaxial Compression Stress (UCS) conditions. And the ASR compliance of shear mode is greater than the volume mode. The ratio of shear mode ASR compliances to volume mode increases gradually with time and the change scale gradually become smaller. The relationships between conventional rock mechanics parameters such as elastic modulus, UCS and ASR compliance obey the exponential functions. So under certain conditions, the ASR compliances of rocks could be estimated from conventional rock mechanics parameters.
3. Temperature changes and thermal expansion coefficient of rocks are the main factors of anelastic recovery strain measurement results. In this paper, a high precision measuring device of thermal expansion coefficient of rock was established. The experimental study of thermal expansion coefficients for different rocks were carried out under0～60℃, and it is determined that the thermal expansion coefficients of8kinds of different rocks are between5.3～8.7*10-6/℃. The results provide a basis for the analysis of effect of temperature on the ASR in-situ stress measurement method. The results show that the effect of temperature on the ASR in-situ stress measurement results can not be ignored. The measurement error of about5～9micro-strain could be caused with1℃temperature change. In order to ensure the measurement errors due to temperature fluctuations less than1micro-strain, the range of temperature changes should not exceed±0.1℃. At the same time, the influence of sample temperature equilibration process on the ASR in-situ stress test results was analyzed.
4. The ASR method was successfully applied to the WFSD project. And the magnitude and direction of in-situ stress variation with depth are given. The maximum, medium and minimum principal stress are in the scale of10.8-45.7MPa,10.4-29.4MPa and6-26MPa in depth between424-1173m, respectively. The dominance direction of maximum principle stress is NW51°. The in-situ stress measurement results by ASR method are almost consistent with other in-situ stress measurement methods. At the same time, the actual ASR compliances test was carried out using the same sample for the ASR measurement from the WFSD-1hole. The effect of ASR compliances was discussed. The results show that the ratio of ASR compliances is2.9(Jas/Jav=2.9) other than the conventional2.0, and the corresponding measurement error by this difference of maximum, medium and minimum principle stress were6.3%,5.0%and4.0%. The relationship between the ratio (Jas/Jav) of anelastic strain recovery compliances and principle stress magnitude was discussed.
5. The effects of time, temperature, core orientation and other factors for ASR in-situ measurement results are summarized. And the accuracy and reliability of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are evaluated. The results indicate the measurement error of principal stress magnitude and direction can be controlled within±10%in the premise that homogeneous and isotropic rock core, constant temperature control and core scanning image and image logging are adopted.
In conclusion, the ASR method has low cost, high efficiency, adaptability and without measurement depth limit compared with other in-situ stress measurement methods. As long as the oriented rock from deep underground were obtained, the ASR method in-situ stress measurement can be conducted and obtain the reliable data could be achieved. ASR method will have broad application prospects in the deep resource development, underground space utilization and geodynamic studies.
1.在回顾国内外原地应力测试方法研究现状的基础上,系统梳理了ASR地应力测量方法的原理、测试设备及流程,给出了详细的数据处理方法及相关函数表达。指出岩石为均质且各向同性粘弹性材料的前提下,测试材料和设备的精度及长期稳定性是决定测试结果好坏的关键。
2.非弹性应变恢复柔量是ASR地应力测试方法中确定原地应力大小的关键参数。单轴应力条件下ASR柔量实验结果表明不同岩石的ASR柔量实验结果不同,且剪切模式ASR柔量大于体积模式,剪切与体积模式非弹性应变恢复柔量的比值随时间的增加逐渐趋于较小的变化范围。ASR柔量与单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等常规岩石力学参数之间符合指数函数关系,在一定条件下,岩石的ASR柔量可通过常规岩石力学参数进行估算。
3.温度变化及岩石的热膨胀系数是影响岩石非弹性恢复应变测量结果的主要因索。建立了高精度中低温岩石热膨胀系数测试系统,开展了0～60℃条件下不同岩石的热膨胀系数实验研究,确定了8种不同岩石的热膨胀系数的变化范围为5.3～8.7×10-6/℃之间。实验结果为分析ASR地应力测试方法中温度影响研究提供了基础数据,表明温度对ASR地应力测量结果的影响不容忽视。1℃的温度变化将引起约5～9个微应变的测量误差,保证温度引起的误差小于1个微应变,ASR测量过程中的温度波动应不大于±0.1℃。同时分析了样品温度平衡稳定过程等对ASR地应力测试结果的影响。
4.以ASR法在汶川地震断裂带科学钻孔中的成功应用为例,分析了WFSD-1钻孔原地应力大小及方向随深度的变化规律。在424～1173m深度范围内最大主应力介于10.8～45.7MPa之间,中间主应力介于10.4～29.4MPa之间,最小主应力介于6～26MPa之间,最大主应力优势方向为NW51°。ASR法测试结果与其它方法获取的地应力测试结果基本吻合。对同一岩芯开展了ASR变形测量及ASR柔量实验,讨论了ASR柔量对测试结果的影响。结果表明非弹性应变恢复柔量比值(Jas/Jav=2.9)与通常假设(Jas/Jav=2)条件下最大、中间和最小主应力的误差分别为6.3%、5.0%、4.0%。分析了非弹性应变恢复柔量比值(Jas/Jav)与上应力大小之间的对应关系。
5.总结了时间、温度、岩芯定向等因素对ASR法地应力测量结果的影响,对ASR地应力测试方法的测试精度和可靠性进行了总体评价,结果表明现场测试使用相对均质且各向同性岩芯,测量中进行恒温控制,并采用岩芯扫描和测井进行定阳,主应力大小及方阳的误差可控制在±10%以内。
ASR法同其他地应力测试方法相比,具有成本低、效率高、适应应性强、且无测量深度限制等优点,只要能够取地下深部的定向岩芯.即可进行地应力测量并取得可靠实测数据：ASR方法将在地壳深部资源开发、地下空间利用及地球动力学研究中具有广泛的应用前景。
ASR method is a three-dimensional stress measurement method developed in recent years. After the5.12Wenchuan earthquakes, ASR method was introduced firstly for in-situ stress measurement in Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling (WFSD) project in China. In the ASR method, how to determine the ASR compliances, the influence of thermal expansion coefficient and temperature, and the reliability of the test results are important issues that need further experimental studies. All these issues will influence the in-depth development and wide application of ASR method. In this paper, basing on the development existing circumstances of different in-situ stress measurement methods, the theoretical background, development process and application examples of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are expatiated in detail. The anelastic strain recovery compliances and thermal expansion coefficient experimental study of rocks are focused. According to the actual in-situ stress measurement results of WFSD holes by ASR method, the reliability and influencing factors of ASR in-situ stress measurements are analyzed. The main progress and achievements are as follows:
1. In reviewing the research status of different in-situ stress measurement methods, the principles, equipment and processes of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are summarized. The data processing method and related functions expression are given in detailed. It is pointed that the accuracy and long-term stability of materials and equipment are key factors of the quality of the test results under the premise of homogeneous and isotropic visco-elastic rock material.
2. Anelastic strain recovery compliance is a key parameter to determine the magnitude of in-situ stress. ASR compliance experimental results show that the results of ASR compliance for different rock are different under the Uniaxial Compression Stress (UCS) conditions. And the ASR compliance of shear mode is greater than the volume mode. The ratio of shear mode ASR compliances to volume mode increases gradually with time and the change scale gradually become smaller. The relationships between conventional rock mechanics parameters such as elastic modulus, UCS and ASR compliance obey the exponential functions. So under certain conditions, the ASR compliances of rocks could be estimated from conventional rock mechanics parameters.
3. Temperature changes and thermal expansion coefficient of rocks are the main factors of anelastic recovery strain measurement results. In this paper, a high precision measuring device of thermal expansion coefficient of rock was established. The experimental study of thermal expansion coefficients for different rocks were carried out under0～60℃, and it is determined that the thermal expansion coefficients of8kinds of different rocks are between5.3～8.7*10-6/℃. The results provide a basis for the analysis of effect of temperature on the ASR in-situ stress measurement method. The results show that the effect of temperature on the ASR in-situ stress measurement results can not be ignored. The measurement error of about5～9micro-strain could be caused with1℃temperature change. In order to ensure the measurement errors due to temperature fluctuations less than1micro-strain, the range of temperature changes should not exceed±0.1℃. At the same time, the influence of sample temperature equilibration process on the ASR in-situ stress test results was analyzed.
4. The ASR method was successfully applied to the WFSD project. And the magnitude and direction of in-situ stress variation with depth are given. The maximum, medium and minimum principal stress are in the scale of10.8-45.7MPa,10.4-29.4MPa and6-26MPa in depth between424-1173m, respectively. The dominance direction of maximum principle stress is NW51°. The in-situ stress measurement results by ASR method are almost consistent with other in-situ stress measurement methods. At the same time, the actual ASR compliances test was carried out using the same sample for the ASR measurement from the WFSD-1hole. The effect of ASR compliances was discussed. The results show that the ratio of ASR compliances is2.9(Jas/Jav=2.9) other than the conventional2.0, and the corresponding measurement error by this difference of maximum, medium and minimum principle stress were6.3%,5.0%and4.0%. The relationship between the ratio (Jas/Jav) of anelastic strain recovery compliances and principle stress magnitude was discussed.
5. The effects of time, temperature, core orientation and other factors for ASR in-situ measurement results are summarized. And the accuracy and reliability of ASR in-situ stress measurement method are evaluated. The results indicate the measurement error of principal stress magnitude and direction can be controlled within±10%in the premise that homogeneous and isotropic rock core, constant temperature control and core scanning image and image logging are adopted.
In conclusion, the ASR method has low cost, high efficiency, adaptability and without measurement depth limit compared with other in-situ stress measurement methods. As long as the oriented rock from deep underground were obtained, the ASR method in-situ stress measurement can be conducted and obtain the reliable data could be achieved. ASR method will have broad application prospects in the deep resource development, underground space utilization and geodynamic studies.
引文
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