孔隙介质储层参数反演与流体识别方法研究
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摘要
地震油气预测与勘探开发进程同步，不同的勘探开发阶段有不同的油气预测目的，用地震资料进行油气预测依靠的是能反映油气储层特殊物理性质的地震参数。因此，储层参数反演及储层流体识别是地震油气预测的核心。随着油气勘探不断深入，人们对勘探精度的要求也越来越高，勘探的对象也逐步从构造性油气藏转向岩性和裂缝性等复杂油气藏。含油气储层是孔隙介质，也被称为双相介质，由于双相各向异性介质理论能够更准确地描述实际地层结构和地层性质，所以综合考虑、研究介质的双相性和各向异性，就可以精细刻画储层，并有可能利用相关的孔隙弹性参数（属性）进行储层预测。由此可见，从地震资料中可靠地提取或转化出这些参数，就成为油气预测成败的关键。为此，本文研究了孔隙介质储层参数反演和储层流体识别的相关方法，为地震勘探的直接找油气提供一定的技术支持，从而在一定程度上减少油气勘探和开发的风险，提高油气勘探和开发的成功率。
开展地震波数值模拟方法的研究对于提高我们对地震波传播规律的认识，解决油气勘探和开发中遇到的各种问题具有重要的意义。地震波数值模拟是地震反演和偏移成像的基础，同时它对研究复杂地区的地震资料采集、处理和解释也具有重要作用。因此，本文首先以裂缝各向异性理论和基于BISQ（Biot-Squirt）机制的孔隙介质模型为基础，建立了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质中的弹性波传播方程，并应用高精度交错网格有限差分法对单层和双层的裂缝孔隙介质模型进行了地震波场数值模拟与特征分析，这也是为后续基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演做准备，即为其提供正演算子。
孔隙度、流相密度和固相密度是油气储层识别中的关键参数，储层参数反演对于地震油气预测具有重要意义。目前，孔隙介质储层参数反演方法一般来说主要分为两类：第一类是基于波动方程或非波动方程的各向同性或各向异性Biot模型孔隙介质储层参数反演，第二类是基于非波动方程的各向同性或各向异性（改进）BISQ模型孔隙介质储层参数反演。由于基于波动方程的孔隙介质储层参数反演（本文也称为孔隙介质储层参数全波形反演）可以利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下介质的相关孔隙弹性参数结构，具有揭示复杂地质背景下油气储层的物性和含油气性细节信息的潜力；而且Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体储层介质中最主要的两种流体流动形式，充分考虑这两种流动力学机制而建立的BISQ模型能更真实、准确地描述储层介质中地震波的传播规律。因此，实现基于波动方程的BISQ模型孔隙介质储层参数反演对于BISQ理论的推广应用以解决油气勘探和开发的实际问题具有重要的现实意义。为此，基于全波形反演思想，本文首次提出了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数全波形反演方法。论文根据介质表面理论合成的地震响应应与实际测量数据相一致的原则，引入最小二乘原理和小生境遗传算法，建立起了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质的小生境多参数（孔隙度、固相密度和流相密度）联合反演方法；以单层和双层的基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质模型为例，进行储层参数反演的数值分析，并进一步对比基本遗传算法与小生境遗传算法的收敛性和反演效果。数值模拟反演结果表明，相对于基本遗传算法反演，基于小生境遗传算法的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演是稳定收敛的，且收敛速度更快、反演精度更高。但是，小生境遗传算法应用于裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中存在一个不足之处，即其计算量比较大，反演非常耗时。
针对上述存在的问题，经过进一步研究分析找到了影响计算效率的原因。在裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演问题中，由于小生境遗传算法的适应度计算量非常大，因此其优化效率非常低，反演非常耗时。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了两种方法提高储层参数反演的计算效率，并系统地论述了这两种方法的原理和实现过程。第一种方法是根据遗传算法自身固有的并行性，借助MPI编程将并行计算机的高速并行性与遗传算法的固有并行性相结合，形成小生境主从式并行遗传算法。第二种方法是引入多震源混合激发采集技术，即不同空间位置处的多个震源按照随机线性编码的方式组成超级炮激发，这样可以提高裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中多炮正演模拟的计算效率，从而加快反演的计算速度。本文通过模拟数据测试了所提出的两种加速反演方法的有效性，数值模拟算例证明了将小生境主从式并行计算和多震源混合激发采集技术应用到裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中，可以成功地解决其反演耗时的问题，并且计算结果和时间效率均达到了非常好的效果。
反射地震数据中的低频信息对地震油气预测非常重要，其包含了与储层及流体有关的丰富信息，如何最大限度地利用地震数据中的低频信息进行地震油气识别具有重要意义。针对该问题，本文论述了含流体孔隙介质依赖频率的反射系数渐近分析理论，并在该理论基础上推导出了基于高分辨率稀疏反演谱分解的储层流体流度计算方法，并进一步研究了利用储层流体流度属性进行储层和流体识别。实际资料处理结果表明，基于高分辨率稀疏反演谱分解方法计算得到的储层流体流度信息对于油气储层显示了良好的成像能力，分辨率很高，可用于刻画油气储层的位置和展布，降低了储层流体识别的多解性和不确定性。
Seismic oil and gas prediction and exploration and development process aresynchronous. Different oil and gas prediction purposes are required in differentexploration and development phase. The oil and gas prediction based on seismic datarelies on seismic parameters that could reflect special physical properties of oil andgas reservoir. Therefore, reservoir parameters inversion and reservoir fluididentification is the core of seismic oil and gas prediction. Along with deeperexploration of oil and gas, the exploration precision is required even more higher, andthe exploration objects are also moved from structural reservoir to lithologic reservoir,fractured reservoir and other kind of complex oil and gas reservoir. The reservoircontaining oil and gas is porous medium, which is also named two-phase medium.Two-phase anisotropic medium theory can describe the actual stratum structure andproperties more accurately, thereby comprehensive study on the medium property oftwo-phase and anisotropy is helpful to deeply research the oil and gas reservoir, and itis also useful for reservoir prediction with relevant poroelastic parameters (orattribute). So reliably extracting and transforming these parameters from seismic datahas become the key to the success of the oil and gas prediction. Related reservoirparameters inversion and reservoir fluid identification of porous medium areresearched in this paper, which could provide some technical support to oil and gasdirectly finding with seismic exploration. It is also helpful to reduce the risk of oil andgas exploration and development and improve the success rate to a certain extent.
The research on seismic wave numerical modeling is of great significance toimproving our understanding of seismic wave propagation law and solving variousproblems encountered in the oil and gas exploration and development. Seismic wavenumerical modeling is the basis of seismic inversion and migration imaging, and italso plays an important role in seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretationof complicated area. Therefore, on the basis of fractured anisotropic theory and porousmedium model based on BISQ (Biot-Squirt) mechanism, elastic wave propagationequation in fracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism is established in this paper. What is more, seismic wave field numerical simulation and feature analysis insingle-layered and two-layered fracture porous medium models are carried out withhigh precision staggered grid finite difference method. It also makes preparations forreservoir parameters inversion in fracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism,providing forward operator.
Porosity, fluid phase density and solid phase density are the key parameters in oiland gas reservoir identification, and the reservoir parameters inversion has greatsignificance to seismic oil and gas prediction. At present, porous medium reservoirparameters inversion methods could be generally divided into two types, one iscarried out based on wave equation (or non-wave equation) and isotropic (oranisotropic) Biot model, and the other one is carried out based on non-wave equationand isotropic (or anisotropic) BISQ (or modified BISQ) model. Porous mediumreservoir parameters inversion based on wave equation which is also named porousmedium reservoir parameters full waveform inversion in this paper, can rebuildunderground related poroelastic parameters structure while utilizing the kinematic anddynamic information of pre-stack seismic data, which could reveal detail informationof the physical properties of oil and gas reservoir under complex geologicalbackground. What is more, Biot flow and squirt flow are the two main fluid flowmechanisms in a reservoir medium containing fluid, and the BISQ model, whichincludes both of these dynamic flow mechanisms, can describe the wave propagationin reservoir medium more realistically and more accurately than the Biot model.Therefore, similarly to the extension of the BISQ theory application and the solutionof practical problems in oil and gas exploration and development, the implementationof the porous medium reservoir parameters inversion using the BISQ model based onwave equation has important practical significance. For this reason, on the basis offull waveform inversion idea, this paper presents fracture porous medium reservoirparameters full waveform inversion method based on BISQ mechanism for the firsttime. In this paper we calculate a synthetic medium surface seismic response that isconsistent with real measurement data by applying the least-square principle and aniche genetic algorithm. We propose a niche genetic multi-parameter (includingporosity, solid phase density and fluid phase density) joint inversion algorithm in afracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism. We take the single-layered andtwo-layered fracture porous medium models based on BISQ mechanism as examples, and carry out the numerical analysis of reservoir parameters inversion, based onwhich we compare convergence and inversion effect between the simple geneticalgorithm and niche genetic algorithm. The numerical simulation inversion resultsindicate that the parameters inversion based on niche genetic algorithm in fractureporous medium reservoir is stably convergent, whose convergence speed is muchfaster and inversion precision is much higher than the inversion based on simplegenetic algorithm. However, there is also a shortcoming existed in the reservoirparameters inversion based on niche genetic algorithm in fracture porous medium.The calculating amount is quite large, and the inversion costs much time.
To address the above problems, the major cause that influences computationalefficiency has been found after further research and analysis. During the reservoirparameters inversion in fracture porous medium, as the fitness calculation of nichegenetic algorithm is extremely large, its optimization efficiency is quite low, and it isvery time-consuming. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes two methodsto improve the computational efficiency of parameters inversion in fracture porousmedium reservoir, and systematically discusses the basic theory and realizationprocess. The first method is based on the inherent parallel-ability of genetic algorithm,and it combines the high-speed parallel-ability of computer and inherentparallel-ability of genetic algorithm together with MPI program to build a nichemaster-slave parallel genetic algorithm. The second method introduces multi-sourceblended acquisition technology, which means that multiple sources in different spatiallocation are constituted to super-shot with random linear coding. It could improvecomputational efficiency of multiple shots forward modeling in fracture porousmedium reservoir parameters inversion, which could quicken the inversion calculationspeed. The proposed two methods are tested with simulated data in this paper, and thenumerical simulation examples prove that applying the niche master-slave parallelgenetic algorithm and multi-source blended acquisition technology to the fractureporous medium reservoir parameters inversion could successfully solve the largetime-consuming problem of niche genetic algorithm, and both the computation resultsand time efficiency reach much better effect.
The low frequency information of reflection seismic data is extremely importantto the seismic oil and gas prediction, which contains plenty of information related toreservoir and fluid. Then how to fully make use of the low frequency information ofthe seismic data has great significance to seismic oil and gas identification. Aiming at this problem, the asymptotic analysis theory of frequency-dependent reflectioncoefficient in saturate porous medium is discussed in this paper. And on the basis ofthis theory, the calculation method of reservoir fluid mobility based on high resolutionsparse inversion spectral decomposition is deduced, and the reservoir and fluididentifications with reservoir fluid mobility attribute are also researched. The actualdata processing results show that the reservoir fluid mobility information based onhigh resolution sparse inversion spectral decomposition has well imaging capability tooil and gas reservoir and high resolution, which could be used to describe the oil andgas reservoir location and distribution, and also reduce the multi solutions anduncertainty of reservoir fluid identification.
开展地震波数值模拟方法的研究对于提高我们对地震波传播规律的认识，解决油气勘探和开发中遇到的各种问题具有重要的意义。地震波数值模拟是地震反演和偏移成像的基础，同时它对研究复杂地区的地震资料采集、处理和解释也具有重要作用。因此，本文首先以裂缝各向异性理论和基于BISQ（Biot-Squirt）机制的孔隙介质模型为基础，建立了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质中的弹性波传播方程，并应用高精度交错网格有限差分法对单层和双层的裂缝孔隙介质模型进行了地震波场数值模拟与特征分析，这也是为后续基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演做准备，即为其提供正演算子。
孔隙度、流相密度和固相密度是油气储层识别中的关键参数，储层参数反演对于地震油气预测具有重要意义。目前，孔隙介质储层参数反演方法一般来说主要分为两类：第一类是基于波动方程或非波动方程的各向同性或各向异性Biot模型孔隙介质储层参数反演，第二类是基于非波动方程的各向同性或各向异性（改进）BISQ模型孔隙介质储层参数反演。由于基于波动方程的孔隙介质储层参数反演（本文也称为孔隙介质储层参数全波形反演）可以利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下介质的相关孔隙弹性参数结构，具有揭示复杂地质背景下油气储层的物性和含油气性细节信息的潜力；而且Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体储层介质中最主要的两种流体流动形式，充分考虑这两种流动力学机制而建立的BISQ模型能更真实、准确地描述储层介质中地震波的传播规律。因此，实现基于波动方程的BISQ模型孔隙介质储层参数反演对于BISQ理论的推广应用以解决油气勘探和开发的实际问题具有重要的现实意义。为此，基于全波形反演思想，本文首次提出了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数全波形反演方法。论文根据介质表面理论合成的地震响应应与实际测量数据相一致的原则，引入最小二乘原理和小生境遗传算法，建立起了基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质的小生境多参数（孔隙度、固相密度和流相密度）联合反演方法；以单层和双层的基于BISQ机制的裂缝孔隙介质模型为例，进行储层参数反演的数值分析，并进一步对比基本遗传算法与小生境遗传算法的收敛性和反演效果。数值模拟反演结果表明，相对于基本遗传算法反演，基于小生境遗传算法的裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演是稳定收敛的，且收敛速度更快、反演精度更高。但是，小生境遗传算法应用于裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中存在一个不足之处，即其计算量比较大，反演非常耗时。
针对上述存在的问题，经过进一步研究分析找到了影响计算效率的原因。在裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演问题中，由于小生境遗传算法的适应度计算量非常大，因此其优化效率非常低，反演非常耗时。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了两种方法提高储层参数反演的计算效率，并系统地论述了这两种方法的原理和实现过程。第一种方法是根据遗传算法自身固有的并行性，借助MPI编程将并行计算机的高速并行性与遗传算法的固有并行性相结合，形成小生境主从式并行遗传算法。第二种方法是引入多震源混合激发采集技术，即不同空间位置处的多个震源按照随机线性编码的方式组成超级炮激发，这样可以提高裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中多炮正演模拟的计算效率，从而加快反演的计算速度。本文通过模拟数据测试了所提出的两种加速反演方法的有效性，数值模拟算例证明了将小生境主从式并行计算和多震源混合激发采集技术应用到裂缝孔隙介质储层参数反演中，可以成功地解决其反演耗时的问题，并且计算结果和时间效率均达到了非常好的效果。
反射地震数据中的低频信息对地震油气预测非常重要，其包含了与储层及流体有关的丰富信息，如何最大限度地利用地震数据中的低频信息进行地震油气识别具有重要意义。针对该问题，本文论述了含流体孔隙介质依赖频率的反射系数渐近分析理论，并在该理论基础上推导出了基于高分辨率稀疏反演谱分解的储层流体流度计算方法，并进一步研究了利用储层流体流度属性进行储层和流体识别。实际资料处理结果表明，基于高分辨率稀疏反演谱分解方法计算得到的储层流体流度信息对于油气储层显示了良好的成像能力，分辨率很高，可用于刻画油气储层的位置和展布，降低了储层流体识别的多解性和不确定性。
Seismic oil and gas prediction and exploration and development process aresynchronous. Different oil and gas prediction purposes are required in differentexploration and development phase. The oil and gas prediction based on seismic datarelies on seismic parameters that could reflect special physical properties of oil andgas reservoir. Therefore, reservoir parameters inversion and reservoir fluididentification is the core of seismic oil and gas prediction. Along with deeperexploration of oil and gas, the exploration precision is required even more higher, andthe exploration objects are also moved from structural reservoir to lithologic reservoir,fractured reservoir and other kind of complex oil and gas reservoir. The reservoircontaining oil and gas is porous medium, which is also named two-phase medium.Two-phase anisotropic medium theory can describe the actual stratum structure andproperties more accurately, thereby comprehensive study on the medium property oftwo-phase and anisotropy is helpful to deeply research the oil and gas reservoir, and itis also useful for reservoir prediction with relevant poroelastic parameters (orattribute). So reliably extracting and transforming these parameters from seismic datahas become the key to the success of the oil and gas prediction. Related reservoirparameters inversion and reservoir fluid identification of porous medium areresearched in this paper, which could provide some technical support to oil and gasdirectly finding with seismic exploration. It is also helpful to reduce the risk of oil andgas exploration and development and improve the success rate to a certain extent.
The research on seismic wave numerical modeling is of great significance toimproving our understanding of seismic wave propagation law and solving variousproblems encountered in the oil and gas exploration and development. Seismic wavenumerical modeling is the basis of seismic inversion and migration imaging, and italso plays an important role in seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretationof complicated area. Therefore, on the basis of fractured anisotropic theory and porousmedium model based on BISQ (Biot-Squirt) mechanism, elastic wave propagationequation in fracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism is established in this paper. What is more, seismic wave field numerical simulation and feature analysis insingle-layered and two-layered fracture porous medium models are carried out withhigh precision staggered grid finite difference method. It also makes preparations forreservoir parameters inversion in fracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism,providing forward operator.
Porosity, fluid phase density and solid phase density are the key parameters in oiland gas reservoir identification, and the reservoir parameters inversion has greatsignificance to seismic oil and gas prediction. At present, porous medium reservoirparameters inversion methods could be generally divided into two types, one iscarried out based on wave equation (or non-wave equation) and isotropic (oranisotropic) Biot model, and the other one is carried out based on non-wave equationand isotropic (or anisotropic) BISQ (or modified BISQ) model. Porous mediumreservoir parameters inversion based on wave equation which is also named porousmedium reservoir parameters full waveform inversion in this paper, can rebuildunderground related poroelastic parameters structure while utilizing the kinematic anddynamic information of pre-stack seismic data, which could reveal detail informationof the physical properties of oil and gas reservoir under complex geologicalbackground. What is more, Biot flow and squirt flow are the two main fluid flowmechanisms in a reservoir medium containing fluid, and the BISQ model, whichincludes both of these dynamic flow mechanisms, can describe the wave propagationin reservoir medium more realistically and more accurately than the Biot model.Therefore, similarly to the extension of the BISQ theory application and the solutionof practical problems in oil and gas exploration and development, the implementationof the porous medium reservoir parameters inversion using the BISQ model based onwave equation has important practical significance. For this reason, on the basis offull waveform inversion idea, this paper presents fracture porous medium reservoirparameters full waveform inversion method based on BISQ mechanism for the firsttime. In this paper we calculate a synthetic medium surface seismic response that isconsistent with real measurement data by applying the least-square principle and aniche genetic algorithm. We propose a niche genetic multi-parameter (includingporosity, solid phase density and fluid phase density) joint inversion algorithm in afracture porous medium based on BISQ mechanism. We take the single-layered andtwo-layered fracture porous medium models based on BISQ mechanism as examples, and carry out the numerical analysis of reservoir parameters inversion, based onwhich we compare convergence and inversion effect between the simple geneticalgorithm and niche genetic algorithm. The numerical simulation inversion resultsindicate that the parameters inversion based on niche genetic algorithm in fractureporous medium reservoir is stably convergent, whose convergence speed is muchfaster and inversion precision is much higher than the inversion based on simplegenetic algorithm. However, there is also a shortcoming existed in the reservoirparameters inversion based on niche genetic algorithm in fracture porous medium.The calculating amount is quite large, and the inversion costs much time.
To address the above problems, the major cause that influences computationalefficiency has been found after further research and analysis. During the reservoirparameters inversion in fracture porous medium, as the fitness calculation of nichegenetic algorithm is extremely large, its optimization efficiency is quite low, and it isvery time-consuming. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes two methodsto improve the computational efficiency of parameters inversion in fracture porousmedium reservoir, and systematically discusses the basic theory and realizationprocess. The first method is based on the inherent parallel-ability of genetic algorithm,and it combines the high-speed parallel-ability of computer and inherentparallel-ability of genetic algorithm together with MPI program to build a nichemaster-slave parallel genetic algorithm. The second method introduces multi-sourceblended acquisition technology, which means that multiple sources in different spatiallocation are constituted to super-shot with random linear coding. It could improvecomputational efficiency of multiple shots forward modeling in fracture porousmedium reservoir parameters inversion, which could quicken the inversion calculationspeed. The proposed two methods are tested with simulated data in this paper, and thenumerical simulation examples prove that applying the niche master-slave parallelgenetic algorithm and multi-source blended acquisition technology to the fractureporous medium reservoir parameters inversion could successfully solve the largetime-consuming problem of niche genetic algorithm, and both the computation resultsand time efficiency reach much better effect.
The low frequency information of reflection seismic data is extremely importantto the seismic oil and gas prediction, which contains plenty of information related toreservoir and fluid. Then how to fully make use of the low frequency information ofthe seismic data has great significance to seismic oil and gas identification. Aiming at this problem, the asymptotic analysis theory of frequency-dependent reflectioncoefficient in saturate porous medium is discussed in this paper. And on the basis ofthis theory, the calculation method of reservoir fluid mobility based on high resolutionsparse inversion spectral decomposition is deduced, and the reservoir and fluididentifications with reservoir fluid mobility attribute are also researched. The actualdata processing results show that the reservoir fluid mobility information based onhigh resolution sparse inversion spectral decomposition has well imaging capability tooil and gas reservoir and high resolution, which could be used to describe the oil andgas reservoir location and distribution, and also reduce the multi solutions anduncertainty of reservoir fluid identification.
引文
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