秦岭—大巴造山带地域磁异常响应与结晶基底起伏及其动力学意义
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摘要
秦岭-大巴造山带和其相邻地域在我国大地构造、盆山耦合、造山带的形成与其深层动力过程在陆内构造格局研究中占有十分重要的地位，对我国东部大陆内部的成山、成盆、成岩、成矿和成灾研究具有控制作用。由于从扬子克拉通与华北克拉通的挤压、碰撞及秦岭-大巴造山带的隆升,到太平洋板块与欧亚板块相互俯冲并形成华北东部的弧形拉张,再到印度板块与欧亚大陆之间的相互碰撞、挤压及导致的青藏高原整体隆升等，构筑了我国东部陆内各大块体相互作用的运动学与动力学框架。鄂尔多斯盆地位于我国大陆中北部地区,是华北克拉通的重要组成部分，同时它也是我国构造活动中一个十分重要的刚性块体，盆地历经了不同期次，不同方向和不同属性的构造应力作用，最终形成了一个多样化、且形态极为复杂的周缘构造格局；鄂尔多斯盆地内部构造活动相对较为稳定，长期以来主要以接受稳定的沉积作用为主，故盆地内部油、气、煤等化石能源十分丰富，并分布有零散的金属矿产资源。
盆地南面的秦岭-大巴造山带是我国大陆中部重要的复合型陆内造山带，它形成于早古生代，是华北克拉通与扬子克拉通相向运动，进而挤压、碰撞与隆升所形成。由于其后又经历了长期的陆内造山过程，故构造和岩浆活动频繁，并导致地质构造和岩性分布十分复杂，又基于秦岭-大巴造山带是我国重要的多金属成矿区（带）之一，为我国的快速工业化和现代化建设提供了丰富的金属矿产资源。秦岭-大巴造山带南部的四川盆地位于扬子克拉通的西缘，它经历了燕山运动和喜马拉雅构造运动，形成了该地区的褶曲、变形与沉积。四川盆地也是我国当今重要的油、气能源基地，多年来在该地区曾开展了大量的地质调查工作，并发现了丰富的石油和天然气储量。
自上个世纪八十年代以来，已有许多地质和地球物理学家对秦岭-大巴造山带及其南北两侧的鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地从不同的研究领域和视野进行了大量的研究工作，也取得了很多卓有成效的新认识，但这一系列的工作多是依据浅表层派生的地质过程或地貌特征进行的分析与研究，故尚难以勾划出其深部结构变异与动力学过程。显然依据上述局部的、零散的及较粗疏的资料所做推断不可避免的会带来一定的局限性。基于上述种种因素大大限制了对秦岭-大巴造山带与其南北相邻地域的整体性认识，特别是对秦岭—大巴造山带中部浅、深部物质属性与构造格局及深层动力过程的深化理解。至今在地学研究中尚很少见将上述相邻的三大块体综合起来进行整体分析，以研究它们之间的相互作用与深层过程，在已有对秦岭造山带的研究工作多分布于东秦岭和西秦岭地区，主要以地质和地球化学研究为主，而跨越华北克拉通、中秦岭造山带与扬子克拉通的高精度地球物理场的观测确属首次。
研究秦岭-大巴造山带形成的动力机制和运动过程，厘定其南北边界，并探讨华北克拉通与扬子克拉通之间的相互关系乃是研究中国大陆构造与演化特征的重要组成部分。为此，本文依据穿越鄂尔多斯盆地、秦岭-大巴造山带和四川盆地东北缘的地球物理剖面地磁异常场分布特征和剖面所辖区域内航磁异常场的分布特征，即榆林-咸阳-万源-涪陵长达1000km综合地球物理大剖面的最新高精度地磁观测数据和1:10万与1：20万航磁异常资料，经数据处理和反演分析了该研究区域内地磁异常场展布特征、构造分区及结晶基底起伏，并结合沿该长剖面的地震探测研究，通过反演求取了沿剖面辖区的沉积建造厚度和结晶基底起伏特征，探讨了各大断裂与磁异常特征的关系，厘定了秦岭-大巴造山带的南北向跨度及其边界，深入分析了不同构造单元之间的深层动力过程和耦合响应。结果表明，不同构造单元之间地磁异常场和结晶基底起伏均存在明显差异和分区特征：鄂尔多斯盆地具有很好的整体性展布，由于燕山运动使得盆地整体抬升，且后期受到了不同程度的风化与剥蚀作用，故导致结晶基底埋藏较浅；渭河盆地与四川盆地东北部却长期接受沉积作用，结晶基底埋藏相对较深；而秦岭-大巴造山带则由于经历了长期的碰撞、挤压和陆内造山作用，导致了该区地层、岩性和构造分布极不均匀，并在深部存在物质与能量的交换和运移。
通过对剖面辖区磁异常场数据的分析，并基于在各大断裂构造处磁源体埋藏较深，且分布极不均匀的特征表明，在断裂构造形成过程中，当必存在深部物质与浅部物质的交换，且以这些断裂为它们运移的通道。秦岭造山带处的磁异常曲线与水平板状体极为相似，而其两个极值点即为其南北边界。据此认为秦岭造山带的北界位于秦岭-大巴造山带的北缘大断裂处，而南界位于万源附近，其南北向宽度约为120km。通过对该研究区内航磁异常场及据此求得的区域结晶基底埋藏深度分布分析认为，鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地都具有很好的整体性特征，鄂尔多斯盆地的航磁异常呈向南凸出之势，而四川盆地的航磁异常则呈向北凸出，这标志着华北克拉通与扬子克拉通两大板块向南与向北相向运动的轨迹。秦岭-大巴造山带处的结晶基底埋深较浅，而其南北两侧盆地的结晶基底却较深，结合该地带重力场和地震波场，刻划了两大板块相向运动的模型，指出华北克拉通以高角度向南俯冲，而扬子克拉通则以低角度向北仰冲为主。
上述这一系列有关剖面、区域磁场展布与磁性结构的研究结果为进一步深化认识研究区域内的上地壳属性、构造格局、深层运动学与动力学过程及深部潜在资源远景提供了重要依据。与此同时还通过人工源地震深部探测对剖面辖区的沉积建造和结晶基底及各种类型的断裂分布进行了研究，指出剖面辖区沉积建造极不均匀，秦岭-大巴造山带乃属同一基根，基于断裂分布、沉积建造展布剖析了华北克拉通、秦岭-大巴造山带和扬子克拉通之间的相互所谓作用、耦合响应及动力过程，当必会深化对秦岭-大巴造山带的磁性结构、波场特征及其形成的深层过程以及结晶基地起伏展布等给出一个更为深刻的认识，进而厘定出造秦岭-大巴山带与其南、北两侧上地壳物质的运动学轨迹与动力学响应。
Qinling-Daba Orogen and its neighboring regions occupies a very important positionin the form of tectonic, basin-mountain coupling, orogenic belt forming and its deepdynamical process, it has control actions in mountain formations, basin formations, rocksformations, minerals formations and disaster formations of the eastern continent interior.From the Yangtze craton and the North China craton extrusion, collision and Qinling-Dabaorogenic uplift, the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate subduction each other and form anarc of tension in eastern, the Indian and Eurasian collision between the continents toextrusion and subsequent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, constitutive relations drawkinematics and dynamics of each chunk interactions of the eastern part. Ordos Basin islocated in north-central region of the continent, it is an important part of the North Chinacraton, and it is a very important country of the tectonic activities, the basin hasexperienced different stages, different directions and different attributes tectonic stress,eventually it formed a diverse and highly complex peripheral structural pattern; OrdosBasin is relatively stable in internal tectonic activities, and it accepted stable deposition fora long time to, so the basin is rich in oil, gas, coal and other fossil fuels and some metalmineral resources.
Qinling-Daba Orogen is a important composite orogenic belt, which formed in theearly Paleozoic, the North China craton and the Yangtze craton opposite movement,squeezing, Qinling-Daba Orogen formed by the collision uplift, then it experienced a long time of intra-continental orogenic tectonic and magmatic activity is frequent, so itsgeological structure and lithology distribution is very complicated; Qinling orogenic belt isa very important polymetallic metallogenic, it provides lots of metallic mineral resourcesfor our country industrialization and modernization. Sichuan Basin is a sea-land duplexsedimentary basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze craton andexperienced the Yanshan and Himalayan tectonic movement, leaded to folds formation inthe region, deformation and deposition. Sichuan Basin is an important oil and gas energybase of China, different people have done some geological and geophysical survey anddiscovered lots of oil and gas reserves in this region over the years.
Since the eighties of the last century, many geologists and geophysicists have done alot of research work about Qinling-Daba orogenic belt, Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basinfrom different research directions, and obtained a lot of fruitful new understanding, butmost of these work is based on geological and geomorphological features or be derivedshallow to analyze a series of studies, so it will be difficult to outline the deep structure anddynamic processes. Apparently it will bring some limitations based on the above partial,fragmented and less crude data to infer the deep structure and dynamic processes, and itwill cause some interference on the interpretation based on existing geological priori theory,So it will greatly limits the holistic research about Qinling-Daba orogenic belt and itsadjacent area, particularly deep understanding of material properties and structural patternsand deep dynamic process of the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt. There is little study about therelationship and the interaction process between three blocks together so far, and mostresearch of the Qinling orogenic belt distribute in the East and the West Qinling Qinlingregion, and mainly based on geological and geochemical evidence, This is the first time toobserve precision geophysical field across the North China Craton, Qinling-Daba orogenicbelt and the Yangtze craton.
The research of Qinling-daba orogenic belt mechanism, movement and determine thesouth and north border, to explore the relationship between the north China craton and theYangtze craton is an very important part of the tectonic evolution of the Chinese mainland.According to the latest high precision geomagnetic combine with1:100,000and1:200,000aeromagnetic data across the Southern Ordos Basin-Weihe Basin–Qinling-Daba orogenicbelt–Northeast corner of Sichuan Basin, Scilicet the Yulin-Xianyang-Wanyuan-Fulingcombined geophysical profiles, analysed the pattern of magnetic anomaly field,constructed partition and crystalline basement fluctuation characteristics of the study areathrough data processing and inversion. The result shows that there are obvious differencesbetween different tectonic units. Southern Ordos Basin has uplifted and been denudationdue to Yanshan movement, crystalline basement is relatively shallow;The Weihe basin andNortheastern of Sichuan Basin have received long-term sedimentation, crystallinebasement is relatively deep; Qinling-Daba orogenic belt has experienced a long-termcollision, estrusion and intracontinental orogenesis, the distribution of stratum andlithology and structure is very unequilibrated, interchanging and migration of substanceand energy is present in deep.
Through the analysis of magnetic anomaly data, and based on the magnetic sourcebody buried deep when there exists faults, and the distribution is extremely uneven, thesecharacteristics indicate that there exist exchanging of material and substances betweendeep and shallow and these faults become their migration path. The curve of Qinlingorogenic belt is very similar to the horizontal magnetic anomalies, and its two extremepoints is its north-south border, so we considere the northern boundary of the Qinling-Dabaorogenic belt located in the northern margin faults of the Qinling, while the southernboundary is located in Wanyuan, its north-south width is about120km. Through the studyarea aeromagnetic anomaly field and the distribution of the crystalline basement burial depth, show that Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin have a good integrated features, and theOrdos Basin aeromagnetic anomalies were protruding southward trend, the Sichuan Basinaeromagnetic anomalies are presented northward bulge, these marks the North Chinacraton and the Yangtze craton two blocks opposite migrate trajectory. Qinling-Dabaorogenic belt crystalline basement is shallower than its north and south sides Ordos Basinand Sichuan Basin, combined with the gravitational field and seismic wave fieldcharacteristics described that the North China Craton migrate to the south with high angle,and the Yangtze Craton migrate to the north with low angle.
This series research about magnetic field and magnetic structures provide animportant basis for the further understanding the upper crust properties, structural pattern,deep kinematics, kinetics perspective, deep understanding and the potential resources ofthe study area. At the same time we analyze the sedimentary, crystalline basement andvarious types of fracture distribution through artificial earthquakes deep exploration,pointed that the sedimentary is very uneven, Qinling and Daba derived from the sameorogenic Keegan, analyzed the interaction coupling response and deep dynamic processbetween the North China craton, Qinling-Daba orogenic belt and the Yangtze cratonthrough fracture distributions and crystalline changing, These will surely to give a moreprofound understanding about the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt magnetic structure, the wavefield characteristics, its deep process and the crystalline base distribution, furtherdetermining the kinematics and dynamics trajectories of the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt.
盆地南面的秦岭-大巴造山带是我国大陆中部重要的复合型陆内造山带，它形成于早古生代，是华北克拉通与扬子克拉通相向运动，进而挤压、碰撞与隆升所形成。由于其后又经历了长期的陆内造山过程，故构造和岩浆活动频繁，并导致地质构造和岩性分布十分复杂，又基于秦岭-大巴造山带是我国重要的多金属成矿区（带）之一，为我国的快速工业化和现代化建设提供了丰富的金属矿产资源。秦岭-大巴造山带南部的四川盆地位于扬子克拉通的西缘，它经历了燕山运动和喜马拉雅构造运动，形成了该地区的褶曲、变形与沉积。四川盆地也是我国当今重要的油、气能源基地，多年来在该地区曾开展了大量的地质调查工作，并发现了丰富的石油和天然气储量。
自上个世纪八十年代以来，已有许多地质和地球物理学家对秦岭-大巴造山带及其南北两侧的鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地从不同的研究领域和视野进行了大量的研究工作，也取得了很多卓有成效的新认识，但这一系列的工作多是依据浅表层派生的地质过程或地貌特征进行的分析与研究，故尚难以勾划出其深部结构变异与动力学过程。显然依据上述局部的、零散的及较粗疏的资料所做推断不可避免的会带来一定的局限性。基于上述种种因素大大限制了对秦岭-大巴造山带与其南北相邻地域的整体性认识，特别是对秦岭—大巴造山带中部浅、深部物质属性与构造格局及深层动力过程的深化理解。至今在地学研究中尚很少见将上述相邻的三大块体综合起来进行整体分析，以研究它们之间的相互作用与深层过程，在已有对秦岭造山带的研究工作多分布于东秦岭和西秦岭地区，主要以地质和地球化学研究为主，而跨越华北克拉通、中秦岭造山带与扬子克拉通的高精度地球物理场的观测确属首次。
研究秦岭-大巴造山带形成的动力机制和运动过程，厘定其南北边界，并探讨华北克拉通与扬子克拉通之间的相互关系乃是研究中国大陆构造与演化特征的重要组成部分。为此，本文依据穿越鄂尔多斯盆地、秦岭-大巴造山带和四川盆地东北缘的地球物理剖面地磁异常场分布特征和剖面所辖区域内航磁异常场的分布特征，即榆林-咸阳-万源-涪陵长达1000km综合地球物理大剖面的最新高精度地磁观测数据和1:10万与1：20万航磁异常资料，经数据处理和反演分析了该研究区域内地磁异常场展布特征、构造分区及结晶基底起伏，并结合沿该长剖面的地震探测研究，通过反演求取了沿剖面辖区的沉积建造厚度和结晶基底起伏特征，探讨了各大断裂与磁异常特征的关系，厘定了秦岭-大巴造山带的南北向跨度及其边界，深入分析了不同构造单元之间的深层动力过程和耦合响应。结果表明，不同构造单元之间地磁异常场和结晶基底起伏均存在明显差异和分区特征：鄂尔多斯盆地具有很好的整体性展布，由于燕山运动使得盆地整体抬升，且后期受到了不同程度的风化与剥蚀作用，故导致结晶基底埋藏较浅；渭河盆地与四川盆地东北部却长期接受沉积作用，结晶基底埋藏相对较深；而秦岭-大巴造山带则由于经历了长期的碰撞、挤压和陆内造山作用，导致了该区地层、岩性和构造分布极不均匀，并在深部存在物质与能量的交换和运移。
通过对剖面辖区磁异常场数据的分析，并基于在各大断裂构造处磁源体埋藏较深，且分布极不均匀的特征表明，在断裂构造形成过程中，当必存在深部物质与浅部物质的交换，且以这些断裂为它们运移的通道。秦岭造山带处的磁异常曲线与水平板状体极为相似，而其两个极值点即为其南北边界。据此认为秦岭造山带的北界位于秦岭-大巴造山带的北缘大断裂处，而南界位于万源附近，其南北向宽度约为120km。通过对该研究区内航磁异常场及据此求得的区域结晶基底埋藏深度分布分析认为，鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地都具有很好的整体性特征，鄂尔多斯盆地的航磁异常呈向南凸出之势，而四川盆地的航磁异常则呈向北凸出，这标志着华北克拉通与扬子克拉通两大板块向南与向北相向运动的轨迹。秦岭-大巴造山带处的结晶基底埋深较浅，而其南北两侧盆地的结晶基底却较深，结合该地带重力场和地震波场，刻划了两大板块相向运动的模型，指出华北克拉通以高角度向南俯冲，而扬子克拉通则以低角度向北仰冲为主。
上述这一系列有关剖面、区域磁场展布与磁性结构的研究结果为进一步深化认识研究区域内的上地壳属性、构造格局、深层运动学与动力学过程及深部潜在资源远景提供了重要依据。与此同时还通过人工源地震深部探测对剖面辖区的沉积建造和结晶基底及各种类型的断裂分布进行了研究，指出剖面辖区沉积建造极不均匀，秦岭-大巴造山带乃属同一基根，基于断裂分布、沉积建造展布剖析了华北克拉通、秦岭-大巴造山带和扬子克拉通之间的相互所谓作用、耦合响应及动力过程，当必会深化对秦岭-大巴造山带的磁性结构、波场特征及其形成的深层过程以及结晶基地起伏展布等给出一个更为深刻的认识，进而厘定出造秦岭-大巴山带与其南、北两侧上地壳物质的运动学轨迹与动力学响应。
Qinling-Daba Orogen and its neighboring regions occupies a very important positionin the form of tectonic, basin-mountain coupling, orogenic belt forming and its deepdynamical process, it has control actions in mountain formations, basin formations, rocksformations, minerals formations and disaster formations of the eastern continent interior.From the Yangtze craton and the North China craton extrusion, collision and Qinling-Dabaorogenic uplift, the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate subduction each other and form anarc of tension in eastern, the Indian and Eurasian collision between the continents toextrusion and subsequent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, constitutive relations drawkinematics and dynamics of each chunk interactions of the eastern part. Ordos Basin islocated in north-central region of the continent, it is an important part of the North Chinacraton, and it is a very important country of the tectonic activities, the basin hasexperienced different stages, different directions and different attributes tectonic stress,eventually it formed a diverse and highly complex peripheral structural pattern; OrdosBasin is relatively stable in internal tectonic activities, and it accepted stable deposition fora long time to, so the basin is rich in oil, gas, coal and other fossil fuels and some metalmineral resources.
Qinling-Daba Orogen is a important composite orogenic belt, which formed in theearly Paleozoic, the North China craton and the Yangtze craton opposite movement,squeezing, Qinling-Daba Orogen formed by the collision uplift, then it experienced a long time of intra-continental orogenic tectonic and magmatic activity is frequent, so itsgeological structure and lithology distribution is very complicated; Qinling orogenic belt isa very important polymetallic metallogenic, it provides lots of metallic mineral resourcesfor our country industrialization and modernization. Sichuan Basin is a sea-land duplexsedimentary basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze craton andexperienced the Yanshan and Himalayan tectonic movement, leaded to folds formation inthe region, deformation and deposition. Sichuan Basin is an important oil and gas energybase of China, different people have done some geological and geophysical survey anddiscovered lots of oil and gas reserves in this region over the years.
Since the eighties of the last century, many geologists and geophysicists have done alot of research work about Qinling-Daba orogenic belt, Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basinfrom different research directions, and obtained a lot of fruitful new understanding, butmost of these work is based on geological and geomorphological features or be derivedshallow to analyze a series of studies, so it will be difficult to outline the deep structure anddynamic processes. Apparently it will bring some limitations based on the above partial,fragmented and less crude data to infer the deep structure and dynamic processes, and itwill cause some interference on the interpretation based on existing geological priori theory,So it will greatly limits the holistic research about Qinling-Daba orogenic belt and itsadjacent area, particularly deep understanding of material properties and structural patternsand deep dynamic process of the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt. There is little study about therelationship and the interaction process between three blocks together so far, and mostresearch of the Qinling orogenic belt distribute in the East and the West Qinling Qinlingregion, and mainly based on geological and geochemical evidence, This is the first time toobserve precision geophysical field across the North China Craton, Qinling-Daba orogenicbelt and the Yangtze craton.
The research of Qinling-daba orogenic belt mechanism, movement and determine thesouth and north border, to explore the relationship between the north China craton and theYangtze craton is an very important part of the tectonic evolution of the Chinese mainland.According to the latest high precision geomagnetic combine with1:100,000and1:200,000aeromagnetic data across the Southern Ordos Basin-Weihe Basin–Qinling-Daba orogenicbelt–Northeast corner of Sichuan Basin, Scilicet the Yulin-Xianyang-Wanyuan-Fulingcombined geophysical profiles, analysed the pattern of magnetic anomaly field,constructed partition and crystalline basement fluctuation characteristics of the study areathrough data processing and inversion. The result shows that there are obvious differencesbetween different tectonic units. Southern Ordos Basin has uplifted and been denudationdue to Yanshan movement, crystalline basement is relatively shallow;The Weihe basin andNortheastern of Sichuan Basin have received long-term sedimentation, crystallinebasement is relatively deep; Qinling-Daba orogenic belt has experienced a long-termcollision, estrusion and intracontinental orogenesis, the distribution of stratum andlithology and structure is very unequilibrated, interchanging and migration of substanceand energy is present in deep.
Through the analysis of magnetic anomaly data, and based on the magnetic sourcebody buried deep when there exists faults, and the distribution is extremely uneven, thesecharacteristics indicate that there exist exchanging of material and substances betweendeep and shallow and these faults become their migration path. The curve of Qinlingorogenic belt is very similar to the horizontal magnetic anomalies, and its two extremepoints is its north-south border, so we considere the northern boundary of the Qinling-Dabaorogenic belt located in the northern margin faults of the Qinling, while the southernboundary is located in Wanyuan, its north-south width is about120km. Through the studyarea aeromagnetic anomaly field and the distribution of the crystalline basement burial depth, show that Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin have a good integrated features, and theOrdos Basin aeromagnetic anomalies were protruding southward trend, the Sichuan Basinaeromagnetic anomalies are presented northward bulge, these marks the North Chinacraton and the Yangtze craton two blocks opposite migrate trajectory. Qinling-Dabaorogenic belt crystalline basement is shallower than its north and south sides Ordos Basinand Sichuan Basin, combined with the gravitational field and seismic wave fieldcharacteristics described that the North China Craton migrate to the south with high angle,and the Yangtze Craton migrate to the north with low angle.
This series research about magnetic field and magnetic structures provide animportant basis for the further understanding the upper crust properties, structural pattern,deep kinematics, kinetics perspective, deep understanding and the potential resources ofthe study area. At the same time we analyze the sedimentary, crystalline basement andvarious types of fracture distribution through artificial earthquakes deep exploration,pointed that the sedimentary is very uneven, Qinling and Daba derived from the sameorogenic Keegan, analyzed the interaction coupling response and deep dynamic processbetween the North China craton, Qinling-Daba orogenic belt and the Yangtze cratonthrough fracture distributions and crystalline changing, These will surely to give a moreprofound understanding about the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt magnetic structure, the wavefield characteristics, its deep process and the crystalline base distribution, furtherdetermining the kinematics and dynamics trajectories of the Qinling-Daba orogenic belt.
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