西南印度洋脊中段岩浆—构造动力学模式（49°～51°E）
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摘要
洋中脊是全球地质演化中最重要的构造单元之一。超慢速扩张洋脊一般是指全扩张速率小于20mm/a的大洋中脊，其长度约占全球洋中脊的36%，是全球洋中脊的重要组成部分。超慢速扩张洋脊总体岩浆供应不足，但趋于集中作用，使得岩浆洋壳在沿轴方向具有不连续性和不均匀性，表现为离散的火山中心，火山中心之间为较薄洋壳甚至出露地幔橄榄岩；构造拉张作用在海底扩张中所起的作用则变得相对重要，强烈的构造拉张使得岩浆洋壳在扩张方向上具有不连续性和不均匀性，表现为在拆离断层的作用下出露下地壳或者上地幔。超慢速扩张洋脊独特的岩浆、构造活动，使其在地形地貌、地球物理场、岩石地球化学上都与较快速扩张的洋脊表现出本质的差别，它的扩张方式是对传统海底扩张模型的补充修正，因此成为当今地球科学领域的研究热点。
西南印度洋脊（SWIR）扩张速率仅为14~16mm/a，是研究超慢速扩张洋脊的理想场所，但是由于其偏远的地理位置，相对于大西洋中脊（MAR）、东太平洋海隆（EPR），调查研究程度较低。SWIR中段的Indomed-Gallieni洋脊段，地形上表现为轴部高地，广泛分布的火山说明了其火山成因，低剩余地幔布格重力异常（RMBA）指示了较厚的洋壳，尤其是27洋段（根据（Cannat等，1999）分段及命名）50.5°E附近，OBS探测初步反演表明洋壳厚度达8~10km，说明此处具有十分充分的岩浆供应。该洋段的地质现象非常丰富，十分具有科研价值。首先，27洋段地形上缺失轴部裂谷，轴部为火山喷发高地所占据；其次，28洋段轴部以南，地形地貌、OBS反演，都发现存在一处基底拆离带，约有40km2的下地壳或者上地幔出露洋底，即大洋核杂岩（OCC）；再者，在28洋段以南37°47′S、49°39′E位置，还发现了首个超慢速扩张洋脊上高温热液活动喷口。这些现象引出一系列的科学问题。在岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊，为何能发育火山成因的轴部地形高地？是受到了什么因素的影响？岩浆供应的增加，对原本岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊的扩张演化会产生怎样的影响？在岩浆供应如此强烈的情况下，为何还能发育指示强烈构造拉张的拆离断层？拆离断层和热液喷口的位置如此接近，是巧合还是存在某种联系？
为讨论以上问题，本文利用我国大洋DY115-21航次第6航段采集的SWIR (49°~51°E)全覆盖高精度多波束地形资料，主要应用构造地貌学的方法，并结合该地区OBS、重力、磁力等地球物理资料，就该洋段的岩浆与构造演化展开了探讨。主要得出以下一些认识。
28、29洋段在轴部不对称深断层的控制之下表现出明显的不对称扩张，北翼为古火山脊增生带，轴部火山建造主要向北翼迁移；南翼构造拉张作用强烈，地貌上可观察到大量断块，拆离断层可能大量存在，28洋段以南的OCC便是拆离断层作用的产物，且该拆离断层的影响范围向西延伸更远，热液喷口的位置也在影响区之内，很可能是该拆离断层为热液喷口的发育提供了物质与能量的通道。
轴部地形随海底扩张向翼部迁移，通过地貌的相似性，认为北翼的火山地貌是轴部火山脊（AVRs）在翼部的遗迹，较光滑的地形则是非转换不连续带（NTDs）在翼部的遗迹。然而，北翼这种地形分区的展布方向偏离了扩张方向，这说明轴部发育AVRs的位置是在随时间变化的，进一步说明轴部深部岩浆集中的位置是在发生变化的。从北翼地形展布分析，研究区岩浆集中的位置在向西迁移。
从28、29洋段轴部脊槽相间、雁列式排列的地形特征来看，其岩浆作用模式属于超慢速扩张洋脊岩浆总体供应不足情况下的岩浆集中作用的模式。从北翼古火山脊增生带被大断裂分期情况来看，该区岩浆作用应该存在岩浆供应由多至少的周期，岩浆供应多时轴部成脊，少时由构造作用将其拆分运移；28、29洋段这种周期大概为1.5Ma。27洋段以轴对称的若干组共轭隆起,说明岩浆供应也存在由多至少的周期，但可能由于27洋段总体具有更大的岩浆通量，这种岩浆供应周期的表现形式与28、29洋段有所不同。主要表现为火山建造裂离方式、岩浆供应周期长短以及构造活动强烈程度的不同。
一次岩浆增强事件在10~8Ma时开始影响Indomed-Gallieni洋段，建造了该洋脊段轴部地形高地。然而现今受该事件影响的区域仅局限于轴部缺失裂谷的27洋段，4Ma以来，Indomed-Gallieni段其余部分很可能如28、29洋段一样，已经恢复到岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊的状态，这也是该区构造活动强烈的原因。在此之前，该洋段的很大部分都可能经历了如目前27洋段的演化状态。27洋段为目前仍受岩浆增强事件影响的唯一区段，超慢速扩张速率下表现出较快速扩张洋脊的扩张特点，但其岩浆活动的强度和范围也在逐渐减小，该岩浆增强事件可能已处于寿命末期。通过地形地貌、地球物理场、岩石地球化学以及其他分析，认为这次岩浆增强事件并非由于受Crozet热点影响，有可能是源自不均一地幔导致的局部岩浆增加。
The Mid-ocean ridge system is one of the most important geological units of the whole earth.The ultra-slow spreading ridges, whose spreading rate is generally as slow as less than20mm/a,account for36%of the global mid-ocean ridges. Generally speaking, ultra-slow spreading ridgeshave a very limited magma supply, but tend to supply in focus pattern, and leading to adiscontinuous and uneven crust along the axis. Focus magmatism builds volcanic centers, andregion between those centers, the crust is very thin, even mantle peridotite exposed. Forultra-slow spreading ridges, tectonic extension plays a more important role in seafloor spreading,and leading to a thinning crust along the spreading direction, even exposed lower crust or uppermantle at the seafloor usually resulted from detachment faults. As the unique magmato-tectonicpattern, ultra-slow spreading ridges perform very distinctly at topography, geophysical fields andgeochemistry, and its spreading pattern should be a complement and amendment to thetraditional seafloor spreading model. Thus, study on ultra-slow spreading ridges is a hot topic inthe field of earth sciences today.
Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) has a spreading rate of only14~16mm/a, and is an idealplace to study ultra-slow spreading ridges. However, as its remote location, compared toMid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and East Pacific Rise (EPR), research on SWIR is still poor.Indomed-Gallieni Segment, located at the middle SWIR, shows an axial highland with volcanoswidely distributed, indicating its volcanogenic. This segment also shows very low residualmantle bouguer gravity anomaly (RMBA), indicating a very thick crust. Especially near50.5°Eof Segment27(Cannat et al,1999), preliminary OBS inversion shows a crust as thick as8~10km, suggesting a very adequate magma supply here. This segment shows very richgeological phenomenons, and of great scientific value. First, axial rift is absent at Segment27,and occupied by volcanic eruption high. Second, at south of Segment28, a oceanic core complex(OCC), as large as40km2, was identified both by topography and OBS data. Third, at theposition of37°47′S/49°39′E, also the south side of Segment28, reported the frst active high-temperature hydrothermal feld on ultra-slow spreading ridges worldwide. All thse bring outa series of scientific problems. Why such an axial highland can be built at ultra-slow spreadingridges whose magma supply is low? Is it effected by anything others? How magma increase willeffect the evolution of ultra-slow spreading ridges? Why under such a high magma supply candetachment faults develop which generally mean strong tectonic extension? The locations of thedetachment fault and the hydrothermal vent are very close, so is that just a coincidence, or thereis a link?
To discuss problems mentioned above, Using the high-resolution and full-coveragemultibeam bathymetric data of SWIR (49°~51°E) mainly collected by voyage DY115-21ofChina in2010, and combined with relevant research results from regional gravity and magneticdata and3D OBS detection, mainly by the method of morphotectonics, this thesis tries to talkabout its magmato-tectonic evoluton, and draws following main understandings.Segment28and29are experiencing an asymmetry spreading under the control of deepasymmetrical faults. The north flank is ancient volcanic ridge accretion zone as the axialvolcanic constructions are mainly migrating to the north. There are lots of blocks at the southflank as the production of strong tectonic extension. Detachment faults may widely distribute atthe south flank, and the OCC is resulted from one detachment fault, whose influence range mayextend farther westward, covering the location of the hydrothermal vent. This detachment faultmay provided the material and energy access for the development of the hydrothermal vent.By comparing the geomorphological characteristic between axial area and the flank, it isbelieved that the volcanic seafloor of the north flank is the trace of the axial volcanic ridges(AVRs), while the smooth seafloor corresponds to the nontransform discontinuous (NTDs).However, the extending direction of such geomorphological partition is inconsistent with thespreading direction. This should suggest that the loaction of AVRs is migrating, and so thepositon of focus magmatism is migrating, too. Judged from the geomorphological characteristicof the north flank, the positon of focus magmatism here shows a westward migration.The axial topography, which is alternated with ridge and trough and arranged in en echelonpattern, is often owned by ultra-slow oblique spreading ridges, which suggests a strong focusmagmatism pattern. The volcanic seafloor at the north flank is divided into several phases bylarge long faults, and this indicates that the axial magmatism also has some kind of cycle duringwhich magma supply gradually becomes less. During the magma supply high time, AVRs arebuilt, while splited when becomes much lower. Such magmatism cycle at Segment28and29is about1.5Ma. The several conjugate uplifts of Segment27distributed axial symmetricallyindicates a similar magmatism cycle here, too. However, it may be because Segment27hasmuch larger magma flux, it behaves quite differently from Segment28,29in splitting pattern,period length and strength of tectonism.
It is deduced a magma increased event started to effect Segment Indomed-Gallieni at about10~8Ma ago, and had built the axial highland here. However, this a magma increased event nowonly still has an effect on Segment27. Since4Ma ago, other part of Segment Indomed-Gallienihad restored to normal ultraslow spreading evolution, just as Segment28and29, and this is whythey now have evry strong tectonic activity. During the earlier time, most part of SegmentIndomed-Gallieni may have experienced the same evolution as today’s Segment27. Segment27is the only area still affected by this magma increased event, and shows some characteristicusually owned by faster spreading ridges in spite of an ultraslow spreading rate. Nevertheless itsintensity and extent are decreasing, and the magma increased event may be already at the end ofits life. After an analysis of topography, geophysical field and geochemical characteristics, it isthought that this magma increased event is not because of effect from Crozet hotspot, and maybe resulted from a local heterogeneous mantle.
西南印度洋脊（SWIR）扩张速率仅为14~16mm/a，是研究超慢速扩张洋脊的理想场所，但是由于其偏远的地理位置，相对于大西洋中脊（MAR）、东太平洋海隆（EPR），调查研究程度较低。SWIR中段的Indomed-Gallieni洋脊段，地形上表现为轴部高地，广泛分布的火山说明了其火山成因，低剩余地幔布格重力异常（RMBA）指示了较厚的洋壳，尤其是27洋段（根据（Cannat等，1999）分段及命名）50.5°E附近，OBS探测初步反演表明洋壳厚度达8~10km，说明此处具有十分充分的岩浆供应。该洋段的地质现象非常丰富，十分具有科研价值。首先，27洋段地形上缺失轴部裂谷，轴部为火山喷发高地所占据；其次，28洋段轴部以南，地形地貌、OBS反演，都发现存在一处基底拆离带，约有40km2的下地壳或者上地幔出露洋底，即大洋核杂岩（OCC）；再者，在28洋段以南37°47′S、49°39′E位置，还发现了首个超慢速扩张洋脊上高温热液活动喷口。这些现象引出一系列的科学问题。在岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊，为何能发育火山成因的轴部地形高地？是受到了什么因素的影响？岩浆供应的增加，对原本岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊的扩张演化会产生怎样的影响？在岩浆供应如此强烈的情况下，为何还能发育指示强烈构造拉张的拆离断层？拆离断层和热液喷口的位置如此接近，是巧合还是存在某种联系？
为讨论以上问题，本文利用我国大洋DY115-21航次第6航段采集的SWIR (49°~51°E)全覆盖高精度多波束地形资料，主要应用构造地貌学的方法，并结合该地区OBS、重力、磁力等地球物理资料，就该洋段的岩浆与构造演化展开了探讨。主要得出以下一些认识。
28、29洋段在轴部不对称深断层的控制之下表现出明显的不对称扩张，北翼为古火山脊增生带，轴部火山建造主要向北翼迁移；南翼构造拉张作用强烈，地貌上可观察到大量断块，拆离断层可能大量存在，28洋段以南的OCC便是拆离断层作用的产物，且该拆离断层的影响范围向西延伸更远，热液喷口的位置也在影响区之内，很可能是该拆离断层为热液喷口的发育提供了物质与能量的通道。
轴部地形随海底扩张向翼部迁移，通过地貌的相似性，认为北翼的火山地貌是轴部火山脊（AVRs）在翼部的遗迹，较光滑的地形则是非转换不连续带（NTDs）在翼部的遗迹。然而，北翼这种地形分区的展布方向偏离了扩张方向，这说明轴部发育AVRs的位置是在随时间变化的，进一步说明轴部深部岩浆集中的位置是在发生变化的。从北翼地形展布分析，研究区岩浆集中的位置在向西迁移。
从28、29洋段轴部脊槽相间、雁列式排列的地形特征来看，其岩浆作用模式属于超慢速扩张洋脊岩浆总体供应不足情况下的岩浆集中作用的模式。从北翼古火山脊增生带被大断裂分期情况来看，该区岩浆作用应该存在岩浆供应由多至少的周期，岩浆供应多时轴部成脊，少时由构造作用将其拆分运移；28、29洋段这种周期大概为1.5Ma。27洋段以轴对称的若干组共轭隆起,说明岩浆供应也存在由多至少的周期，但可能由于27洋段总体具有更大的岩浆通量，这种岩浆供应周期的表现形式与28、29洋段有所不同。主要表现为火山建造裂离方式、岩浆供应周期长短以及构造活动强烈程度的不同。
一次岩浆增强事件在10~8Ma时开始影响Indomed-Gallieni洋段，建造了该洋脊段轴部地形高地。然而现今受该事件影响的区域仅局限于轴部缺失裂谷的27洋段，4Ma以来，Indomed-Gallieni段其余部分很可能如28、29洋段一样，已经恢复到岩浆供应不足的超慢速扩张洋脊的状态，这也是该区构造活动强烈的原因。在此之前，该洋段的很大部分都可能经历了如目前27洋段的演化状态。27洋段为目前仍受岩浆增强事件影响的唯一区段，超慢速扩张速率下表现出较快速扩张洋脊的扩张特点，但其岩浆活动的强度和范围也在逐渐减小，该岩浆增强事件可能已处于寿命末期。通过地形地貌、地球物理场、岩石地球化学以及其他分析，认为这次岩浆增强事件并非由于受Crozet热点影响，有可能是源自不均一地幔导致的局部岩浆增加。
The Mid-ocean ridge system is one of the most important geological units of the whole earth.The ultra-slow spreading ridges, whose spreading rate is generally as slow as less than20mm/a,account for36%of the global mid-ocean ridges. Generally speaking, ultra-slow spreading ridgeshave a very limited magma supply, but tend to supply in focus pattern, and leading to adiscontinuous and uneven crust along the axis. Focus magmatism builds volcanic centers, andregion between those centers, the crust is very thin, even mantle peridotite exposed. Forultra-slow spreading ridges, tectonic extension plays a more important role in seafloor spreading,and leading to a thinning crust along the spreading direction, even exposed lower crust or uppermantle at the seafloor usually resulted from detachment faults. As the unique magmato-tectonicpattern, ultra-slow spreading ridges perform very distinctly at topography, geophysical fields andgeochemistry, and its spreading pattern should be a complement and amendment to thetraditional seafloor spreading model. Thus, study on ultra-slow spreading ridges is a hot topic inthe field of earth sciences today.
Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) has a spreading rate of only14~16mm/a, and is an idealplace to study ultra-slow spreading ridges. However, as its remote location, compared toMid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and East Pacific Rise (EPR), research on SWIR is still poor.Indomed-Gallieni Segment, located at the middle SWIR, shows an axial highland with volcanoswidely distributed, indicating its volcanogenic. This segment also shows very low residualmantle bouguer gravity anomaly (RMBA), indicating a very thick crust. Especially near50.5°Eof Segment27(Cannat et al,1999), preliminary OBS inversion shows a crust as thick as8~10km, suggesting a very adequate magma supply here. This segment shows very richgeological phenomenons, and of great scientific value. First, axial rift is absent at Segment27,and occupied by volcanic eruption high. Second, at south of Segment28, a oceanic core complex(OCC), as large as40km2, was identified both by topography and OBS data. Third, at theposition of37°47′S/49°39′E, also the south side of Segment28, reported the frst active high-temperature hydrothermal feld on ultra-slow spreading ridges worldwide. All thse bring outa series of scientific problems. Why such an axial highland can be built at ultra-slow spreadingridges whose magma supply is low? Is it effected by anything others? How magma increase willeffect the evolution of ultra-slow spreading ridges? Why under such a high magma supply candetachment faults develop which generally mean strong tectonic extension? The locations of thedetachment fault and the hydrothermal vent are very close, so is that just a coincidence, or thereis a link?
To discuss problems mentioned above, Using the high-resolution and full-coveragemultibeam bathymetric data of SWIR (49°~51°E) mainly collected by voyage DY115-21ofChina in2010, and combined with relevant research results from regional gravity and magneticdata and3D OBS detection, mainly by the method of morphotectonics, this thesis tries to talkabout its magmato-tectonic evoluton, and draws following main understandings.Segment28and29are experiencing an asymmetry spreading under the control of deepasymmetrical faults. The north flank is ancient volcanic ridge accretion zone as the axialvolcanic constructions are mainly migrating to the north. There are lots of blocks at the southflank as the production of strong tectonic extension. Detachment faults may widely distribute atthe south flank, and the OCC is resulted from one detachment fault, whose influence range mayextend farther westward, covering the location of the hydrothermal vent. This detachment faultmay provided the material and energy access for the development of the hydrothermal vent.By comparing the geomorphological characteristic between axial area and the flank, it isbelieved that the volcanic seafloor of the north flank is the trace of the axial volcanic ridges(AVRs), while the smooth seafloor corresponds to the nontransform discontinuous (NTDs).However, the extending direction of such geomorphological partition is inconsistent with thespreading direction. This should suggest that the loaction of AVRs is migrating, and so thepositon of focus magmatism is migrating, too. Judged from the geomorphological characteristicof the north flank, the positon of focus magmatism here shows a westward migration.The axial topography, which is alternated with ridge and trough and arranged in en echelonpattern, is often owned by ultra-slow oblique spreading ridges, which suggests a strong focusmagmatism pattern. The volcanic seafloor at the north flank is divided into several phases bylarge long faults, and this indicates that the axial magmatism also has some kind of cycle duringwhich magma supply gradually becomes less. During the magma supply high time, AVRs arebuilt, while splited when becomes much lower. Such magmatism cycle at Segment28and29is about1.5Ma. The several conjugate uplifts of Segment27distributed axial symmetricallyindicates a similar magmatism cycle here, too. However, it may be because Segment27hasmuch larger magma flux, it behaves quite differently from Segment28,29in splitting pattern,period length and strength of tectonism.
It is deduced a magma increased event started to effect Segment Indomed-Gallieni at about10~8Ma ago, and had built the axial highland here. However, this a magma increased event nowonly still has an effect on Segment27. Since4Ma ago, other part of Segment Indomed-Gallienihad restored to normal ultraslow spreading evolution, just as Segment28and29, and this is whythey now have evry strong tectonic activity. During the earlier time, most part of SegmentIndomed-Gallieni may have experienced the same evolution as today’s Segment27. Segment27is the only area still affected by this magma increased event, and shows some characteristicusually owned by faster spreading ridges in spite of an ultraslow spreading rate. Nevertheless itsintensity and extent are decreasing, and the magma increased event may be already at the end ofits life. After an analysis of topography, geophysical field and geochemical characteristics, it isthought that this magma increased event is not because of effect from Crozet hotspot, and maybe resulted from a local heterogeneous mantle.
引文
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