功能DNA纳米结构在生物成像中的应用
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摘要
DNA纳米技术的发展使得DNA作为一种材料被广泛使用，通过应用高度特异性和可编程特性的DNA碱基配对，完美的设计合成大量不同维度，形状和几何结构DNA纳米结构。由于DNA的生物分子属性，在DNA纳米结构的许多潜在应用方向中，生物和生物医学的许多潜在用途是非常有吸引力的。
DNA分子由于是生物大分子并且富含负电荷，所以并不能直接穿透质膜进入细胞。值得注意的是，现有的研究表明具有一定结构DNA纳米材料能有效的被细胞摄取。我们发展了能对外来刺激做出构型转换反应的智能DNA四面体。同过采用一系列嵌合DNA四面体结构，包括i-motif、抗ATP适配体(AAA)、T-rich水银特异结合寡聚核苷酸(MSO)、和发卡结构嵌合到DNA四面体中（图1），我们构建了AND、 OR、XOR和INH四种逻辑门,以及半加器运算。进一步我们利用DNA逻辑门检测了活细胞内的ATP含量。
由于DNA纳米结构的生物相容性，能构建非病毒智能运输系统，因此具有很好的生物应用前景。然而DNA纳米进入细胞的机制仍然不太清楚，我们通过单颗粒示踪研究了哺乳动物细胞内吞DNA四面体和DNA四面体在细胞内的运输。我们发现DNA四面体同过小窝蛋白介导的内吞途径迅速内吞的机制，以及DNA四面体在细胞内的通过微观依赖的途径有序运输到细胞溶酶体内，并且DNA四面体在细胞仍然保持其结构相当长的时间。转运到溶酶体中使得DNA四面体不能有效的运输载体，为了改变DNA四面体在细胞内的命运，我们采用核定位序列功能化的DNA四面体使其逃脱转运到溶酶体中的命运，运输到细胞核内。这些研究使人们对DNA四面体进入细胞的途径和细胞内转运的途径有了更深的了解。
利用DNA纳米技术，能非常有效的合成高FRET效率DNA纳米探针。我们阐明了基于DNA纳米技术方法编码高FRET效率分子对荧光探针，具有非线性荧光响应，能突破衍射极限成像。我们在一台普通的共聚焦显微镜上实现了细胞微管65nm的分辨率成像。我们希望这种廉价并简单的超分辨方法能广泛的应用于生物学和生物医学研究。
DNA纳米探针能与抗体非常高效共价偶联而保持彼此的活性。抗体具有非常特异的分识别能力，在靶向运输、靶向治疗和荧光成像等方面具有不可替代的作用， DNA与抗体共价偶联能极大的拓展DNA纳米材料在生物医学领域的应用。FRET效应不仅可以用来检测蛋白分子的相互作用，亦能在荧光成像中起到降低背景荧光，提高信噪比，并且高的FRET效率能实现DNS超分辨显微成像。利用抗体的种属多样性，进一步实现可双FRET细胞内两种蛋白荧光成像。
The use of DNA as a material has become commonplace, especially with theemergence of DNA nanotechnology.A large number of well-defined DNAnanostructures of varying dimensions, shapes and geometries have been assembled byexploiting the highly specific and programmable nature of DNA base pairing. Amongthe many potential uses of DNA nanostructures, biological and biomedicalapplications are very attractive given the biological nature of DNA.
DNA is typically impermeable to the plasma membrane due to its polyanionicnature. Interestingly, several different DNA nanostructures can be readily uptaken bycells in the absence of transfection agents.we developed DNA tetrahedra that showprogrammed configuration switching in response to external stimuli. By adapting aseries of DNA structures (i-motif,anti-ATP aptamer (AAA),T-rich mercury-specificoligonucleotide (MSO),and hairpin structures) to DNA tetrahedra, we constructedAND, OR, XOR, and INH logic gates, as well as a half-adder operation. In addition,we also demonstrated the use of DNA logic gates for intracellular detection of ATP inliving cells.
It suggest new opportunities for constructing intelligent cargo delivery systemsfrom these biocompatible, non-viral DNA nanocarriers.However, the underlyingmechanism of entry of DNA nanostructures into cells remains unknown. Here, weinvestigated the endocytotic internalization and subsequent transport of tetrahedralDNA nanostructures (TDNs) by mammalian cells through single-particle tracking. Wefound that the TDNs were rapidly internalized by a caveolin-dependent pathway.After endocytosis, the TDNs were transported tolysosomes in a highly ordered,microtubule-dependent manner. Whereas the TDNs retained their structural integrity within cells over long time periods, their localization in lysosomes precludes their useas effective delivery agents. To modulate the cellular fate of the TDNs, wefunctionalized them with nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that directed their escapefrom lysosomes and entry into cellular nuclei. This study improves our understandingof DNA nanostructure entry into cells and transport pathways, and can be used as thebasis for designing DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery nanocarriers for targetedtherapy.
DNA nanoprobes with high FRET efficiency are synthetised effectively usingDNA nanotechenology. We demonstrate a DNA nanotechnology-based approach toencode the non-linearity of fluorescence required for sub-diffraction imaging influorescent probes with an internal high-efficiency F rster resonance energy transferpair. We have achieved65-nm resolution imaging of microtubule filaments using astandard confocal microscope. we expect this low-cost, easy super-resolutionmicroscopy will find widespread applications in biological and biomedical studies.
DNA nanoprobes can covalently coupled with antibodies very efficiently andeach other keep the activity. Antibodies have the ability to identify very specificpoints, plays an irreplaceable role in the targeted delivery,targeted therapy and otheraspects of fluorescence imaging. DNA covalently coupled with antibody will greatlyexpand the application of DNA nanomaterials in the biomedical field. The FRETeffect can be used not only to detect interaction of protein molecules but also influorescence imaging which can reduce the background fluorescence, improve theratio of signal to noise. FRET with high efficiency can achieve DNS super-resolutionmicroscopy imaging. Given to the specie diversity of antibodies,we can realize doubleFRET cell fluorescence imaging of two proteins.
DNA分子由于是生物大分子并且富含负电荷，所以并不能直接穿透质膜进入细胞。值得注意的是，现有的研究表明具有一定结构DNA纳米材料能有效的被细胞摄取。我们发展了能对外来刺激做出构型转换反应的智能DNA四面体。同过采用一系列嵌合DNA四面体结构，包括i-motif、抗ATP适配体(AAA)、T-rich水银特异结合寡聚核苷酸(MSO)、和发卡结构嵌合到DNA四面体中（图1），我们构建了AND、 OR、XOR和INH四种逻辑门,以及半加器运算。进一步我们利用DNA逻辑门检测了活细胞内的ATP含量。
由于DNA纳米结构的生物相容性，能构建非病毒智能运输系统，因此具有很好的生物应用前景。然而DNA纳米进入细胞的机制仍然不太清楚，我们通过单颗粒示踪研究了哺乳动物细胞内吞DNA四面体和DNA四面体在细胞内的运输。我们发现DNA四面体同过小窝蛋白介导的内吞途径迅速内吞的机制，以及DNA四面体在细胞内的通过微观依赖的途径有序运输到细胞溶酶体内，并且DNA四面体在细胞仍然保持其结构相当长的时间。转运到溶酶体中使得DNA四面体不能有效的运输载体，为了改变DNA四面体在细胞内的命运，我们采用核定位序列功能化的DNA四面体使其逃脱转运到溶酶体中的命运，运输到细胞核内。这些研究使人们对DNA四面体进入细胞的途径和细胞内转运的途径有了更深的了解。
利用DNA纳米技术，能非常有效的合成高FRET效率DNA纳米探针。我们阐明了基于DNA纳米技术方法编码高FRET效率分子对荧光探针，具有非线性荧光响应，能突破衍射极限成像。我们在一台普通的共聚焦显微镜上实现了细胞微管65nm的分辨率成像。我们希望这种廉价并简单的超分辨方法能广泛的应用于生物学和生物医学研究。
DNA纳米探针能与抗体非常高效共价偶联而保持彼此的活性。抗体具有非常特异的分识别能力，在靶向运输、靶向治疗和荧光成像等方面具有不可替代的作用， DNA与抗体共价偶联能极大的拓展DNA纳米材料在生物医学领域的应用。FRET效应不仅可以用来检测蛋白分子的相互作用，亦能在荧光成像中起到降低背景荧光，提高信噪比，并且高的FRET效率能实现DNS超分辨显微成像。利用抗体的种属多样性，进一步实现可双FRET细胞内两种蛋白荧光成像。
The use of DNA as a material has become commonplace, especially with theemergence of DNA nanotechnology.A large number of well-defined DNAnanostructures of varying dimensions, shapes and geometries have been assembled byexploiting the highly specific and programmable nature of DNA base pairing. Amongthe many potential uses of DNA nanostructures, biological and biomedicalapplications are very attractive given the biological nature of DNA.
DNA is typically impermeable to the plasma membrane due to its polyanionicnature. Interestingly, several different DNA nanostructures can be readily uptaken bycells in the absence of transfection agents.we developed DNA tetrahedra that showprogrammed configuration switching in response to external stimuli. By adapting aseries of DNA structures (i-motif,anti-ATP aptamer (AAA),T-rich mercury-specificoligonucleotide (MSO),and hairpin structures) to DNA tetrahedra, we constructedAND, OR, XOR, and INH logic gates, as well as a half-adder operation. In addition,we also demonstrated the use of DNA logic gates for intracellular detection of ATP inliving cells.
It suggest new opportunities for constructing intelligent cargo delivery systemsfrom these biocompatible, non-viral DNA nanocarriers.However, the underlyingmechanism of entry of DNA nanostructures into cells remains unknown. Here, weinvestigated the endocytotic internalization and subsequent transport of tetrahedralDNA nanostructures (TDNs) by mammalian cells through single-particle tracking. Wefound that the TDNs were rapidly internalized by a caveolin-dependent pathway.After endocytosis, the TDNs were transported tolysosomes in a highly ordered,microtubule-dependent manner. Whereas the TDNs retained their structural integrity within cells over long time periods, their localization in lysosomes precludes their useas effective delivery agents. To modulate the cellular fate of the TDNs, wefunctionalized them with nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that directed their escapefrom lysosomes and entry into cellular nuclei. This study improves our understandingof DNA nanostructure entry into cells and transport pathways, and can be used as thebasis for designing DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery nanocarriers for targetedtherapy.
DNA nanoprobes with high FRET efficiency are synthetised effectively usingDNA nanotechenology. We demonstrate a DNA nanotechnology-based approach toencode the non-linearity of fluorescence required for sub-diffraction imaging influorescent probes with an internal high-efficiency F rster resonance energy transferpair. We have achieved65-nm resolution imaging of microtubule filaments using astandard confocal microscope. we expect this low-cost, easy super-resolutionmicroscopy will find widespread applications in biological and biomedical studies.
DNA nanoprobes can covalently coupled with antibodies very efficiently andeach other keep the activity. Antibodies have the ability to identify very specificpoints, plays an irreplaceable role in the targeted delivery,targeted therapy and otheraspects of fluorescence imaging. DNA covalently coupled with antibody will greatlyexpand the application of DNA nanomaterials in the biomedical field. The FRETeffect can be used not only to detect interaction of protein molecules but also influorescence imaging which can reduce the background fluorescence, improve theratio of signal to noise. FRET with high efficiency can achieve DNS super-resolutionmicroscopy imaging. Given to the specie diversity of antibodies,we can realize doubleFRET cell fluorescence imaging of two proteins.
引文
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