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政府创新政策与利益相关者创新资源投入的关系研究
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摘要
现代技术创新过程模式背景下,技术创新已经成为由各利益相关者组成的创新网络的共同活动,而创新网络中各利益相关者间的相互博弈、协调与竞合水平导致了企业技术创新绩效的高低。政府创新政策作为公共政策在特定领域的范畴体现,其本质上是一种制度安排和规则设计,发挥着对企业技术创新活动的外部导向与激励作用,在创新系统中占据重要的地位。
     但整体而言,现有创新政策研究成果在实践环节存在以下两个显著不足:一方面,研究结论存在解释力与一致性的不足;另一方面,无法为解决Edquist所指出的“给谁?给什么?给多少?怎么给?”这一政策瓶颈问题提供的理论指导。对文献成果的进一步梳理显示,这些不足在很大程度上源于在创新政策与创新资源投入间的关系研究环节存在研究视角、变量引入以及概念定义等方面的局限性,整体上未能匹配于“现代技术创新过程模式”发展的需要。因此,本研究从现有创新政策实践中的突出问题出发,将利益相关者方法引入创新政策研究领域,探索性地研究利益相关者视角下创新政策与利益相关者创新资源投入间的作用关系,并通过作用关系研究结论的工具化应用,提出利益相关者视角下创新政策的“契合性”再设计思路与实践。总之,本研究对于丰富创新政策理论与方法、解决创新政策设计的瓶颈问题以及提高创新政策实践的有效性均具有重要的意义。
     本研究引入Donaldson的利益相关者研究分类思路,从规范性、描述性与工具性三个层面界定与组织本研究的研究问题与内容设计。在具体研究过程中,本研究首先从Donaldson的三分模型出发,对既有经典的利益相关者研究成果进行了梳理与归类,形成了具有创新意义的综述成果;其次,本研究基于公共政策特征属性、公共政策社会职能以及巴格丘斯的有效政策设计“匹配”模型等理论研究成果,从“合法性”与“合理性”两个角度,论证了创新政策研究引入利益相关者视角的规范性问题,即“创新政策研究为什么需要引入利益相关者视角?”;再次,通过梳理既有利益相关者概念界定与分类模型,从政策实践性、概念可行性以及技术创新情景契合等角度出发,论证创新政策研究中的利益相关者描述性问题,即“如何甄别创新政策中的利益相关者主体?”与“如何界定与度量各利益相关者间的异质性?”两个问题,并最终提出了创新政策研究中的九大利益相关者主体模型与基于“利益-权力”的利益相关者异质性界定模型;再次,遵循多案例研究结合扎根理论编码方法构建概念模型、理论推演与假设提出以及针对不同利益相关者群体开展独立的大样本调查与假设检验这一完整研究路径,开展创新政策与利益相关者创新资源投入间作用关系的研究。研究结果显示:一方面,创新政策通过差异化的作用路径影响利益相关者主体与内容,即不同类别的创新政策具有其特定的利益相关者作用主体与“利益-权力”的作用内容;另一方面,创新政策通过作用于利益相关者“利益”体现、“权力”体现以及“利益-权力”对称性,进而影响其在技术创新过程中的创新资源投入;最后,本研究进一步开展了针对作用关系研究结论的工具化应用,提出了利益相关者视角下创新政策的“契合性”再设计思路与方法,开发了一套利益相关者视角下的创新政策政策量化方法与评估工具,进而针对京、沪、浙、粤与苏五地区域2889条创新政策样本开展政策量化、“契合性”评估与再设计实践,最终提出了针对五地区创新政策的政策再设计思路与建议
     整体而言,本研究将利益相关者方法引入创新政策与政策作用机理研究领域,探索性地研究了利益相关者“利益-权力”视角下创新政策与利益相关者创新资源投入间的作用关系以及作用关系研究结论的工具化应用,具有在理论与实践上的双重创新意义。具体而言,本研究可能存在的具体创新点有:第一,首次将利益相关者理论引入创新政策研究领域,体现跨领域研究的理论创新;第二,基于Donaldson三分框架的经典利益相关者研究的研究综述,体现在文献梳理上的成果创新;第三,基于理论梳理、模型比较与匹配性分析的规范性与描述性论证,体现出在交叉领域中既有理论整合与应用的创新意义;第四,基于利益相关者“利益-权力”视角下创新政策与利益相关者创新资源投入间作用关系的研究,体现了创新政策与政策作用机理研究的视角创新;第五,从作用关系研究结论的工具化应用出发,提出利益相关者视角下创新政策的“契合性”再设计思路,体现了在创新政策设计上的思路创新;以及第六,利益相关者视角下创新政策评估方法与工具的开发与应用,体现出在政策评估领域上的工具与方法创新。整体而言,本研究具有一定的理论首创性,研究成果也具有较强的理论创新意义与实践指导价值。
     本文最后章节还就研究中可能存在的不足与局限性进行了说明,并对未来研究提出了展望。
In the process of modern technology innovation, technology innovation becomes a mutual activity made by all kinds of stakeholders. And the technology innovation performance is determined by how stakeholders among the innovation network cooperate, compete and gamble. Innovation policy, as a specific category of public policy, is a policy arrangement and rule design, and it plays the role of guiding and encouraging enterprises' technology innovation activities. Therefore, innovation policy takes the important role in the innovation system.
     Overall, researches on innovation policy mechanism have two limitations. On the one hand, Current researches cannot explain how innovation policy effects practice completely and consistently; On the other hand, they cannot solve the problem proposed by Edquist that is 'who, what and how innovation policy funds?'. Literature review found these problems are caused mostly by the limitation of research perspectives, variable introduction, and concept definition in the study of the relation between innovation policy and innovation resource allocation(IRA), which cannot match the needs of modern technology innovation process model. Therefore, initiating from practice problem of innovation policy, this research introduced stakeholder approach into innovation policy research, to study the relation between innovation policy and IRA of stakeholder. Then this paper, based on findings of relation study, proposed a new design arrangement and design practice under stakeholder perspective. Hence, this research is important for completing theoretical knowledge of innovation policy,solving innovation policy bottleneck problem and improving the effectiveness of innovation practice.
     Considering on requirements of cross-fields on initiative and completeness, this research took suggestions of Donaldson to design research from the aspects of normative, descriptive and instrumental. First, this research reviewed literatures about stakeholders based on Donaldson's three categories, which is an initiative literature review; Second, integrated related theories on innovation policy attribute, characteristics,social function and 'matching' model about effective policy design, this paper through two views,'validity'and 'rationality', to explained the research question,'why is it necessary to introduce stakeholder perspective into innovation policy research?'; Third, this paper proposed two descriptive questions:'how can we identify the subjects of stakeholders of innovation policy?'And'how can we identify heterogeneity of stakeholders?'.According to this two research questions, this paper deduced and compared related stakeholders'conceptual model systematically and finally put forward model of nine subjects of stakeholders and heterogeneity model of stakeholders on'interest-power' in the study of innovation policy; Fourth, this paper explored the relation of innovation policy and ISA of stakeholder basing on the view of stakeholder''interest-power', the results of the relation study show:on the one hand, the heterogeneity of innovation policy affects difference subjects and content of stakeholders;On the other hand, innovation policy has effects on stakeholders' interests, power and the balance between interests and power, finally affects IRA of stakeholders;Finally, based on the final conclusions, this paper suggested the'Matching'theme and approach to design innovation policy under stakeholder perspective, and developed a series of measurement tools based on the 'Matching' design theme.Then this paper measured and evaluated2889innovation policy sample from Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Jiangsu, and put forward redesign suggestions finally.
     Overall, this paper initiated from research limitations and practical problems of the mechanism of innovation policy, introduced stakeholder approach into innovation policy field, study the relation between Innovation policy and IRS of stakeholders. This research has both theory and practice meanings. Therefore, the possible innovation points of this paper as follow:First, introducing stakeholder approach into innovation policy research initially bridges the cross-field research; Second, reviewing literatures on stakeholders based on Donaldson's three type framework is meaningful for stakeholder literature reviews;Third, argument on normative research and descriptive research integrates multi-disciplines theory results; Forth, study on the relation between innovation policy and IRA of stakeholders shows the innovation of research perspective; Fifth, proposing 'match' theme design with stakeholder approach show the innovate design theme of innovation policy;Finally, developing and applying measurement tools of innovation policy with stakeholder approach. Therefore, this paper is initiative research and this research made innovation on theories, but also guided practice usefully.
     Finally, this paper discussed research limitations and future research.
引文
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