农户参与农业产业化经营组织：影响因素及绩效评价
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摘要
农业经济组织现代化是农业现代化进程中不可或缺的环节和内容,当前我国农业经济组织发展获得长足的进步,然而这种政府主导色彩浓厚的发展状态所包含的政府失灵或无效率成分并不是一个清晰的事实,对其进行分离或度量也没有简单成熟的方法。从发展角度来分析当前我国农业经济组织发育状况,是掌握我国农业现代化水平、评价相关政策体系并提高其有效性的重要前提工作。政府与农户之间目标差异是政府推动农业经济组织发育低效或无效的主要原因,因此从农户参与视角分析农业产业化经营组织形成的基本机制并评价其效率,是评价我国现阶段农业产业化经营组织的有效方法。参与式发展理论表明农户自身参与才是农业可持续发展的关键,基于此思路,本文采用新制度经济学的组织理论构建分析框架并实证分析西南地区农业产业化经营组织的发展状态。
本文的研究思路是按照新古典主流经济分析方法对我国农业产业化经营组织的发育规律进行研究,并利用西南地区实践进行实证分析。具体来讲,第一,基于评价政府主导背景下农业产业化经营组织发展状态的研究目标,依据参与式发展理念确定研究起点,即农户参与组织行为；第二,在此基础上构建基于经济组织及其治理的农业产业化经营组织分析的理论研究框架；第三,从逻辑演绎角度给出分析农户参与农业产业化经营组织的影响因素、立足农户利益诉求的农业产业化经营组织绩效评价的指标集合；第四,依据这些指标集合,结合西南地区农村与农业发展具体情况设计问卷并实施调研,获取第一手资料,涉及川云黔渝四省(市)536户农户及156个产业化经营主体；第五,针对调研数据进行统计分析,然后对分析结果进行经济解释并给出农户参与产业化经营组织的影响因素以及经营组织的绩效评价状况；最后针对分析的结果对农业产业化经营组织的优化提出政策建议。
主要研究内容及结论：
第一,基于新制度经济学视角,对农业产业化经营组织的本质与机制进行分析。农业产业化经营组织本质上是农户、农产品加工企业、经纪人以及其他相关市场主体之间,围绕农产品交易通过契约所组成的、规范各方行为的经济组织。在从市场到企业的经济组织“谱系”上,农业产业化经营组织属于介于两个极端之间的中间性经济组织。其组织剩余的来源主要是扩大市场份额而获取更大的市场力量,其次是降低风险而提高期望收益和稳定交易规律以降低交易费用。为了保证组织稳定,农户和其他参与人会选择不同的组织形式并对市场治理、双边治理、三方治理和统一治理四种基本方式进行有效组合而形成不同的治理结构。
第二,在理论分析基础上,结合西南地区农业经济发展背景确定指标、样本范围和方法,对该区域农业产业化经营组织进行调研。研究表明,经纪人带动型经营组织是西南农户参与农业产业化的主要形式,其次分别为企业带动型、合作组织带动型和专业市场带动型的经营组织。农户对农业产业化经营组织的选择呈现明显的区域差异和产品类别差异,具有内在的规律,造成这种差异的原因为环境特征与交易特征。西南地区农业产业化经营组织与农户之间的利益联结紧密程度低,经营主体间缺乏稳定的合作和利益分享机制,合作稳定性差,制度设计和实际运行之间差距较大。农业产业化的不同组织形式对农户生产经营行为产生不同程度的正向作用,在一定程度上提高了农产品商品化、规模化生产程度,从而提高了农业经营效率,尤其是企业带动型经营组织、合作组织带动型经营组织和专业市场带动型经营组织,表现出明显优势。
第三,采用多项选择模型分析农户参与不同经营组织的影响因素,并基于理性假设进行机制分析。农户是基于净收益最大化原则去选择参与不同的农业产业化经营组织,农户兼业性、农产品类型、政府间接支持和农户土地地型是影响农户参与农业产业化经营组织行为的主要因素,并且表现出对不同经营组织的不同影响程度。这表明,制度安排的移植受到农户特性、产业特性、政策环境效率、地区差异等正式和非正式制度环境的约束,从根本上决定了农业产业化经营组织的特殊性。因而在具体的农业产业化经营组织形式选择上,必须满足特定条件,才有可能获得农户的参与和农业生产经营的高效率。
第四,采用模糊层次法分析农户对不同经营组织形式的满意度。实证研究表明,农户对各类产业化经营组织的满意度具有较为显著的差异,其中满意度评价最高的是合作组织带动型经营组织,其次是专业市场带动型经营组织、龙头企业带动型经营组织,经纪人带动型经营组织。另外,合作总体满意度、农产品收购价格、提高纯收入的程度、基础设施投入、生产资料供应、货款支付及时性等6个指标是影响农户满意度的关键因素。
第五,基于农户参与的产业化经营组织综合绩效评价进行实证研究。农业产业化经营组织绩效普遍低下,带动农户能力薄弱,无论是农户直接收入水平的拉动能力,还是农户潜在绩效和利益联结机制都明显不足。相对而言,专业市场带动型组织、合作组织带动型组织的绩效略高于经纪人带动型组织、龙头企业带动型组织。从长远看,若不注重农户“参与式发展”,产业化经营组织的带动能力必然进一步减弱,农户参与行为更加弱化,与产业化经营战略实现目标相距甚远。
最后,针对农业产业化经营组织的实证分析结论,提出了基于农户参与的农业产业化经营组织优化的对策建议和保障措施。对策建议包括：完善利益联结机制,让农户分享产业化增值收益；改善组织经营管理和治理结构,提升带动农户的能力；实现组织服务机制创新,降低农户参与产业化经营的交易成本；实现组织结构高级化变迁,提升组织运行绩效；培育新型生产主体,提升农户参与市场竞争的能力；实现多样化融资渠道,降低组织形成与存在的成本。保障措施包括：加快农业市场体系建设,构建制度变迁的基础环境；提高公共产品供给水平,构建组织优化的辅助系统；优化产业化扶持政策,实现投入机制创新。这些推动农业经营组织措施的实施,应该充分体现“参与式发展”理念,遵循以农户为主体的诱致型变迁、制度的多样性与契合性、政府有限职能的基准。
研究的可能创新：
第一,研究思路上具有一定的新意。基于中间性经济组织范畴和原理体系构建农业产业化经营组织分析框架。农业产业化经营组织是农户、农产品经营与加工企业、经纪人以及政府等相关主体围绕农产品交易,通过不同的契约方式所形成的一系列经济组织,这个组织系统是开放式的,企业或者市场交易都不能完全概括。
第二,研究视角上具有一定的创新。基于“参与式发展”理论从“农户参与”角度分析农业产业化组织的发展规律并进行绩效评价。
第三,研究结果有一些新的发现。本文基于科学精神对西南农户参与产业化经营组织实践进行实地调研,收集了第一手资料,调查设计考虑到不同地型、不同产品类型对农户参与行为的影响；实证研究结果显示基于农户参与的产业化经营组织绩效非常低。这些发现将进一步丰富农业经营组织的现有研究成果。
需要强调的是,本文的研究结构是在形式逻辑分析的基础上进行统计分析,缺少数理形式的演绎,从而研究过程的严密性和结论的可靠性有所欠缺。另外,实证分析所依据的调研数据仅限于西南地区,调研指标的设计上简化程度过高,例如未能考虑政府对经济组织发展的支持力度和方式。在进一步的研究中,可以从这两个方面进行改进,同时可以尝试结合对产业化经营组织的实际经济绩效进行综合评价。
Modernization of agricultural economic organization is the essential step and content during agricultural modernization development. Although the agricultural organization in our country has been developed substantially up to now, the government failure and efficiency contained in the government-led developmental state is not clear and as for which, there has been no simple and mature method to separate or measure. It's necessary to analyze the current situation of China's agricultural organization from a development perspective firstly for recognizing the level of agricultural modernization, evaluating and improving the effectiveness related policy system. The difference between the objectives of the governments and the farmers in agricultural development is the major reason resulting in the government's promoting the development of the agricultural economic organization ineffectively or inefficiently. Thus, it's an effective method to evaluate the organizations of agricultural industrialization in China today by analyzing the basic formation mechanisms and testing the efficiency from the perspective of farmer participation. Participatory development theory shows that the farmers'own participation is the key to sustainable development of agriculture, therefore, the dissertation used the new institutional economics theory to constructs the theoretical framework and empirically analyzed the development state of agriculture management organization in southwest China.
The research idea of this paper is using the new institutional economics research framework for research of the development rule of agricultural industrialization organization, and the southwest practices for empirical analysis. Particulars are as follows:first of all, to determined the starting point, named the behavior of farmers' participating in, by the concept of participatory development on the ground of the research objective of evaluating the government-led agricultural industrialization organization development state; Secondly, on the basis of this, to build a theory research framework which is based on analyzing the agricultural industrialization organization on the ground of the economic organizations and it's governance; Thirdly, and then from the point of view of logical deduction, to develop the influence factors of farmers to participate in agricultural industrialization organization, and a set of performance evaluation indicators for the agricultural industrialization organization, which is based on the farmer's demands for the interests; Fourthly, according to these indicators, to design questionnaire and implement the investigation,which is based on the specific situation of the rural and agricultural development of southwest to obtain the firsthand data covering five hundred and thirty-six farmers and one hundred and fifty-six agricultural industrialization organizations in Sichuan,Yunnan, Guizhou province and Chongqing city; Fifthly, to figure out the survey data, and then to explain the analysis results and list the factors of influencing the farmers to participate in the agricultural industrialization organization and business performance evaluation status of the organization; Finally, to put forward the optimization policy suggestions based on the results of agricultural industrialization organization.
The main research contents and results are as follow:
Firstly, to analyze the essence of agricultural industrialization organization and mechanism based on the perspective of new institutional economics. The agricultural industrialization organization means the economic organization comprised of peasant households, agricultural products processing enterprises, agents and other related market entities by contract, whose aim is to regulate the behavior of all the parties around the agricultural product trade. The agricultural industrialization organization is identified as a intermediate economic organization between two ends in view of the enterprise economic "spectrum" From market to enterprises. The benefit of the organization is to obtain more market power through expanding the market share, to improve the expected return by reducing the risk and, to reduce transaction costs by making the rules of transaction consistent. In order to guarantee the stability of organization, farmers and other participants will make up a complicated governing framework by choosing different organization forms and organizing the four basic measures such as market governance, bilateral governance, trilateral governance and unified governance.
Secondly, to determined the the indicators and the scope of samples and methods on the basis of theoretical analysis and combined with background of southwest region agricultural economic development and, to survey the regional agricultural industrialization organizations. Study shows that the agent-driven management organization is the main form for the farmers in the southwest to participate in agricultural industrialization, and the rest forms respectively are enterprise-driven, cooperation organization-driven and professional market-driven management organizations. Peasant household's choice of agriculture industrialization organization presents obvious differences in the regional difference and product category, which has intrinsic laws, and the causes of the differences are environmental and trading features. The benefit coupling between the agricultural industrializations and the fanners in the Southwest is low. In view of lack of a stable cooperating and benefit sharing mechanism between operators, the cooperation is unstable and there is a large gap between system design and practical operation. Different organization form of agricultural industrialization has different degrees of positive effects on peasant household management, which is, to a certain extent, to improv the degree of commercialization of agricultural products and large-scale production, and then to improve the efficiency of agricultural management, especially enterprise-driven organization, cooperation-driven organization and professional market-driven organization with obvious advantages.
Thirdly, to analyze the main factors influencing the participation of farmers in management organizations with multinomial choice models and to make the mechanism analysis based on the rational hypothesis. The farmers will choose the the agricultural industrialization organization according to the principle of maximization of net profit, therefore, the main factors influencing the participation of farmers in management organizations include the nature of the multiple occupations of farmers, and types of agricultural products, the indirect support from the government, and topography of farmland, which is in return have an effect on the different management organizations to different extent. This indicates that the transplant of system is restrained by some formal and informal system environment factors such as features of farmers, industry, efficiency of policy and regional differences etc, which fundamentally leads to the particularity of agriculture industrialization organizations. Hence the choice of concrete pattern of management organizations of agriculture industrialization has to match certain conditions so that participation of farmers and high efficiency of management of agricultural production can be achieved.
Fourthly, to analyze the farmers'satisfaction level to different management organization forms by using method of fuzzy hierarchy analysis. The empirical research shows that there is significant difference among the fanners'satisfaction level to all kinds of industrialization organization, among which the highest degree of satisfaction evaluation is cooperation-driven management organization; then is professional market-driven management organization, leading enterprises-driven management organization, agent-driven management organization. In addition, The six key factors that affect farmers' satisfaction level are general satisfaction level for cooperation, the purchase price of agricultural products, the degree of increasing net income, infrastructure investment, production materials supplying and payment timeliness.
Fifthly, to conduct an empirical research to the comprehensive performance evaluation based on the farmers, participating in agriculture industrialization organizations. The performance of agriculture industrialization organizations is not good enough to lead the farmers, therefore, both the pulling capacity of farmers' direct income level, or potential performance and farmers' benefit coupling mechanism are obviously inadequate. Comparatively speaking, the performance of professional market-driven model organization and cooperation organization-driven model organization is slightly higher than the performance of the agent-driven model organization and leading enterprises-driven model organization. For a long term, the driving capacity of agriculture industrialization organizations. Is to be weakened if there is lack of the farmers "participatory development", which will weaken the behavior of the farmers participation that is too far from the objective of strategy of the agriculture industrialization management.
Finally, to propose a path of the optimization of the agricultural industrialization organization based on farmers participation in the light of the conclusion of the empirical analysis. The path includes:the perfection of the mutual benefit coupling mechanism, which can let farmers share appreciation income of industrialization; improvement of the organizational management and governance structure to enhance the farmers'ability; achievement of the organizational service mechanism innovation to reduce the transaction costs of farmers participation in industrialization management; promoting organization structure to a high-level to get higher performance of the organization; fostering new subject of production to enhance farmers' ability of participating in market competition. The implementations of these measures to promote agricultural operation organizations were fully embodied the "participatory development" concept, adhere taking farmers as the main body of the induced changes, institutional diversity of the benchmark and in particular, the government limited functions.
The possibility of innovation in this study:
Firstly, the research method has a certain innovation, which is to built the analysis framework of agricultural industrialization organization based on intermediate category of economic organization and principle system. Agricultural industrialization organization is a series of economic organization which is composed of the following covered subjects such as peasant household, agricultural products processing enterprises, agents, government etc around the trade of agricultural products through different ways of contracts. The organization system is open, which can't fully summarize all the enterprises or market transactions.
Secondly, a new research perspective to agriculture industrialization management organization has been applied. The paper has analyzed the law of the development of agricultural industrialization organization based on the theory of participatory development from a perspective of " the farmers participation". and made an evaluation of performance.
Thirdly, the results of the study has some new discovery. The author has collected valuable first-hand information about southwest farmers participation in agricultural industrialization organization though field survey based on the scientific spirit. Survey was designed to adjust different landform type, different product type on the influence of farmers participation behavior. Empirical study results show that the performance of the farmers participation in agricultural industrialization organization is very low, which will enrich the research achievements of agricultural operation organizations at the same time.
What need to stress is that this article's research structure is conducting the statistical analysis on the basis of formal logic analysis, and is lack of the deduction of mathematical form, which makes the research process inaccurate and the conclusion imprecise. In addition, the empirical analysis is based on the survey data which is limited to the southwest, and the design of indicators is too simple, such as failing to consider the supporting degree and the methos of government to the economic organization development. In further research, we can improve from the above-mentioned two aspects, and try to make a comprehensive evaluation with the actual economic performance of agricultural industrialization organization
本文的研究思路是按照新古典主流经济分析方法对我国农业产业化经营组织的发育规律进行研究,并利用西南地区实践进行实证分析。具体来讲,第一,基于评价政府主导背景下农业产业化经营组织发展状态的研究目标,依据参与式发展理念确定研究起点,即农户参与组织行为；第二,在此基础上构建基于经济组织及其治理的农业产业化经营组织分析的理论研究框架；第三,从逻辑演绎角度给出分析农户参与农业产业化经营组织的影响因素、立足农户利益诉求的农业产业化经营组织绩效评价的指标集合；第四,依据这些指标集合,结合西南地区农村与农业发展具体情况设计问卷并实施调研,获取第一手资料,涉及川云黔渝四省(市)536户农户及156个产业化经营主体；第五,针对调研数据进行统计分析,然后对分析结果进行经济解释并给出农户参与产业化经营组织的影响因素以及经营组织的绩效评价状况；最后针对分析的结果对农业产业化经营组织的优化提出政策建议。
主要研究内容及结论：
第一,基于新制度经济学视角,对农业产业化经营组织的本质与机制进行分析。农业产业化经营组织本质上是农户、农产品加工企业、经纪人以及其他相关市场主体之间,围绕农产品交易通过契约所组成的、规范各方行为的经济组织。在从市场到企业的经济组织“谱系”上,农业产业化经营组织属于介于两个极端之间的中间性经济组织。其组织剩余的来源主要是扩大市场份额而获取更大的市场力量,其次是降低风险而提高期望收益和稳定交易规律以降低交易费用。为了保证组织稳定,农户和其他参与人会选择不同的组织形式并对市场治理、双边治理、三方治理和统一治理四种基本方式进行有效组合而形成不同的治理结构。
第二,在理论分析基础上,结合西南地区农业经济发展背景确定指标、样本范围和方法,对该区域农业产业化经营组织进行调研。研究表明,经纪人带动型经营组织是西南农户参与农业产业化的主要形式,其次分别为企业带动型、合作组织带动型和专业市场带动型的经营组织。农户对农业产业化经营组织的选择呈现明显的区域差异和产品类别差异,具有内在的规律,造成这种差异的原因为环境特征与交易特征。西南地区农业产业化经营组织与农户之间的利益联结紧密程度低,经营主体间缺乏稳定的合作和利益分享机制,合作稳定性差,制度设计和实际运行之间差距较大。农业产业化的不同组织形式对农户生产经营行为产生不同程度的正向作用,在一定程度上提高了农产品商品化、规模化生产程度,从而提高了农业经营效率,尤其是企业带动型经营组织、合作组织带动型经营组织和专业市场带动型经营组织,表现出明显优势。
第三,采用多项选择模型分析农户参与不同经营组织的影响因素,并基于理性假设进行机制分析。农户是基于净收益最大化原则去选择参与不同的农业产业化经营组织,农户兼业性、农产品类型、政府间接支持和农户土地地型是影响农户参与农业产业化经营组织行为的主要因素,并且表现出对不同经营组织的不同影响程度。这表明,制度安排的移植受到农户特性、产业特性、政策环境效率、地区差异等正式和非正式制度环境的约束,从根本上决定了农业产业化经营组织的特殊性。因而在具体的农业产业化经营组织形式选择上,必须满足特定条件,才有可能获得农户的参与和农业生产经营的高效率。
第四,采用模糊层次法分析农户对不同经营组织形式的满意度。实证研究表明,农户对各类产业化经营组织的满意度具有较为显著的差异,其中满意度评价最高的是合作组织带动型经营组织,其次是专业市场带动型经营组织、龙头企业带动型经营组织,经纪人带动型经营组织。另外,合作总体满意度、农产品收购价格、提高纯收入的程度、基础设施投入、生产资料供应、货款支付及时性等6个指标是影响农户满意度的关键因素。
第五,基于农户参与的产业化经营组织综合绩效评价进行实证研究。农业产业化经营组织绩效普遍低下,带动农户能力薄弱,无论是农户直接收入水平的拉动能力,还是农户潜在绩效和利益联结机制都明显不足。相对而言,专业市场带动型组织、合作组织带动型组织的绩效略高于经纪人带动型组织、龙头企业带动型组织。从长远看,若不注重农户“参与式发展”,产业化经营组织的带动能力必然进一步减弱,农户参与行为更加弱化,与产业化经营战略实现目标相距甚远。
最后,针对农业产业化经营组织的实证分析结论,提出了基于农户参与的农业产业化经营组织优化的对策建议和保障措施。对策建议包括：完善利益联结机制,让农户分享产业化增值收益；改善组织经营管理和治理结构,提升带动农户的能力；实现组织服务机制创新,降低农户参与产业化经营的交易成本；实现组织结构高级化变迁,提升组织运行绩效；培育新型生产主体,提升农户参与市场竞争的能力；实现多样化融资渠道,降低组织形成与存在的成本。保障措施包括：加快农业市场体系建设,构建制度变迁的基础环境；提高公共产品供给水平,构建组织优化的辅助系统；优化产业化扶持政策,实现投入机制创新。这些推动农业经营组织措施的实施,应该充分体现“参与式发展”理念,遵循以农户为主体的诱致型变迁、制度的多样性与契合性、政府有限职能的基准。
研究的可能创新：
第一,研究思路上具有一定的新意。基于中间性经济组织范畴和原理体系构建农业产业化经营组织分析框架。农业产业化经营组织是农户、农产品经营与加工企业、经纪人以及政府等相关主体围绕农产品交易,通过不同的契约方式所形成的一系列经济组织,这个组织系统是开放式的,企业或者市场交易都不能完全概括。
第二,研究视角上具有一定的创新。基于“参与式发展”理论从“农户参与”角度分析农业产业化组织的发展规律并进行绩效评价。
第三,研究结果有一些新的发现。本文基于科学精神对西南农户参与产业化经营组织实践进行实地调研,收集了第一手资料,调查设计考虑到不同地型、不同产品类型对农户参与行为的影响；实证研究结果显示基于农户参与的产业化经营组织绩效非常低。这些发现将进一步丰富农业经营组织的现有研究成果。
需要强调的是,本文的研究结构是在形式逻辑分析的基础上进行统计分析,缺少数理形式的演绎,从而研究过程的严密性和结论的可靠性有所欠缺。另外,实证分析所依据的调研数据仅限于西南地区,调研指标的设计上简化程度过高,例如未能考虑政府对经济组织发展的支持力度和方式。在进一步的研究中,可以从这两个方面进行改进,同时可以尝试结合对产业化经营组织的实际经济绩效进行综合评价。
Modernization of agricultural economic organization is the essential step and content during agricultural modernization development. Although the agricultural organization in our country has been developed substantially up to now, the government failure and efficiency contained in the government-led developmental state is not clear and as for which, there has been no simple and mature method to separate or measure. It's necessary to analyze the current situation of China's agricultural organization from a development perspective firstly for recognizing the level of agricultural modernization, evaluating and improving the effectiveness related policy system. The difference between the objectives of the governments and the farmers in agricultural development is the major reason resulting in the government's promoting the development of the agricultural economic organization ineffectively or inefficiently. Thus, it's an effective method to evaluate the organizations of agricultural industrialization in China today by analyzing the basic formation mechanisms and testing the efficiency from the perspective of farmer participation. Participatory development theory shows that the farmers'own participation is the key to sustainable development of agriculture, therefore, the dissertation used the new institutional economics theory to constructs the theoretical framework and empirically analyzed the development state of agriculture management organization in southwest China.
The research idea of this paper is using the new institutional economics research framework for research of the development rule of agricultural industrialization organization, and the southwest practices for empirical analysis. Particulars are as follows:first of all, to determined the starting point, named the behavior of farmers' participating in, by the concept of participatory development on the ground of the research objective of evaluating the government-led agricultural industrialization organization development state; Secondly, on the basis of this, to build a theory research framework which is based on analyzing the agricultural industrialization organization on the ground of the economic organizations and it's governance; Thirdly, and then from the point of view of logical deduction, to develop the influence factors of farmers to participate in agricultural industrialization organization, and a set of performance evaluation indicators for the agricultural industrialization organization, which is based on the farmer's demands for the interests; Fourthly, according to these indicators, to design questionnaire and implement the investigation,which is based on the specific situation of the rural and agricultural development of southwest to obtain the firsthand data covering five hundred and thirty-six farmers and one hundred and fifty-six agricultural industrialization organizations in Sichuan,Yunnan, Guizhou province and Chongqing city; Fifthly, to figure out the survey data, and then to explain the analysis results and list the factors of influencing the farmers to participate in the agricultural industrialization organization and business performance evaluation status of the organization; Finally, to put forward the optimization policy suggestions based on the results of agricultural industrialization organization.
The main research contents and results are as follow:
Firstly, to analyze the essence of agricultural industrialization organization and mechanism based on the perspective of new institutional economics. The agricultural industrialization organization means the economic organization comprised of peasant households, agricultural products processing enterprises, agents and other related market entities by contract, whose aim is to regulate the behavior of all the parties around the agricultural product trade. The agricultural industrialization organization is identified as a intermediate economic organization between two ends in view of the enterprise economic "spectrum" From market to enterprises. The benefit of the organization is to obtain more market power through expanding the market share, to improve the expected return by reducing the risk and, to reduce transaction costs by making the rules of transaction consistent. In order to guarantee the stability of organization, farmers and other participants will make up a complicated governing framework by choosing different organization forms and organizing the four basic measures such as market governance, bilateral governance, trilateral governance and unified governance.
Secondly, to determined the the indicators and the scope of samples and methods on the basis of theoretical analysis and combined with background of southwest region agricultural economic development and, to survey the regional agricultural industrialization organizations. Study shows that the agent-driven management organization is the main form for the farmers in the southwest to participate in agricultural industrialization, and the rest forms respectively are enterprise-driven, cooperation organization-driven and professional market-driven management organizations. Peasant household's choice of agriculture industrialization organization presents obvious differences in the regional difference and product category, which has intrinsic laws, and the causes of the differences are environmental and trading features. The benefit coupling between the agricultural industrializations and the fanners in the Southwest is low. In view of lack of a stable cooperating and benefit sharing mechanism between operators, the cooperation is unstable and there is a large gap between system design and practical operation. Different organization form of agricultural industrialization has different degrees of positive effects on peasant household management, which is, to a certain extent, to improv the degree of commercialization of agricultural products and large-scale production, and then to improve the efficiency of agricultural management, especially enterprise-driven organization, cooperation-driven organization and professional market-driven organization with obvious advantages.
Thirdly, to analyze the main factors influencing the participation of farmers in management organizations with multinomial choice models and to make the mechanism analysis based on the rational hypothesis. The farmers will choose the the agricultural industrialization organization according to the principle of maximization of net profit, therefore, the main factors influencing the participation of farmers in management organizations include the nature of the multiple occupations of farmers, and types of agricultural products, the indirect support from the government, and topography of farmland, which is in return have an effect on the different management organizations to different extent. This indicates that the transplant of system is restrained by some formal and informal system environment factors such as features of farmers, industry, efficiency of policy and regional differences etc, which fundamentally leads to the particularity of agriculture industrialization organizations. Hence the choice of concrete pattern of management organizations of agriculture industrialization has to match certain conditions so that participation of farmers and high efficiency of management of agricultural production can be achieved.
Fourthly, to analyze the farmers'satisfaction level to different management organization forms by using method of fuzzy hierarchy analysis. The empirical research shows that there is significant difference among the fanners'satisfaction level to all kinds of industrialization organization, among which the highest degree of satisfaction evaluation is cooperation-driven management organization; then is professional market-driven management organization, leading enterprises-driven management organization, agent-driven management organization. In addition, The six key factors that affect farmers' satisfaction level are general satisfaction level for cooperation, the purchase price of agricultural products, the degree of increasing net income, infrastructure investment, production materials supplying and payment timeliness.
Fifthly, to conduct an empirical research to the comprehensive performance evaluation based on the farmers, participating in agriculture industrialization organizations. The performance of agriculture industrialization organizations is not good enough to lead the farmers, therefore, both the pulling capacity of farmers' direct income level, or potential performance and farmers' benefit coupling mechanism are obviously inadequate. Comparatively speaking, the performance of professional market-driven model organization and cooperation organization-driven model organization is slightly higher than the performance of the agent-driven model organization and leading enterprises-driven model organization. For a long term, the driving capacity of agriculture industrialization organizations. Is to be weakened if there is lack of the farmers "participatory development", which will weaken the behavior of the farmers participation that is too far from the objective of strategy of the agriculture industrialization management.
Finally, to propose a path of the optimization of the agricultural industrialization organization based on farmers participation in the light of the conclusion of the empirical analysis. The path includes:the perfection of the mutual benefit coupling mechanism, which can let farmers share appreciation income of industrialization; improvement of the organizational management and governance structure to enhance the farmers'ability; achievement of the organizational service mechanism innovation to reduce the transaction costs of farmers participation in industrialization management; promoting organization structure to a high-level to get higher performance of the organization; fostering new subject of production to enhance farmers' ability of participating in market competition. The implementations of these measures to promote agricultural operation organizations were fully embodied the "participatory development" concept, adhere taking farmers as the main body of the induced changes, institutional diversity of the benchmark and in particular, the government limited functions.
The possibility of innovation in this study:
Firstly, the research method has a certain innovation, which is to built the analysis framework of agricultural industrialization organization based on intermediate category of economic organization and principle system. Agricultural industrialization organization is a series of economic organization which is composed of the following covered subjects such as peasant household, agricultural products processing enterprises, agents, government etc around the trade of agricultural products through different ways of contracts. The organization system is open, which can't fully summarize all the enterprises or market transactions.
Secondly, a new research perspective to agriculture industrialization management organization has been applied. The paper has analyzed the law of the development of agricultural industrialization organization based on the theory of participatory development from a perspective of " the farmers participation". and made an evaluation of performance.
Thirdly, the results of the study has some new discovery. The author has collected valuable first-hand information about southwest farmers participation in agricultural industrialization organization though field survey based on the scientific spirit. Survey was designed to adjust different landform type, different product type on the influence of farmers participation behavior. Empirical study results show that the performance of the farmers participation in agricultural industrialization organization is very low, which will enrich the research achievements of agricultural operation organizations at the same time.
What need to stress is that this article's research structure is conducting the statistical analysis on the basis of formal logic analysis, and is lack of the deduction of mathematical form, which makes the research process inaccurate and the conclusion imprecise. In addition, the empirical analysis is based on the survey data which is limited to the southwest, and the design of indicators is too simple, such as failing to consider the supporting degree and the methos of government to the economic organization development. In further research, we can improve from the above-mentioned two aspects, and try to make a comprehensive evaluation with the actual economic performance of agricultural industrialization organization
引文
① 参考埃里克·弗鲁博顿、鲁道夫·芮切特编著《新制度经济学——一个交易费用分析范式》(格致出版社,2012)第218页图。
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