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工业化后大城市地区城乡关系转型研究
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摘要
城镇化是伴随工业化发展,非农产业在城镇集聚、农村人口向城镇集中的自然历史过程,是人类社会发展的客观趋势,是国家现代化的重要标志。城镇化可以是工业革命以来人口向城市集聚的经典形式,也可以是工业化后阶段人口、资源向乡村居民点集聚的后现代形式。无论那种形式,只要人口和资源在城乡空间上得到重新调整,我们就可以认为,城乡关系的转型还在继续。
     发达国家在进入工业化后阶段其城乡转型的模式已经从将人口和资源集中在若干中心城市的模式转变为将人口和资源分散到小城镇和村庄的模式,实际上西方国家在人口城市化率达到50%以后走了一条不同于人口城市化率50%以前的传统城乡转型道路,即在进入城市社会后更加注重引导经济要素由向心集聚向离心扩散的转变。2013年我国的城镇化率达到53.7%,较为发达的大城市地区如北京、上海等城市城镇化率达到80%以上,这意味着,我国大城市地区的城乡关系可能会出现历史性的跨越。
     本文对我国大城市地区城乡转型时空过程的研究,发现,就城乡关系角度而言我国大城市地区的工业化经历了从城市工业化到农村工业化与城市工业化并举,正在向城乡一体化的工业化迈进。乡村在内生工业化的基础上出现自主城镇化。但这样一种城乡转型路径却没有得到规制上的认可,这就直接导致了我们城镇化模式总体上滞后于城镇化进程。后果便是由于在工业化后必然出现的经济要素空间离心扩散,空间发展从非均衡走向均衡的趋势没有得到合理的引导,大城市地区出现了中心城市的“城市病”和“农村凋敝”。
     本文以北京为例着重考察了大城市地区村庄的变化,发现工业化后的村庄已经有别于传统的“农村”,具有全新的内涵。但发达国家在工业化后阶段的经济要素的扩散和乡村城镇化这样一种空间经济趋向在我国遇到了障碍,其原因在于我们对“城市”和“乡村”概念理解的不同,我国对于城乡的划分的根本依据在于两种土地所有制形式的区别,并且这一逻辑由于宪法的规定得以固化。因此,即便大城市地区的传统村庄在工业化完成以后出现空间密度、产业结构、就业结构、生活方式都已经与所谓的“城市”出现同质化,依然是“农村”。城乡转型的主流途径依然是土地城市化,这样必然造成“人的城镇化”滞后于“土地的城市化”。
     本文认为,乡村内生的工业化基础上出现的自主城镇化是对工业化中期的“农村工业化”的否定之否定,是工业化后阶段大城市地区城乡转型路径的内在要求,它不仅是疏解中心城功能的有效手段,同时也是振兴乡村活力的根本途径。其关键环节在于转型机制的创新。
Urbanization is a natural historical process that accompanied by industrialization development, non-agricultural industries agglomeration in urban and rural population to urban concentration. It is an objective trend of the development of human society and an important symbol of modernization of a country. Urbanization could be either classical form that population to urban agglomeration since the industrial revolution, or postmodern form that population and resources to rural agglomeration in the post-industrial stage. It is believed that the urban-rural relations is transforming, as long as the population and resources re-adjust in whichever form in urban-rural spatial.
     The rural-urban transform mode of developed countries in the stage of post-industrial belongs to population and resources scattered over small towns and villages, which from the mode of population and resources concentrated in certain central cities. In fact, the rural-urban transform path that after the population urbanization rate reached50is different from before in the western countries. It emphases more on guiding economic factors diffusing rather than gathering in urban society. In2013, the urbanization rate of China was53.7, and more developed metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Shanghai and other cities reached more than80. It means that the urban-rural relationship in metropolitan areas might appear historical leap.
     Research on temporal-spatial process of rural-urban transform of metropolitan area, showing that the industrialization is moving to urban-rural integration after experienced the urban industrialization and urban-rural industrialization. Including rural begins independent urbanization on the basis of the endogenous industrialization. However, such a transform path is not been recognized, which results directly in the urbanization mode lags behind the process. Because of economic factors spatial diffusion in post-industrial stage, as well as the trend from non-equilibrium to equilibrium of space development lack of reasonable guidance, consequently "city diseases" and "the decline of countryside" appear in central cities of metropolitan areas.
     Taking Beijing as the representative, the paper studied the changes of villages in metropolitan areas, finding that villages in the post-industrial stage differ from traditional rural and has new connotation. Economic factors diffuse and rural urbanization starts in developed countries in the post-industrial stage. But such spatial economic trend encountered obstacles in China. The reason is that the different understanding of "urban" and "rural". The urban-rural division based on land tenure systems which were addressed in the Constitution in China. Therefore the traditional villages of metropolitan areas are still "rural" even if it is homogeneous with "cities" in spatial density, industrial structure, employment structure and lifestyle after the completion of the industrialization. The main path of rural-urban transform still is land urbanization, which will inevitably lead to "population urbanization" lags behind "land urbanization".
     The paper argues that rural independent urbanization which bases on the endogenous industrialization is the inherent requirement of rural-urban transform of metropolitan areas in the post-industrial stage. Not only is the effective measure to share central city functions, but also it is fundamental way to revitalize rural vitality. The key part of independent urbanization is innovation of transformation mechanisms.
引文
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    38 从来自不同领域的文献来看,关于城乡关系的讨论中,有两个相联系的提法即“城市化”和“城镇化”,但就表达的内容来看使用哪一种提法,已经不是概念之争,其基本内涵是一致的。由于城镇化是目前中央既定的政策提法,所以近年来,绝大部分学者使用“城镇化”的提法。由于二者所表达的内涵一致,因此在本文中对两种提法不做区分,使用时仅考虑语义上的流畅。
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    53 基于国防安全的考虑,期间大搞“山、散、洞”分散式的三线企业,基础设施投资与原有城镇脱离,布局较为分散,不能提供较多的非农就业机会,为了缓解城市人口以及由此引发的福利压力,国家号召知识青年下乡接受贫下中农的再教育,据《中国劳动工资资料(1949-1985)》统计,1967-1977年,参与“上山下乡”的知青和干部下放达到150万人,全国从城市向农村迁移的总人口数达到4000万,这也使得新中国历史上第二次逆城市化运动得以出现。
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    62 资料来源:根据《中国统计年鉴》(1992)整理,如无注释下同。
    63 中华全国总工会,中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东邓小平江泽民论工人阶级和工会工作.北京:中央文献出版杜,2002:36-37
    64 张京祥,罗震东.中国当代城乡规划思潮.南京:东南大学出版社,2013:39
    65 资料来源:张京祥,罗震东.中国当代城乡规划思潮.南京:东南大学出版社,2013:47
    66 陈吉元、韩俊主编,中国农村工业化道路.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993
    67 数据来源:《中国统计年鉴》(各年)、《中国乡镇企业年鉴》(各年)
    68 资料来源:《中国统计年鉴》(各年)、《中国乡镇企业年鉴》(各年)、《中国农村统计年鉴》(各年)
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    74 《中华人民共和国乡镇企业法》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十二次会议于1996年10月29日通过,自1997年1月1日起施行,标志着国家对乡镇企业的扶持、引导以及合法权益的保护。
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