用户名: 密码: 验证码:
基于数字图像处理的自动调焦技术研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
图像在信息化社会中起到重要的作用,尤其是对于军事领域的大型光测设备,清晰的图像画面可为指挥控制中心提供最直接、最有价值的决策依据。然而,根据成像的原理,任何光学系统在成像过程中都不可避免地遇到离焦的问题。成像系统离焦会使采集到的图像呈现模糊失真,影响后续的传输和处理,尤其在战时甚至会影响到指挥决策的做出。因此,为克服这一弊端,应在光测设备执行任务的同时进行实时的自动调焦,避免因离焦失真带来的影响。传统的调焦方法往往通过测距或相位检测实现,提高对设备的硬件要求,增加成本。本文结合大型光测设备的实际应用,从图像处理的角度出发,采用聚焦深度法,以采集到的图像为依据,在不增加复杂硬件和辅助工具的前提下,实现自动调焦,提高光测设备的智能化。
     根据光学成像系统的原理将基于图像的自动调焦过程分为四个模块:图像预处理、调焦窗口构建、图像质量评价和正焦位置搜索。通过研究国内外自动调焦的发展历程,对比各方法的优劣,结合实际工程任务要求对各模块进行研究,并提出相关算法及整体方案。
     图像预处理的目的是克服噪声和曝光不当对光测设备成像的影响,提高图像质量和识别度。本文针对光照干扰提出具有动态窗口的二维直方图解决方法,使图像中的对比度得到合理增强,校正了曝光不当对成像效果的影响。
     调焦窗口的构建使后续调焦过程仅针对目标进行,有助于降低运算量,克服背景和噪声的影响。针对光测设备所观测目标的位置和大小具有随机性的特点,本文从生物视觉角度出发,提出基于视觉感知的调焦窗口构建方法,以Itti模型为基础模拟人眼观察过程,提取图像信息特征,并通过去噪和模板扩展法建立规则区域,实现对任意调焦状态下调焦窗口的构建。同时,本文又从分类的角度出发,提出结合支持向量机制(SVM)的调焦窗口构建方法,再以分支定界的搜索原则提高目标位置检测的效率。
     图像质量评价是调焦过程的关键步骤,评价效果的好坏直接影响到整个调焦过程成功与否。本文提出结合NSS和空域变换的无参质量评价方法,在空域变换中提取自然图像的统计特征,再与参考特征相比较,实现无参质量评价,克服图像内容的影响,使光测设备在调焦初始阶段仅需一帧图像就能确定离焦程度,为搜索策略的制定提供有效依据,避免了盲目性。同时,为降低耗时和保障调焦精度,本文又提出改进的自相关质量评价方法,扩大函数的原有尺度,增加了垂直和对角方向的相关性,提高评价函数的稳定性和对清晰度的灵敏度,克服调焦过程中光测设备受大气湍流和自身抖动的影响。
     搜索是整个调焦的最终实现,搜索策略的制定应结合实际设备和观测情况。本文的搜索策略采用粗调焦和精调焦相结合的方式,以爬山搜索法为基础,优化搜索步长,在粗调焦中采用结合NSS和空域变换的方法进行质量评价,得到离焦程度和调焦方向;在精调焦阶段采用改进的自相关函数进行评价,降低耗时、保障精度。
     本文最后结合光测设备的实际应用提出基于图像处理的自动调焦整体方案,设计了硬件系统结构和软件流程,并进行了大量的实验验证,分析了调焦效果、精度、稳定性和实时性,建立了统计性数据。结果显示,本方法切实可行,具有较高的实际工程应用价值。
Image is playing very important part in this information-based society,especially for the equipment in military field. Clear image could provide usefulinformation directly for decision-making by headquarters. Actually, there is no kindof optical system can avoid defocus problem because of the imaging principle. Theimage is blur distortion if the optical measurement system is in defocus state. Itcould exert an influence on subsequent processing and transition, especially effectthe decision-making during war time. Consequently, real-time auto-focus is essentialfor optical measure systems performance to avoid disadvantage of blur distortion.Traditional method always solves this problem by distance measurement or phasedetection, which needs extra hardware and increases costs. This paper studies theproject from image processing based on optical measuring equipment. By depthfrom focus, auto-focus can be realized just based on image information without anyother auxiliary tools, which makes the optical measure systems more intelligent.
     Based on imaging principle, the auto-focus procedure includes four modules:pre-processing, focus window construction, image quality assessment and searchingfor focal position. This paper proposes solution to every module and the overallprogram around this topic with the practical engineering requirements after studyingdevelopment history of this field at home and abroad and comparing advantage anddisadvantage of many methods.
     Pre-processing is needed to overcome influence of noise and inappropriate exposure during optical measure systems imaging, meanwhile, can enhance imagequality. To solve the inappropriate exposure, a novel two-dimensional histogrammethod with dynamic window is proposed. This enhances contrast and correctexposure.
     Focus window construction is useful for refraining from affecting of noise andbackground. At the same time, this could reduce the amount of calculation andmakes the following steps just for target region. There is a feature that the positionand size of target is random duiring measurement. This paper presents a novelmethod from biological vision to construct focus window for the feature. Themethod simulates visual perception based on Itti model, extracts feature message andconstructs regular window via extension by cross-shaped template. It can constructfocus window for any focus state. Meanwhile, this paper provide a way by SVMfrom classification to build focus window and invites branch and bound method tooptimize searching process, which can improve location efficiency for target.
     Image quality assessment(IQA)is an critical step for focusing. And the IQAresult can affect the focusing result. This paper proposes a novel method to getno-reference IQA based on natural scene statistics(NSS)and spatial transition. Thiscan overcome the effect of content and decide the defocus extent just by only oneframe in primary stage of focusing for optical measurement. Then, it can directsearching process and avoid blind seeking. Then, the paper improves self-correlationfunction for IQA by larger scale and more orientation pertinence. It can make theIQA result stable and be sensitive to sharpness, meanwhile, overcome the influenceof atmospheric turbulence and equipment jitter to optical measurement.
     Searching is the final step for focusing. Search strategy should be made withconsideration of equipment and application. This paper adopts rough focusing andfine focusing based on hill climbing search method to optimize searching step length.In rough process, the method of combining NSS and spatial transition is applied forIQA. In fine process, the method of advanced correlation function is applied for IQA.The first one is used to defocus degree and direction. The second one is used to reduce costs and ensure accuracy.
     Finally, this paper provides the whole auto-focus program based on imageprocessing for optical measurment. The program includes hardware and softwarestructure. After a lot of experiments, the paper analyses focusing results, accuracy,stability and real time feature, meanwhile, makes statistic dates. The results showthat the program is feasible and useful for engineering.
引文
[1] B.S. Luthi,N. Thomas,S.F. Hviid,et al. An efficient autofocus algorithm for avisible microscope on a Mars lander [J]. Planetary and Space Science,2010,58:1258-1264
    [2] Sun Y,Duthaler S,Nelson B J. Autofocusing in computer microscopy: Selectingthe optimal focus algorithm [J]. Microscopy Research and Technique,2004,65:139-149
    [3] Xixi Meng,Huajun Feng,Zhihai Xu,et al. A method of autofocus for remotesensing camera [J]. Remote Sensing System Engineering,2010,7813:78130L
    [4] M. Moscaritolo,H. Jampel. F. Knezevich,et al. An image based auto-focusingalgorithm for digital fundus photography [J]. IEEE Transactions on MedicalImaging,2009,28(11):1703-1707
    [5] Mukul V. Shirvaikar. An optimal measure for camera focus and exposure [J].Proceeding of the Thirty Sixth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,2004:472-475
    [6]陈国金.数字图像自动聚焦技术研究及系统实现[D]:[博士毕业论文].西安:西安电子科技大学,2007
    [7]黄德天.基于图像技术的自动调焦方法研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].长春:中科国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2013
    [8]林兆华.基于图像处理自动调焦技术在经纬仪中应用的研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].长春:中科国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2013
    [9] http://www.digital.idv.tw/DIGITAL/Classroom/MROH-CLASS/Oh32/index-oh32.htm
    [10]Zhaohui Li, Keyong Wu.Autofocus system for space cameras [J].OpticalEngineering,2005,44(5):05300-1-05300-5.
    [11]Siavash Yazdanfar,Kevin B. Kenny,Krenar Tasimi,et al. Simple and robustimage-based autofocusing digital microscopy [J]. Optics Express,2008,16(12):8670-8677.
    [12] Ying Zhang.Adaptive autofocusing: a closed-loop perspective [J].Optical Societyof America,2005,22(4):625-635
    [13] Jiang Gangyi,Yi Wenjuan,Yu Mei,et al. Digital Autofocusing Method Based onContourlet Transform [J].Optoelectronics Letters,2007,3(5):381-384.
    [14]Mario A. Bueno-Ibarra,Josue Alvarez-Borrego,Leonardo Acho,et al. Fastautofocus algorithm for automated microscopes [J]. Optical Engineering,2005,44(6):063601-1-8.
    [15]于秋水.基于图像处理方法的光学瞄具自动调焦技术研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].长春:长春理工大学,2010
    [16]尤玉虎,刘通,刘佳文.基于图像处理的自动对焦技术综述[J].激光与红外,2013,43(2):133-136
    [17] M. Subbarao,T. S. Choi,and A. Nikzad. Focusing Techniques[J]. OpticalEngineering,1993,32(11):2824-2836.
    [18]黄剑琪.基于频谱分析的数字对焦技术研究[D]:[硕士毕业论文].杭州:浙江大学,2001.
    [19] Yi Yao,Besma Abidi,Narjes Doggaz,et al. Evaluation of sharpness measures andsearch algorithms for the auto-focusing of high magnification images [J]. VisualInformation Proeessing,2006,6246:62460G
    [20]徐博泓.基于图像的自动调焦方法研究及系统实现[D]:[硕士学位论文].长沙:国防科技大学,2010
    [21]行长印.基于图像信息的自动视频调光调焦[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:长春理工大学,2009
    [22]张洪文.空间相机调焦技术的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2003
    [23] Y. S. Kim,H. S. Kim. Use of null optics for monitoring the optical alignment of abe am director [J]. Applied Optics,2005,44(20):4239-4243
    [24] V. Aslantas,D. T. Pham.Depth from automatic defocusing [J].Optics Express,2007,15(3):1011-1023
    [25] Piatrou P.,M. Roggemann.Beaconless stochastic parallel gradient descent laserbeam control: numerical experiments [J].Applied Optics,2007,46(27):6831-6842
    [26]Piatrou P.,M. Roggemann.Beaconless stochastic parallel gradient descent laserbeam control: numerical experiments [J].Applied Optics,2007,46(27):6831-6842
    [27] C. Zhou,S.K. Nayar,S. Lin. Coded aperture pairs for depth from defocus anddefocus deblurring [J]. Int J Comput Vis,2011(93):53-72
    [28] Rafael Redondo,Gloria Bueno,Juan Carlos Valdiviezo,et al. Autofocusevaluation for brightfield microscopy pathology [J]. Journal of BiomedicalOptics,2012,17(3):036008
    [29]王欣,安志勇,杨瑞宁.基于图像清晰度评价函数的CCD摄像机自动调焦技术研究[J].长春理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,31(1):11-14
    [30]赵志彬.机载光电平台可见光摄像机自动调焦技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2010
    [31]周贺.摄像模块自动调焦和景深自动测试设备的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:长春理工大学,2009
    [32]黄艳,徐巧玉,叶东,等.基于微分图像自相关的自动对焦法[J].光学学报,2010,30(12):3435-3440
    [33]王德江,李文明,许永森,等. TDI-CCD全景航空相机快速自动检调焦方法[J].光电子激光,2012,23(8):1452-1457
    [34]李奇.数字自动对焦技术的理论及实现方法研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
    [35]胡凤萍.视频自动聚焦方法的研究与实现[D]:[硕士毕业论文].西安:西安电子科技大学,2008
    [36]蔡昌金,朱明.基于DSP的自动调焦系统[J].电子器件,2007,30(1):297-299
    [37]徐新.数字图像自动调焦技术及其在低光照环境下的应用研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].上海:上海交通大学,2012.
    [38] H.Harms,H.M.Aus.Comparision of Digital Focus Criteria for a TV MicroscopeSystem[J]. Cytometry,1988,5:236-243
    [39] F.C.A.Groen,Ian T Young,G.Lighart,A Comparison of Different FocusFunctions for Use in Autofocus Algorithms[J].Cytometry,1985,6:81-91
    [40] L.Firestone,K.Cook, K.Culp,M.Talsania,K. J. Preston. Comparison ofAutofocus Methods for Automated Microscopy[J].Cytometry,1991,12:195-206
    [41] Jinlong Lin,Chao Zhang,Qingyun Shi. Estimating the amount of defocusthrough a wavelet transform approach [J]. Pattern Recognition Letters,2004,25:407-411
    [42] Robin N. Strickland,Hee Il Hahn. Wavelet transform methods for objectdetection and recovery [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGEPROCESSING,1997,6(5):724-735
    [43] Loren Shih. Autofocus survey:a comparison of algorithms[C].Proc. SPIE,2007,6502:1-11
    [44]陈琛.图像式三坐标测量仪大范围快速自动调焦策略的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,2009
    [45]金雪.基于图像分析的光学参数测试技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].西安:西安工业大学,2012
    [46]M. Watanabe,S.K. Nayar. Rational filters for passive depth from defocus[J].International Journal of Computer Vision,1998,27(3):203-225
    [47]N. Kehtarnavaz, H.-J.Oh. Development and real-time implementation of arule-based auto-focus algorithm [J]. Real-Time Imaging,2003,9:197-203
    [48]Mark Gamadia, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Katie Roberts-Hoffman. Low-lightanto-focus enhancement for digital and cell-phone camera image pipelines [J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronic,2007,53(2):249-257
    [49]Akrira Akiyama,Nobuaki Kobayashi,Eiichiro Mutoh,et al. Infrared ImageGuidance for Ground Vehicle based on Fast Wavelet Image Focusing andTracking [J].Proc. of SPIE,2009,(7429):742906
    [50]Vishnu V. Makkapati. Improved Wavelet-based Microscope Autofocusing forBlood Smears byUsing Segmentation [C].5th Annual IEEE Confernce onAutomation Science and Engineering,2009:208-211
    [51]S. Matsui,H. Nagahara,R. Taniguchi. Half-sweep imaging for depth fromdefocus [C]. Proceedings of the5th Pacific Rim conference on Advances inImage and Video Technology,2011:335-347
    [52]http://www.chiphell.com/thread-389855-1-1.html
    [53] Ren Ng. DIGITAL LIGHT FIELD PHOTOGRAPHY[D]. California:stanforduniversity.2006
    [54] A.N. Joseph Raj,R.C. Staunton. Rationalflter design for depth from defocus[J].Pattern Recognition,2012,45:198-207
    [55]白立芬,徐敏娴,于水等.基于图像处理的显微镜自动调焦方法研究[J].仪器仪表学报,1999,20(6):612-614
    [56]王健.基于图像处理的自动调焦技术研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].成都:中国科学院光电技术研究所,2013
    [57]李奇,冯华君,徐之海.基于离焦估计的对焦速度的提高方法[J].光电子激光,2005,16(7):850-853
    [58]余超,王伯雄,郑汉卿,等.显微镜自动粗调焦的TennenGrad改进算法[J].光学精密工程,2007,15(5):784-790
    [59]蒋凤林.基于数字图像处理的自动调焦算法研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2008
    [60]梁敏华,吴志勇,陈涛.采用最大灰度梯度法实现经纬仪自动调焦控制[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(12):3016-3021
    [61]赵志彬,刘晶红.基于图像处理的航空成像设备自动调焦设计[J].液晶与显示,2010,25(6):863-868
    [62]孟希羲,冯华君,徐之海.基于面阵CCD的时间延时积分模式的空间相机自动对焦[J].光学学报,2011,31(11):1128002
    [63]吕恒毅,刘杨,薛旭成,等.遥感相机的智能调焦方法[J].红外与激光工程,2012,41(5):1262-1265
    [64]卢振华,郭永飞,李洪法,等.利用LSF实现推扫式遥感相机的自动调焦[J].红外与激光工程,2012,41(7):1808-1814
    [65]陶淑苹,张续严,金光,等.基于方向WPS改进TDICCD遥感图像清晰度评价函数[J].2013,42(8),2080-2084
    [66]史红伟,石要,杨爽.光学显微镜自动调焦指导函数的评价与选择[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2013,25(2),235-240
    [67]郁道银,谈恒英.工程光学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1999
    [68]陈国金.数字图像自动聚焦技术研究及系统实现[D]:[博士毕业论文].西安:西安电子科技大学,2007
    [69]蒋婷.基于图像处理的自动对焦理论和技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2008
    [70]黄德天,吴志勇,刘雪超.一种适用于任意目标的离焦深度快速自动聚焦技术[J].光电子·激光,2013,24(4):799-804
    [71]裴锡宇,冯华君,李奇,等.一种基于频谱分析的离焦深度自动对焦法[J].光电工程,2003,30(5):62-65
    [72]夏良正.数字图像处理[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999
    [73]沈庭芳,方子文编著.数字图像处理及模式识别[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1998
    [74]宋岩峰,邵晓鹏,徐军.基于双平台直方图的红外图像增强算法[J].红外与激光工,2008,37(2):308-311
    [75] Turgay Celik.Two-dimensional histogram equalization and contrast enhancement[J].Pattern Recognition,2012,45:3810-3824
    [76]韩希珍,赵建.结合偏微分方程增强图像纹理及对比度[J].光学精密工程,2012,20(6):1382-1388
    [77]武治国,王延杰.一种基于直方图非线性变换的图像对比度增强方法[J].光子学报,2010,39(4):755-758
    [78] ITU-R,BT.500-11,Methodology for the Subjective Assessment of the Quality ofTelevision Pictures.2002.
    [79] Sheikh H.R.,Wang Z.,Bovik A.C. LIVE image quality assessment databaseRelease2. http://live.ece.utexas.edu/research
    [80] Wang Z.,Sheikh H.R.,BovikA.C.Objeetive video quality assessment,in: B.Furht,0.Marqure(Eds.), The Handbook of Video Database: Design andAPPlieations,CRCPress,BocaRaton,Florida,2003,PP.1041-1078
    [81]赵辉,鲍歌堂,陶卫.图像测量中自动调焦函数的实验研究与分析[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(5):531-536
    [82]徐洲.一种基于图像处理的自动聚焦方法的研究[D].西安:西安光学精密机械研究所,2003.
    [83]卢振华.推扫式遥感相机基于图像的实时自动调焦研究[D].长春:长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2012
    [84] R. A. Jarvis. Focus optimization criteria for computer image processing [J].Microscope,1976,24(2):163-180
    [85]倪军,袁家虎,吴钦章.基于边缘特征的光学图像清晰度判定[J].中国激光,2009,36(1):172-176
    [86] S. K. Nayar,Y. Nakagawa. Shape from focus[J]. IEEE Transactions on PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence,1994,16(8):824-831
    [87]谢攀,张利,康宗明,等.一种基于尺度变化的DCT自动聚焦算法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(1):55-58
    [88]赵秋玲,赵建森,蒋永华.改进DCT的自动聚焦算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2007,12(7):1206-1208
    [89]谢攀,张利,康宗明,等.一种基于尺度变化的DCT自动聚焦算法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2003,43(1):55-58
    [90] Ge Yang,Bradley J Nelson. Wavelet-Based Autofocusing and UnsupervisedSegmentation of Microscopic Images[C]. Proceedings of the2003IEEE/RSJ lntl.Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems,2003:2143-2148
    [91]菅维乐,姜威,周贤.一种基于小波变换的数字图像自动聚焦算法[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2004,34(6):38-40,59
    [92]王义文,刘献礼,谢晖.基于小波变换的显微图像清晰度评价函数及3-D自动调焦技术[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(6):1063-1069
    [93] Zhu Zhengtao,LI Shaofa,Chen Huaping. Research on Auto-Focused FunctionBased on the Image Entropy [J]. Optics and Precision Engineering,2004,12(5):537-542
    [94]胡涛,陈世哲,刘国栋,等.显微视觉系统中自动调焦评价函数的选取[J].半导体光电,2006,27(2):216-220
    [95] D. Vollath. Automatic focusing by correlative methods[J]. J. Microscopy,1987,147(3):279-288
    [96]张东.自然图像统计在图像处理领域的应用[D]:[博士毕业论文].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
    [97]金波,李朝锋,吴小俊.结合NSS和小波变换的无参考图像质量评价[J].中国图象图形学报,2012,17(1):33-39.
    [98]楼斌,沈海斌,赵武锋等.基于自然图像统计的无参考图像质量评价[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2010,44(2):248-252.
    [99] Anush Krishna Moorthy,Alan Conrad Bovik. A Two-Step Framework forConstructing Blind Image Quality Indices[J]. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSINGLETTERS,2012,17(5),513-516
    [100] Michele A. Saad,Alan C. Bovik,Christophe Charrier. Blind Image QualityAssessment: A Natural Scene Statistics Approach in the DCT Domain[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING,2012,21(8):3339-3352
    [101] G. J. Burton,N. D. Haig,and I. R. Moorhead. A self-similar stack model forhuman and machine vision[J]. Biological Cybernetics,53(6):397-403,1986
    [102] D. J. Field. Relations between the statistics of natural images and the responseproperties of cortical cells[J]. Journal of Optical Society of American,1987,4(12):2379-2394
    [103] S. C. Zhu,et al. Prior learning and gibbs reaction diffusion [J]. IEEE Trans.Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1997,19(11):1236-1250
    [104] A. Turiel,N. Parga,D. L. Ruderman,and T. W. Cronin. Multiscaling andinformation content of natural color images[J]. Physical Review E,2000,62(1):1138-1148
    [105] D. J. Field. Relations between the statistics of natural images and the responseproperties of cortical cells [J]. Journal of Optical Society of American,1987,4(12):2379-2394
    [106] Stephane Mallat. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the waveletrepresentation [J]. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1989,11(7):674-693
    [107]石蕴玉.自然图像的客观质量评价研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].上海:上海大学,2011.
    [108] Daniel L Ruderman. The statistics of natural images [J]. Computation in NeuralSystems,1994,5:517-548.
    [109] Anish Mittal,Anush Krishna Moorthy,and Alan Conrad Bovik. No-ReferenceImage Quality Assessment in the Spatial Domain [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONSON IMAGE PROCESSING,2012,21(12):4695-4708
    [110]110Anish Mittal, Rajiv Soundararajan, and Alan C. Bovik. Making a―Completely Blind‖Image Quality Analyzer[J]. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSINGLETTERS,2013,20(10):209-212.
    [111]余绍权,赵倩,李宏伟.广义高斯分布的参数估计及其收敛性质[J].应用数学,2004,17:199-202.
    [112]胡勇,赵春霞,郭志波等.一种基于相对熵阈值分割的改进算法[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(12):3731-3733
    [113] Sheikh H R,Wang Z,Cormack L,et al. LIVE image quality assessmentdatabase release2[EB/OL].(2006)[2012-01-02]. http://Live. Ece. Utexas. edu/research/Quality/
    [114] Ponomarenko N,Lukin V,Zelensky A,et al. TID2008-a database for evaluationof full reference visual quality assessment metrics[J]. Advances of ModernRadioelectronics,2009,10:30-45
    [115] Ninassi A,Callet P L,Autrusseau F. IVC image quality assessment database[EB/OL].(2005)[2012-01-02]. http://www2.irccyn. ec-nantes. fr/ivcdb/
    [116] Zhou Wang,Alan Conrad Bovik,Hamid Rahim Sheikh,et al. Image QualityAssessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity [J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING,2004,14(4),600-612.
    [117] Zhou Wang, Eero P. Simoncelli and Alan C. Bovik. MULTI-SCALESTRUCTURAL SIMILARITY FOR IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT[C].Proceedings of the37th IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems andComputers,Pacific Grove,CA,2003,9(12).
    [118]马奇,张立明.快速注意力选择计算及其在图像质量评价中的应用[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2009,21(7):973-983.
    [119]韦学辉,李均利,陈刚.一种图像感知质量评价模型[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(112):1540-1545
    [120] Vollath D. Automatic Foeusing by Correlative Methods [J]. Microse,1987,147:279-288.
    [121] Vbllath D. The Infiuence of the Scene Parameters and Noise on the Behaviourof Automatic Focusing Algorithms[J]. Mierose.,1988,151:133-146
    [122]李奇,徐之海,冯华君,等.数字成象系统自动对焦区域设计[J].光子学报,2002,31(1):63-66
    [123]李奇,徐之海,冯华君,等.自动对焦系统中图像非均匀采样的实验研究[J].光子学报,2003,32(12):1499-1501.
    [124]朱孔凤,姜威等.自动聚焦系统中聚焦窗口的选择及参量的确定[J].光学学报,2006,26(6):836-840
    [125] Y.L.Xiong,S.A.Shafer. Depth from focusing and defocusing[J]. Proc. computerVision and Pattern Recognition,IEEE1993:68-73
    [126] Laurent Itti,Christof Koch,and Ernst Niebur. A Model of Saliency-based VisualAttention for Rapid Scene Analysis[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERNANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE,1998,20(11):1254-1259
    [127]江梅.基于生物视觉感知模型的目标识别[D]:[硕士毕业论文].南京:南京理工大学.2011.
    [128] D. Marr.视觉计算理论[M].北京.科学出版社.姚国正等译.1988
    [129]李作进.基于视觉认知的自然图像目标识别研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].重庆:重庆大学,2010.
    [130] Treisman A M,GeladeG. A feature integration theory of attention[J]. CognitivePsyehology,1980,12(l):97-136.
    [131] KoehC,Ullma5. Shifts in seleetive visual attention: towards the underlyingneural eireuitry [J]. Hum.Neurobiology.1985,4(4):219-227
    [132] IttiL,KoehC,Niebur E. A model of salieney-based visual attention for rapidscene analysis [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and MachineIntelligence,1998,20(11):1254-1259
    [133] IttiL,KoehC. Computational modeling of visual attention [J]. Nature ReVieWNeuroscience,2001,2(3):194-203
    [134] Hubel D H,Wiesel TN. Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat’s striatecortex[J]. Physiology.1959,148(3):574-591
    [135] D. H. Hubel,T.N. Wiesel. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visualcortex[J]. Royal Society of London Proceedings Series B,1977,198:1-59
    [136]张立保,王鹏飞.高分辨率遥感影像感兴趣区域快速检测[J].中国激光,2012,39(7):1-5
    [137] Laurent Itti CK. Feature combination strategies for saliency-based visualattention systems[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging,2001,10(1),161–169
    [138] Dangman J G. Uncertainty relation for resolution in space,spatial frequcney andorientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters[J]. OpticalSociety America A: Optics,Image Seience,and Vision,1985,2(7):1160-1169
    [139]张立保.基于区域增长的遥感影像视觉显著目标快速检测[J].中国激光,2012,39(11):1-7
    [140]王翔,丁勇.基于Gabor滤波器的全参考图像质量评价方法[J].浙江大学学报,2013,47(3),422-430
    [141] T. Serre,M. Riesenhunber. Realistic modeling of simple and complex celltuning in the HMAX model and implications for invariant object recognition incortex[D]. MIT,Cambridge,MA,CBCL Paper239/AI Memo,2004
    [142] Hubel D H,Wiesel T N. Receptive fields and functional architecture of themonkey striate cortex [J]. Physiol,1965,195:215-243
    [143] Orin S. Packer,Dennis M. Dacey. Synergistic center-surround receptive fieldmodel of monkey H1horizontal cells [J]. Journal of Vision,2005,5:1038–1054
    [144] Rodieck R W,Stone J J. Analysis of receptive fields of cat retina ganglion cell[J]. Neural Physiology,1965,28(5):833-849
    [145] Vapnik V N. Statistical Learning Theory[M]. New York: Wiley,1998
    [146] Vapnik V N.编著,张学工译.统计学习理论的本质[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000
    [147]梅建新.基于支持向量机的高分辨率遥感影像的目标检测研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004
    [148] Scholkopf B,Mika S,Burges C J C,Knirsch P,Muller K-R,Ratsch G,SmolaAJ. Input space versus feature space in kernel-based methods[J]. IEEE Trans.Neural Networks,1999,10:1000-1017
    [149] Burges C J C.A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition[J].Knowledge Diseovery and Data Mining,1998,2(2):121-167
    [150]宋华军.基于支持向量机的目标跟踪技术研究[D]:[博士毕业论文].长春:中科国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2006
    [151]管琳.用分支定界算法求解旅行商问题[J].中北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,28(2):104-107
    [152]吴品.基于分支定界的列车运行实时预测调度研究[D]:[硕士毕业论文].北京:北京交通大学,2011
    [153]刘泳.基于拉格朗日松弛和分支定界算法的3PL运输调度问题[D]:[硕士毕业论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2011
    [154]陈超. MATLAB应是实例精讲-图像处理与GUI设计篇[M],电子工业出版社,2011
    [155] Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin,LBISVM: a library for support Vectormachines,2001
    [156]李庆祥,王东生.现代精密仪器设计[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006
    [157]韦玉科,李江平,等.一种基于图像处理的舌象采集自动调焦算法[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2011,41(4):95-100

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700