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中国工程机械产业国际竞争力研究
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摘要
工程机械产业是国家经济的基础,在国民经济中占据重要地位。现阶段我国工程机械产业的发展正处于关键时期,而目前的国内外形势使得我国工程机械产业面临的国际竞争更加激烈。本文选择工程机械产业的国际竞争力研究作为研究对象,研究其发展现状、未来趋势和国际竞争力,以找到中国工程机械产业面对更加激烈国际竞争的应对之策,为我国工程机械产业政策的制定和工程机械企业的决策提供理论依据。
     第1章是本文的绪论,全面阐述中国工程机械产业所处的全球经济一体化和中国经济增速换挡的背景,说明了本文的研究目的和意义,介绍了本文的研究方法,总结了本文的创新与不足。
     第2章是国内外相关研究综述,对关于产业竞争力的定义,国家竞争力和产业竞争力之间的关系,产业竞争力的影响因素,产业竞争力的评价方法等方面理论文献进行了回顾。
     第3章在国内外关于企业竞争力和产业竞争力的文献基础之上,提出从企业竞争力入手研究产业的国际竞争力,将产业国际竞争力的影响因素划分三个层次:基础性因素、决定性因素和系统性因素,并以此为结构研究中国工程机械产业国际竞争力。
     第4章分析了中国工程机械产业国际竞争力的系统性因素和部分基础性因素。研究结果表明虽然过去十几年时间中国工程机械产业经历了长足的发展,但面临的国内外形势不容乐观。受中国经济增长速度下降和全球经济不景气影响,工程机械产业的有效需求正在减少。中国正在从连续多年持续两位数的高速增长转向中高速增长,固定资产投资增长放缓。这种趋势很有可能将会是长期性的,而工程机械产业与经济增长速度和固定资产投资增速相关性较大,未来工程机械产业市场竞争将会更加激烈。
     第5章研究了中国工程机械产业国际竞争力决定性因素之一的技术水平。研究结果表明跨国公司FDI投资通过市场竞争和技术示范效应、前后向关联等途径带来的技术溢出效应较为显著,而通过人力资本流动所带来的技术溢出效应相对较小。总体上看,FDI投资技术溢出效应是我国工程机械产业快速追赶技术差距,增强国际竞争力的重要途径,但继续通过学习跨国公司技术来提高技术水平已经变得很困难。因此本土企业应当加强自主研发能力的培育,但是利用面板数据模型研究发现,R&D投入对于中国工程机械产业产出弹性约为0.19左右,其作用仍然低于资本和劳动力。出现这种情况的原因可能是因为目前中国工程机械产业仍然处于规模报酬递增阶段,增加生产要素可以提高工程机械产业产出。中国快速的经济发展和固定资产投资建设带来了大量的工程机械需求,企业扩大市场的最直接方式就是通过扩大投入生产更多的产品,并通过负债销售等方式刺激销售。但是当中国经济增长速度放缓并导致需求减少的时候,企业必须要通过在技术上占据优势来获得竞争力。目前中国企业在技术上的劣势比较明显,需要未来通过增加研发投入,改进研发效率等方式进行追赶。
     第6章分析了另一项中国工程机械产业国际竞争力决定性因素——经营效率。利用了DEA交叉评价分析方法比较了国内和国外工程机械企业的经营效率,结果表明中国工程机械企业在投入产出的效率方面并不弱于国外企业。在DEA效率评价分析当中,中联重科排名第一,国际巨头卡特彼勒排在次席,徐工机械和三一重工紧随其后。但是中国企业在经营效率得分中排名较高并不能排除其中是否有中国生产要素价格较低的影响。中国巨大的人力资源优势不仅可以表现在低端的劳动密集型产业中,同样可以表现在一些高技术产业当中。熟练技术工人和工程师的薪资水平远远低于国外,政府常常以较低甚至免费的价格将土地等资源供给企业使用,银行也以较低的利率为大企业提供贷款。因此,虽然中国企业在效率评价中占优,但是并不能判断出中国工程机械企业是真正的比国外企业更具有效率,还是因为中国的生产要素价格更低导致。同时,值得注意的是中国的要素价格正在逐渐上升当中。
     第7章研究了在中国工程机械产业在发展过程中具有重要作用的集群效应,认为产业集群是形成产业竞争力的有效发展模式,是中国工程机械产业获得国际竞争力的重要途径。经过了多年的发展,中国工程机械产业形成了徐州、常州、长沙、济宁、厦门和柳州为代表的6大集群。本章对中国工程机械产业集群竞争力的形成因素,以及产业集群和产业竞争力之间的相互关系进行了分析和论述。
     本文第8章在前面几章研究的基础之上构建了工程机械产业的国际竞争力指数。经过分析本章选取了区位因素、规模因素、技术和创新因素以及经营效率等四个方面的因素来衡量工程机械企业竞争力。其中区位因素包含了GDP增长速度、固定资产投资增长速度、全球销售额前10的企业数量等指标,规模因素包含了公司员工数量、总资产和固定资产等指标,技术和创新因素包含了R&D费用占销售收入比重、R&D人员占比、产品平均价格等指标。通过灰色关联度分析找出各个指标影响竞争力的重要程度,各指标重要程度排序为总资产>经营效率>固定资产>R&D人员占比> R&D费用占销售收入比重>公司员工数量>固定资产投资增长速度> GDP增长速度>全球销售额前20的企业数量>产品平均价格。根据分析结果,为各个指标分配了合理的权重。利用加权和法建立竞争力指数,按照总分高低参评企业排序为中联重科、卡特彼勒、三一重工、徐工机械、小松、特雷克斯、日立建机、斗山、厦工股份、山推股份、柳工、山河智能。虽然从得分情况来看,中国工程机械企业取得了较好的成绩,但是中国企业得分主要因为在区位因素和经营效率两项上得分较高,而这两项得分较高的原因并不是一定能够持续下去的,需要努力提高在其他指标当中的低分以弥补在这两项当中的下滑。
     第9章在前文研究的基础之上,提出了提高中国工程机械产业国际竞争力的战略对策,主要从如何加快自主研发能力的形成,利用资本运作积极开展海外收购,积极谋划海外布局,提前筹划应当贸易摩擦,扶持龙头企业发展以提高产业集中度,加快发展高端工程机械制造,以及从产业集群视角增强中国工程机械产业竞争力的策略进行阐述。
     在对工程机械产业进行了全面分析之后,最后是论文的主要结论。
Construction machinery industry is the basis of the national economy, and playsan important role in the national economy. In the current domestic and internationalsituation, China's construction machinery industry faces more intense internationalcompetition. It’s a critical period for China's construction machinery industry. Thispaper selects the construction machinery industry internationally competitivenessresearch about its development status, future trends and the competitiveness ofenterprises. In order to find the way to face of more intense international competitionof China's construction machinery industry, this paper try to provide theoretical basisfor China's construction machinery industry policy and construction machinerybusiness decisions.
     Chapter1is the introduction of this paper, which includes a comprehensiveexposition of global economic integration, the shift of economic growth, descriptionof the purpose and significance of this paper. Chapter1introduces the researchmethod, and summarizes the innovation and inadequate.
     Chapter2is a synthesis of research at home and abroad, on the aspects of therelationship between the definition of industrial competitiveness, nationalcompetitiveness and industrial competitiveness among the factors affecting industrialcompetitiveness, industrial competitiveness evaluation methods.
     On the basis of literature competitiveness of enterprises and industrialcompetitiveness, chapter3divided the industry internationally competitive factorsinto three levels: basic factors, the decisive factor, and system factors, and as a structural study of China's construction machinery industry internationalcompetitiveness.
     Chapter4analyzes the systemic factors of China's construction machineryindustry internationally competitive and some basic factors. The results show thatalthough in the past dozen years China's construction machinery industry hasundergone considerable development, the domestic and the international situation isnot optimistic. China's economic growth slowed down by the global economicdownturn and the impact of effective demand for construction machinery industry isdecreasing. China is moving from a high-speed consecutive years of double-digitgrowth to continue in the rapid growth of fixed asset investment growth slowed. Andthis trend is likely to be long-term in nature. The construction machinery industry andeconomic growth in fixed asset investment growth rate and greater relevance, futureconstruction machinery industry market competition will become more intense.
     Chapter5examines the technological level of China's construction machineryindustry, which is one of the decisive internationally competitive factors. The resultsshow that multinational demonstration FDI investment effect is much obvious,mainly according to market competition and technology spillovers, and technologyspillover effect brought about by the flow of human capital is relatively small. Overall,FDI investment is an important way. According to technology spillover effect, China'sconstruction machinery industry catches up the technology gap. But it has becomevery difficult to continue through multinational technology to improve learning skills.Therefore, local enterprises should strengthen the cultivation of independent researchand development capabilities.According to panel data models found, this paperstudies R&D investment for China's construction machinery industry output. Theresult shows elasticity of about0.19, so to improve productivity havs a significanteffect, but the effect is still lower than the capital and labor. And China's construction machinery industry is still in the stage of increasing returns to scale, an increase ofproduction factors can increase the construction machinery industry output. China'srapid growth of economic development and the construction of fixed asset investmenthave brought a lot of demand for construction machinery, the most direct way toexpand production is to increase input, and boost sales through debt sales and othermeans. But when China's economic growth is slowing down and lead to reduceddemand, companies must strengthen technology to gain a competitiveness. China’senterprises technique is more obvious weaknesses, and needs to catch up with thefuture through increased R&D investment, improving R&D efficiency and othermeans.
     In Chapter6, a comparative analysis of DEA cross-evaluation of domestic andforeign construction machinery enterprises performance, results show that China’sconstruction machinery enterprises in the input-output efficiency is not inferior toforeign companies. In the evaluation, Zoomlion ranked first, the international giantCaterpillar came in second place, XCMG and Sany followed. But the reason ofChinese companies operating efficiency high ranking is not clear, we cannot excluddif there is a low Chinese prices of production factors influence. China's hugeadvantages in human resources can not only manifested in the low-endlabor-intensive industries, the same can be expressed in a number of high-techindustries. Skilled workers and engineers’ salary levels is far below other countries,governments are often at a lower price or even free offer land and other resources tocompanies. Thus, while Chinese companies dominant in the efficiency evaluation, butit does not determine the Chinese construction machinery enterprises is truly moreefficient than foreign companies, or because China's production factors lead to lowerprices. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that China’s factor price is gradually rising.
     Chapter7studies the effects of cluster which has an important role in the development process of the construction machinery industry in China. The resultshows that the development of industrial clusters is an effective mode of formation ofindustrial competitiveness for China's construction machinery industry internationallycompetitive. After years of development, China's construction machinery industrycluster formed six Xuzhou, Changzhou, Changsha, Jining, Xiamen and Liuzhourepresented.
     Chapter8selected location factors, four scale factors, technology andinnovation factors and operational efficiency factors to measure the competitivenessof construction machinery enterprises. Scale factor which contains GDP growth rateof fixed asset investment growth rate, the world's top20sales companies and otherindicators of the number. Scale factors include the company's number of employees,total assets and fixed assets and other indicators, technology and innovation factorsinclude the R&D expenses as a percentage of sales to revenue targets, R&Dpersonnel accounted for, average product prices. By gray correlation analysis toidentify the importance of various indicators affecting competitiveness, ranking theimportance of each indicator is the total assets> operating efficiency> Fixed Assets>R&D personnel accounted for> R&D expenses as a percentage proportion of salesrevenue> Number of employees> Fixed asset investment growth rate> GDP growth>before the number of enterprises worldwide sales of>20, the average price of theproduct. According to the results, a reasonable allocation for each index weights.Establish competitiveness index and method using the weighted according to the levelof participating companies sorted out as Zoomlion, Caterpillar, Sany, XCMGmachinery, Komatsu, Terex, Hitachi Construction Machinery, Doosan, XiamenEngineering shares, Hill pushed shares, Liugong, Sunward. China's constructionmachinery enterprises achieved good results. But Chinese companies score mainlydue to a higher score in the location factors and operating efficiency on both, and the reason these two are not necessarily able to score higher sustained. Need to strive toimprove the low score among the other indicators in order to compensate for thedecline in both of them.
     On the previous text-based study, Chapter9proposed which raise China'sconstruction machinery industry international competitiveness of strategic responses,mainly from how to speed up the formation of independent research and developmentcapabilities, the use of capital operation and actively carry out overseas acquisitions,actively planning overseas layout, advance planning It should trade friction, tosupport development of leading enterprises in order to improve the industryconcentration, accelerate the development of high-end engineering machinery, as wellas from the perspective of industrial cluster strategy to enhance the competitivenessof China's construction machinery industry.
     After the construction machinery industry conducted a comprehensive analysis,we believe that the status quo construction machinery industry and future trends andpolicy recommendations put forward countermeasures.
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