狂犬病病毒CVS-11株感染性cDNA克隆的构建及其应用
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摘要
狂犬病病毒（Rabies virus, RABV）具有严格的嗜神经性，感染温血动物和人的后引起致死性脑脊髓炎，即狂犬病（Rabies）。全世界保守估计，每年大约55000人死于狂犬病，主要发生在亚洲的发展中国家。我国人狂犬病主要来源于患病或潜在感染RABV的犬和猫。世界卫生组织（WHO）指出，犬群中75%以上的犬接种狂犬病疫苗能够有效阻断狂犬病的传播。为了根除狂犬病，一方面要加强犬的管理，进一步提高我国动物狂犬病灭活疫苗的质量，另一方面有必要及时监测我国动物群体中狂犬病中和抗体覆盖情况，消除流浪犬。目前，国产动物狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫原性低，价格昂贵。国际范围内广泛应用的狂犬病中和抗体检测方法有荧光抗体病毒中和试验（FAVN）和快速荧光灶抑制试验（RFFIT）。它们都需要高质量、价格昂贵的异硫氰酸（FITC）荧光素标记的抗RABV N蛋白单克隆抗体，不利于在发展中国家的普及应用。因此研究简便敏感的中和抗体检测方法、经济高效的狂犬病灭活疫苗对我国狂犬病的防控意义重大。
近二十年来随着体外转录RNA技术的成熟，人们建立了RNA病毒反向遗传学技术，有利于从分子水平研究RNA病毒。负链RNA病毒反向遗传技术始于1994年Schnell等成功拯救了狂犬病病毒SAD B19株。科学家们历经十多年矢志不渝的科学追求，不断地改进反向遗传系统，提高病毒拯救效率。国内外多种RABV弱毒株和疫苗株都已经被成功拯救，但是强毒株RABV在体外适应细胞能力差，拯救难度较大，国内外对RABV强毒株感染性cDNA克隆的构建还比较少。RABV CVS-11是1882年分离于法国巴黎一头疯牛，后经兔脑、鼠脑、细胞多次传代而成为一种实验室标准攻击毒株。CVS-11是WHO规定的狂犬病病毒中和抗体检测用毒株。在我国，CVS-11已经被农业部批准为狂犬病灭活疫苗新兽药。鉴于CVS-11株广泛的实际应用特点，构建CVS-11反向遗传操作平台具有重要意义。本研究以RABV CVS-11株为研究对象，探索构建其感染性cDNA克隆，进一步开展了狂犬病中和抗体诊断和病毒灭活免疫研究，主要内容如下：
第一、狂犬病病毒CVS-11株感染性cDNA克隆的构建。
对本实验室保存的CVS-11株的全基因组序列进行测定及分析。经分段克隆法，将CVS-11全基因组分四段进行PCR扩增，经多步酶切连接，拼接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1的CMV启动子下游，并在G-L区域人为添加标签酶切位点BsiwI和SacII，方便以后鉴定及应用此系统。为保证全长重组质粒在转录时能产生精确的病毒3’和5’末端，在全基因组3’和5’末端分别添加锤头状核酶和丁型肝炎核酶序列，获得CVS-11株全长cDNA重组质粒pcDNA3.1-CVS-11；构建了表达CVS-11株的N蛋白、P蛋白、L蛋白和囊膜G蛋白的辅助表达载体pcDNA3.1-N、pcDNA3.1-P、pcDNA3.1-L和pcDNA3.1-G。全长cDNA重组质粒和4个辅助表达载体共转染NA细胞，传代后，经荧光抗体染色、RT-PCR和电镜观察形态，确定拯救出rCVS-11。在NA细胞上比较rCVS-11与野生型wtCVS-11的生长特性，结果证明拯救毒株rCVS-11和野生型wtCVS-11的生长特性具有一致性。建立了狂犬病病毒CVS-11反向遗传操作平台。
第二、重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP的构建及其在中和抗体检测中的应用。
基于已经建立的CVS-11反向遗传操作平台，在CVS-11G-L处的BsiwI、SacII处插入eGFP基因，获得携带eGFP基因的CVS-11全基因组重组质粒，相似的方法进行重组病毒的拯救工作。借助于荧光抗体染色、直接荧光观察、RT-PCR和电镜观察等技术，鉴定得到重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP。体外细胞实验表明重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP在体外能够稳定表达eGFP，eGFP基因的插入对重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP的复制和生长没有影响。将重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP代替CVS-11用作检测抗原，建立了新型狂犬病病毒中和抗体检测方法FAVN-eGFP。用该方法对29份犬和23份人血清样品中的狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价进行了测定，测定结果同国际OIE参考实验室用国际标准FAVN方法检测结果具有一致性，一致率达96.6%。而且，FAVN-eGFP借助于绿色荧光蛋白的表达判定结果，不需要应用价格昂贵的FITC标记的荧光抗体，FAVN-eGFP具有快速、经济、简便的特点。对部分血清样品进行了重复性试验，测定结果统计学分析没有显著差异。
第三、重组病毒rCVS-11-G的构建及其灭活免疫原性研究。
基于已经建立的CVS-11反向遗传操作平台，在CVS-11G-L处的BsiwI、SacII处插入另外一个CVS-11的G基因，获得表达双G基因的CVS-11全长重组质粒，相同的方法拯救重组病毒。最后，用荧光抗体染色、RT-PCR和电镜观察鉴定得到重组病毒rCVS-11-G。额外的G基因的插入对重组病毒rCVS-11-G的复制和生长没有影响。电子显微镜下观察发现：rCVS-11-G的病毒颗粒长度比rCVS-11的长，该差异具有统计学意义。qPCRs结果表明，在转录水平上，重组病毒rCVS-11-G糖蛋白mRNA表达量比rCVS-11多5.7倍。小鼠致病性试验结果表明，同亲本毒株wtCVS-11相比，不论颅内还是肌肉接种，重组病毒rCVS-11-G对成年小鼠的致病性有不同程度的显著增强。通过病毒在神经细胞和非神经细胞的内化试验，发现rCVS-11-G比wtCVS-11更容易逃逸抗体中和，进入神经细胞，这些结果都表明：与wtCVS-11相比，rCVS-11-G的致病性和神经嗜性都明显增强。将wtCVS、rCVS-11-G灭活后，分别用不同剂量免疫成年小鼠。当免疫剂量相同时，双G重组病毒比单G株能激发小鼠产生更高水平的特异性中和抗体水平；同一毒株不同剂量免疫结果表明，小鼠产生中和抗体水平具有免疫剂量依赖性。灭活的重组病毒rCVS-11-G具有更好的免疫原性，可以作为灭活疫苗候选株。
Rabies virus (RABV), strict neurotropism virus, induces fatal encephalomyelitisin all warm-blooded animals and humans. Globally, an estimated55,000humandeaths are attributed to RABV annually, including3,000cases in China. Dogs arethe principal reservoir in Africa and Asia. The majority of human rabies victims areinfected by the bites of domestic dogs. A study from the World Health Organization(WHO) showed that70%immunization of the dog population could efficiently blockrabies virus transmission. Elimination of canine rabies is necessary for the control ofhuman rabies in developing countries. Virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) plays animportant role in protecting against RABV. In order to eradicate rabies, on the onehand, we have to strengthen the management of dogs, immune dogs routinely, andimprove the quality of our animal rabies vaccine. On the other hand, it is necessaryto monitor timely immunization coverage of rabies neutralizing antibody in dogs andeliminate stray dogs. Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) and the rapidfluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) approved by the Office International DesEpizooties (OIE) and WHO, respectively, have been widely used to measure levelsof VNAs. Both methods require high-quality, expensive fluorescent isothiocyanate(FITC) labelled monoclonal antibody, therefore can not be spreaded in thedeveloping world. Due to poor quality but expensive animal rabies vaccine indomestic, it is important for prevention and control of rabies to develop aconservation and accurate VNA test and high efficiency and affordable animal rabiesinactived vaccine.
With the development of transcribed RNA technology in vitro, many reversegenetics of animal RNA viruses were also frequently created, which allow to operatetheir relatively stable cDNA and do further studies from the molecular level in recenttwo decades. The first infectious clone for RABV SAD B19strain is made by Schnell in1994. Scientists have pursued constantly to improve the reverse geneticsystem, and increase the efficiency of virus rescue. Several RABV strains, includingthe attenuated and vaccine strains, have been successfully rescued during20years.The recovery of virulent RABV strainis more difficult for the viruses are poorlyadapted to the cells in vitro. Therefore, construction of infectious cDNA clone forRABV virulent strains is still relatively a few at home and abroad. RABV CVS-11was isolated from a mad cow in1882in Paris, France, and then passaged in rabbitbrain, murine brain and cells. Nowadays, CVS-11strain is a laboratory pathogenicfixed strain. The CVS-11strain is widely used for antibody detection, immunizationevaluation of RABV vaccines, and challenge strain approved by WHO and OIE.Furthermore, the CVS-11strain is approved as an inactivated vaccine strain by theMinistry of Agriculture in China. Given the CVS-11strain has been widely practicalapplication, it is important to build reverse genetics platform for CVS-11strain.Therefore, an infectious cDNA clone for CVS-11strain was explored to develop forits applicant in RABV detection and vaccines. The main contents are as follows:First, development of an infectious cDNA clone for RABV CVS-11strain.
To obtain the complete genome of CVS-11strain and establish a reverse geneticsystem of CVS-11for in-depth studying RABV detections and vaccines,12fragments repeated each other was amplified by RT-PCR to cover the completegenome of CVS-11, and then cloned to pEASY-Blunt vector for sequencing thecomplete genome of CVS-11. Four pairs of specific primers were designed and wereused for amplification of the full-length cDNA of CVS-11by RT-PCR. Fourfragments were cloned into pcDNA3.1step by step and the full-length plasmid wasnamed pcDNA3.1-CVS-11. We also cloned help plasmids pcDNA3.1-N, P, L and Gexpressing N, P, L and G protein of CVS-11strain. Full-length and four helpplasmids were co-transfected NA cell and then rescued virus. We confirmed theresuced CVS-11by fluorescence antibody test (FAT), RT-PCR. The rCVS-11has thesame growth characteristics with parental strain wtCVS-11in NA cells. Wesuccessfully established an infectious cDNA clone for RABV CVS-11strain.
Second, generation of recombinant RABV CVS-11expressing eGFP appliedtothe rapid virus neutralization test.
A recombinant rabies virus rCVS-11-eGFP stably expressing eGFP is generatedbased on an infectious clone of wtCVS-11strain.Compared to the rCVS-11strain,the rCVS-11-eGFP strain showed a similar growth property with passaging stabilityin vitro and pathogenicity in vivo. The eGFP gene doesn’t affect growth property andpathogenicity of rCVS-11.The rCVS-11-eGFP strain was utilized as a detectionantigen to determine the levels of rabies VNAs in23human and29canine sera; thistechnique was termed the FAVN-eGFP method. The good reproducibility ofFAVN-eGFP was tested with partial serum samples and showed96.6%agreement.The FAVN-eGFP method did not need a FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody toidentify positive or negative cells. However, good-quality FITC-conjugated anti-Nprotein monoclonal antibodies are scarce in developing countries. Additionally, theFITC-conjugated anti-N protein monoclonal antibody requires a good transportenvironment or is likely to be degraded during long distance transport. Therefore, theFAVN-eGFP allows rapid economical, specific, and high-throughput assessment forthe titration of rabies VNAs.
Third, an inactivated recombinant rabies CVS-11virus expressing twocopies ofthe glycoprotein elicits a higher level of neutralizing antibodies and provides betterprotection in mice.
We generated a recombinant rCVS-11-G strain containing two copies of the Gprotein derived from the pathogenic wild-type (wt) CVS-11strain and based on itsinfectious clone. Compared with the wtCVS-11strain, the rCVS-11-G strainpossessed a larger virion and1.4-fold more G protein, but it exhibited asimilargrowth property to the rCVS-11strain, including passaging stability in vitro. qPCRresults showed that the two G genes were over-expressed in BHK-21cells infectedwith the rCVS-11-G strain. However, the rCVS-11-G strain presented an80%lowerLD50than the wtCVS-11strain when intracranially (i.c.) inoculated in adult mice.Adult mice that were either intracranially (i.c.) or intramuscularly(i.m.) inoculated with rCVS-11-G strain developed moreacute neurological symptoms and greatermortality thanthose inoculated with the wtCVS-11strain. Furthermore, therCVS-11-G strain was more easily and rapidly taken up by NA cells. These dataindicated that the rCVS-11-G strain might have increased neurotropism because ofthe over-expression of the pathogenic G protein.The inactivated rCVS-11-G straininduced significantly higher levels of virus neutralization antibodies and providedbetter protection from street rabies virus challenge in mice. Therefore, therCVS-11-G strain may be a promising inactivated candidate vaccine strain due to itsbetter immunogenicity.
近二十年来随着体外转录RNA技术的成熟，人们建立了RNA病毒反向遗传学技术，有利于从分子水平研究RNA病毒。负链RNA病毒反向遗传技术始于1994年Schnell等成功拯救了狂犬病病毒SAD B19株。科学家们历经十多年矢志不渝的科学追求，不断地改进反向遗传系统，提高病毒拯救效率。国内外多种RABV弱毒株和疫苗株都已经被成功拯救，但是强毒株RABV在体外适应细胞能力差，拯救难度较大，国内外对RABV强毒株感染性cDNA克隆的构建还比较少。RABV CVS-11是1882年分离于法国巴黎一头疯牛，后经兔脑、鼠脑、细胞多次传代而成为一种实验室标准攻击毒株。CVS-11是WHO规定的狂犬病病毒中和抗体检测用毒株。在我国，CVS-11已经被农业部批准为狂犬病灭活疫苗新兽药。鉴于CVS-11株广泛的实际应用特点，构建CVS-11反向遗传操作平台具有重要意义。本研究以RABV CVS-11株为研究对象，探索构建其感染性cDNA克隆，进一步开展了狂犬病中和抗体诊断和病毒灭活免疫研究，主要内容如下：
第一、狂犬病病毒CVS-11株感染性cDNA克隆的构建。
对本实验室保存的CVS-11株的全基因组序列进行测定及分析。经分段克隆法，将CVS-11全基因组分四段进行PCR扩增，经多步酶切连接，拼接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1的CMV启动子下游，并在G-L区域人为添加标签酶切位点BsiwI和SacII，方便以后鉴定及应用此系统。为保证全长重组质粒在转录时能产生精确的病毒3’和5’末端，在全基因组3’和5’末端分别添加锤头状核酶和丁型肝炎核酶序列，获得CVS-11株全长cDNA重组质粒pcDNA3.1-CVS-11；构建了表达CVS-11株的N蛋白、P蛋白、L蛋白和囊膜G蛋白的辅助表达载体pcDNA3.1-N、pcDNA3.1-P、pcDNA3.1-L和pcDNA3.1-G。全长cDNA重组质粒和4个辅助表达载体共转染NA细胞，传代后，经荧光抗体染色、RT-PCR和电镜观察形态，确定拯救出rCVS-11。在NA细胞上比较rCVS-11与野生型wtCVS-11的生长特性，结果证明拯救毒株rCVS-11和野生型wtCVS-11的生长特性具有一致性。建立了狂犬病病毒CVS-11反向遗传操作平台。
第二、重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP的构建及其在中和抗体检测中的应用。
基于已经建立的CVS-11反向遗传操作平台，在CVS-11G-L处的BsiwI、SacII处插入eGFP基因，获得携带eGFP基因的CVS-11全基因组重组质粒，相似的方法进行重组病毒的拯救工作。借助于荧光抗体染色、直接荧光观察、RT-PCR和电镜观察等技术，鉴定得到重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP。体外细胞实验表明重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP在体外能够稳定表达eGFP，eGFP基因的插入对重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP的复制和生长没有影响。将重组病毒rCVS-11-eGFP代替CVS-11用作检测抗原，建立了新型狂犬病病毒中和抗体检测方法FAVN-eGFP。用该方法对29份犬和23份人血清样品中的狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价进行了测定，测定结果同国际OIE参考实验室用国际标准FAVN方法检测结果具有一致性，一致率达96.6%。而且，FAVN-eGFP借助于绿色荧光蛋白的表达判定结果，不需要应用价格昂贵的FITC标记的荧光抗体，FAVN-eGFP具有快速、经济、简便的特点。对部分血清样品进行了重复性试验，测定结果统计学分析没有显著差异。
第三、重组病毒rCVS-11-G的构建及其灭活免疫原性研究。
基于已经建立的CVS-11反向遗传操作平台，在CVS-11G-L处的BsiwI、SacII处插入另外一个CVS-11的G基因，获得表达双G基因的CVS-11全长重组质粒，相同的方法拯救重组病毒。最后，用荧光抗体染色、RT-PCR和电镜观察鉴定得到重组病毒rCVS-11-G。额外的G基因的插入对重组病毒rCVS-11-G的复制和生长没有影响。电子显微镜下观察发现：rCVS-11-G的病毒颗粒长度比rCVS-11的长，该差异具有统计学意义。qPCRs结果表明，在转录水平上，重组病毒rCVS-11-G糖蛋白mRNA表达量比rCVS-11多5.7倍。小鼠致病性试验结果表明，同亲本毒株wtCVS-11相比，不论颅内还是肌肉接种，重组病毒rCVS-11-G对成年小鼠的致病性有不同程度的显著增强。通过病毒在神经细胞和非神经细胞的内化试验，发现rCVS-11-G比wtCVS-11更容易逃逸抗体中和，进入神经细胞，这些结果都表明：与wtCVS-11相比，rCVS-11-G的致病性和神经嗜性都明显增强。将wtCVS、rCVS-11-G灭活后，分别用不同剂量免疫成年小鼠。当免疫剂量相同时，双G重组病毒比单G株能激发小鼠产生更高水平的特异性中和抗体水平；同一毒株不同剂量免疫结果表明，小鼠产生中和抗体水平具有免疫剂量依赖性。灭活的重组病毒rCVS-11-G具有更好的免疫原性，可以作为灭活疫苗候选株。
Rabies virus (RABV), strict neurotropism virus, induces fatal encephalomyelitisin all warm-blooded animals and humans. Globally, an estimated55,000humandeaths are attributed to RABV annually, including3,000cases in China. Dogs arethe principal reservoir in Africa and Asia. The majority of human rabies victims areinfected by the bites of domestic dogs. A study from the World Health Organization(WHO) showed that70%immunization of the dog population could efficiently blockrabies virus transmission. Elimination of canine rabies is necessary for the control ofhuman rabies in developing countries. Virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) plays animportant role in protecting against RABV. In order to eradicate rabies, on the onehand, we have to strengthen the management of dogs, immune dogs routinely, andimprove the quality of our animal rabies vaccine. On the other hand, it is necessaryto monitor timely immunization coverage of rabies neutralizing antibody in dogs andeliminate stray dogs. Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) and the rapidfluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) approved by the Office International DesEpizooties (OIE) and WHO, respectively, have been widely used to measure levelsof VNAs. Both methods require high-quality, expensive fluorescent isothiocyanate(FITC) labelled monoclonal antibody, therefore can not be spreaded in thedeveloping world. Due to poor quality but expensive animal rabies vaccine indomestic, it is important for prevention and control of rabies to develop aconservation and accurate VNA test and high efficiency and affordable animal rabiesinactived vaccine.
With the development of transcribed RNA technology in vitro, many reversegenetics of animal RNA viruses were also frequently created, which allow to operatetheir relatively stable cDNA and do further studies from the molecular level in recenttwo decades. The first infectious clone for RABV SAD B19strain is made by Schnell in1994. Scientists have pursued constantly to improve the reverse geneticsystem, and increase the efficiency of virus rescue. Several RABV strains, includingthe attenuated and vaccine strains, have been successfully rescued during20years.The recovery of virulent RABV strainis more difficult for the viruses are poorlyadapted to the cells in vitro. Therefore, construction of infectious cDNA clone forRABV virulent strains is still relatively a few at home and abroad. RABV CVS-11was isolated from a mad cow in1882in Paris, France, and then passaged in rabbitbrain, murine brain and cells. Nowadays, CVS-11strain is a laboratory pathogenicfixed strain. The CVS-11strain is widely used for antibody detection, immunizationevaluation of RABV vaccines, and challenge strain approved by WHO and OIE.Furthermore, the CVS-11strain is approved as an inactivated vaccine strain by theMinistry of Agriculture in China. Given the CVS-11strain has been widely practicalapplication, it is important to build reverse genetics platform for CVS-11strain.Therefore, an infectious cDNA clone for CVS-11strain was explored to develop forits applicant in RABV detection and vaccines. The main contents are as follows:First, development of an infectious cDNA clone for RABV CVS-11strain.
To obtain the complete genome of CVS-11strain and establish a reverse geneticsystem of CVS-11for in-depth studying RABV detections and vaccines,12fragments repeated each other was amplified by RT-PCR to cover the completegenome of CVS-11, and then cloned to pEASY-Blunt vector for sequencing thecomplete genome of CVS-11. Four pairs of specific primers were designed and wereused for amplification of the full-length cDNA of CVS-11by RT-PCR. Fourfragments were cloned into pcDNA3.1step by step and the full-length plasmid wasnamed pcDNA3.1-CVS-11. We also cloned help plasmids pcDNA3.1-N, P, L and Gexpressing N, P, L and G protein of CVS-11strain. Full-length and four helpplasmids were co-transfected NA cell and then rescued virus. We confirmed theresuced CVS-11by fluorescence antibody test (FAT), RT-PCR. The rCVS-11has thesame growth characteristics with parental strain wtCVS-11in NA cells. Wesuccessfully established an infectious cDNA clone for RABV CVS-11strain.
Second, generation of recombinant RABV CVS-11expressing eGFP appliedtothe rapid virus neutralization test.
A recombinant rabies virus rCVS-11-eGFP stably expressing eGFP is generatedbased on an infectious clone of wtCVS-11strain.Compared to the rCVS-11strain,the rCVS-11-eGFP strain showed a similar growth property with passaging stabilityin vitro and pathogenicity in vivo. The eGFP gene doesn’t affect growth property andpathogenicity of rCVS-11.The rCVS-11-eGFP strain was utilized as a detectionantigen to determine the levels of rabies VNAs in23human and29canine sera; thistechnique was termed the FAVN-eGFP method. The good reproducibility ofFAVN-eGFP was tested with partial serum samples and showed96.6%agreement.The FAVN-eGFP method did not need a FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody toidentify positive or negative cells. However, good-quality FITC-conjugated anti-Nprotein monoclonal antibodies are scarce in developing countries. Additionally, theFITC-conjugated anti-N protein monoclonal antibody requires a good transportenvironment or is likely to be degraded during long distance transport. Therefore, theFAVN-eGFP allows rapid economical, specific, and high-throughput assessment forthe titration of rabies VNAs.
Third, an inactivated recombinant rabies CVS-11virus expressing twocopies ofthe glycoprotein elicits a higher level of neutralizing antibodies and provides betterprotection in mice.
We generated a recombinant rCVS-11-G strain containing two copies of the Gprotein derived from the pathogenic wild-type (wt) CVS-11strain and based on itsinfectious clone. Compared with the wtCVS-11strain, the rCVS-11-G strainpossessed a larger virion and1.4-fold more G protein, but it exhibited asimilargrowth property to the rCVS-11strain, including passaging stability in vitro. qPCRresults showed that the two G genes were over-expressed in BHK-21cells infectedwith the rCVS-11-G strain. However, the rCVS-11-G strain presented an80%lowerLD50than the wtCVS-11strain when intracranially (i.c.) inoculated in adult mice.Adult mice that were either intracranially (i.c.) or intramuscularly(i.m.) inoculated with rCVS-11-G strain developed moreacute neurological symptoms and greatermortality thanthose inoculated with the wtCVS-11strain. Furthermore, therCVS-11-G strain was more easily and rapidly taken up by NA cells. These dataindicated that the rCVS-11-G strain might have increased neurotropism because ofthe over-expression of the pathogenic G protein.The inactivated rCVS-11-G straininduced significantly higher levels of virus neutralization antibodies and providedbetter protection from street rabies virus challenge in mice. Therefore, therCVS-11-G strain may be a promising inactivated candidate vaccine strain due to itsbetter immunogenicity.
引文
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