基于质量安全的乳业产业链优化研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,乳品已经成为城乡居民生活中不可或缺的消费品和重要的蛋白来源。在巨大市场需求的拉动下,乳品产业呈现了快速增长的发展势头,与此同时,乳品的质量安全问题不断凸显,三聚氰胺事件、蒙牛黄曲霉素事件等一系列的质量安全事件使得乳品质量安全问题受到全社会的广泛关注。
乳品质量安全涉及乳业产业链的各个环节,为切实保障乳品质量安全,势必要从乳业产业链的内部优化入手,在厘清各产业主体安全生产行为的基础上,通过适当的经济激励和政策引导将保障质量安全内化为各产业主体的自觉行为。本文就乳业产业链的优化问题进行了研究,具体包括：(1)分析2008年三聚氰胺事件后,一系列涉及乳业产业链各个环节的产业调整政策对我国乳业产业发展和乳品质量安全问题的影响；(2)分析乳业产业链上奶农、奶站和乳品加工企业的安全生产行为和影响因素、各环节存在的质量安全问题及对乳品质量安全的影响；(3)探讨消费者行为对我国乳业发展和产业链优化的影响,消费者的认知对其对高品质有机液态奶支付意愿的影响,消费者对国内外婴幼儿奶粉品牌的购买行为及其影响因素；(4)探讨我国乳品质量安全监管的现状、存在的问题及可能的优化方向；(5)分析总结新西兰、澳大利亚、美国和荷兰等乳业发达国家乳业发展和产业链优化的有益经验,为我国乳业产业链优化提供借鉴。
本文得出的主要结论：(1)我国乳业产业链正由分散松散向集中紧凑型过渡,乳业产业链向着更有利于乳品质量安全的方向发展；(2)奶农的安全生产行为显著影响着生鲜乳的质量安全,规模化养殖小区农户的安全生产行为优于散养,整体而言,奶牛养殖环节的质量安全问题依旧突出；(3)奶站数量大幅减少,奶站的硬件设施和检验、检测能力显著提升,产业链视角下,奶站独立的产业主体地位正日渐模糊；(4)虽然乳品加工企业不断强化对乳品的质量安全控制,但频发的乳品质量安全事件再次表明乳品加工企业的安全生产行为依然存在亟待解决的问题；(5)基于质量安全因素的考虑,绝大部分的消费者选择购买国外品牌的婴幼奶粉,质量安全对消费者行为选择的影响长远而深刻,而消费者认知水平的提高能够显著提升其对高品质有机液态奶的支付意愿。(6)我国乳品质量安全监管的法律、法规体系建设完善,但在“如何监管”上问题仍未得到解决；(7)集中紧凑的乳业产业链,完全或部分的纵向一体化,产业主体间合理的利益分配机制等发达国家乳业产业链优化的经验对我国乳业产业链的优化提供了有益的借鉴。
本文的特色和创新之处在于：(1)首次通过构建科学的指标体系描述农户的安全生产行为,并实证分析了农户安全生产行为对生鲜乳质量安全的影响；(2)从产业链的视角入手,分析各产业主体关键的安全生产行为及对乳品质量安全的影响,全产业链分析有助于准确把握我国乳品质量安全问题的成因；(3)首次将各产业主体间的组织模式、利益分配和信息流动等问题融入各环节的分析之中,并剖析了政府监管和消费者行为等外部因素对乳业产业链优化的影响。
With the development of Chinese economy and improvement of people's living life, dairy products have become a necessary food and an important source of protein in daily life. Driven by the huge market demand, the dairy industry has been growing rapidly. Meanwhile the the safety of dairy products has become an important issue, as a series of food safty scandals happened recently, like Sanlu melamine incident and Mengniu aflatoxin event, which make the safety of dairy products attracting the whole society's attention.
The safety of dairy product involves the whole industrial chain. In order to ensure the safety of dairy products, the most important move should be optimizing the supply chain. Through appropriate economic incentives and policy guidance, inducing the producers to ensure the safety of dairy products as their conscious act, after analyzing the characters' safety production behavior. In this paper, optimization of dairy industrial chain is studied, including:(1) The impact of policies, which involved the whole supply chain and were approved after Sanlu melamine incident in2008, on the development of dairy industry and the safety of dairy products.(2) Analyze farmers, milk stations and dairy processing enterprises'safety production behavior and the factors influencing their behavior, the existing safety problems with these characters and the impact on the safety of dairy products.(3) Explore the effect of consumers'consumption behavior on the development of dairy industry and optimization of supply chain. Including the impact of consumers'awareness on their willingness to pay for organic liquid milk, and consumers' preference between domestic and foreign brands of infant formula.(4) Investigate the status of food safety regulation and monitoring system, existing problems and possible optimization direction.(5) analyze and summarize Zealand, Australia, the United States and the Netherlands'experience about the development of dairy industry and optimization of supply chain, providing a reference for the optimization of Chinese dairy industrial chain.
The main conclusions of this paper:(1) Chinese dairy industrial chain is converting from a scattered and loose chain to a compact one, which is more favorable to the safty of dairy products.(2) Farmers' safety production behaviors influence the safety of raw milk significantly, and the scale farmers' safety production behavior is much better than small family farms. In sum, there are still a lot of safety problems in the farming section.(3) The number of milk station is decreasing, but the facilitieses and testing capabilities have significantly improved. Form the perspective of supply chain, the role of milk station is changing and increasingly blurred.(4) Frequent safety incidents of dairy products indicate that there are still a lot of severe safety problems in the processing section, although the processing enterprises are strengthing their safety control.(5) Most of consumers choose to buy foreign brands of infant formula, considering the safety of dairy products. The safety has a long and profound influence on consumers'consumption. Consumers'awareness can enhance their willingness to pay for high-quality organic liquid milk significantly.(6) Law and regulation system of the safey of dairy products is good, but "how to regulate"issue remains unresolved.(7) Compact supply chain, partial or full vertical integration, reasonable benefit distribution mechanisms in the supply chain can ensure the safety of dairy products, which are the great experices form developed countries, and providing useful reference for us.
Features and innovations of this paper:(1) Building the scientific index system of farmers' safety production behavior, then empirically analyze its' influence on the safety of raw milk.(2) Explore the producers' safety production behavior and its influence on the safety of dairy products from the perspective of industrial chain, which is very helpful to grasp the main reasons of safety issues.(2) Organization mode, distribution of benefits and flow of information, these issues were merged in different analysis sections. We also try to analyze the impact of consumers' consumption on the optimization of industrial chain.
乳品质量安全涉及乳业产业链的各个环节,为切实保障乳品质量安全,势必要从乳业产业链的内部优化入手,在厘清各产业主体安全生产行为的基础上,通过适当的经济激励和政策引导将保障质量安全内化为各产业主体的自觉行为。本文就乳业产业链的优化问题进行了研究,具体包括：(1)分析2008年三聚氰胺事件后,一系列涉及乳业产业链各个环节的产业调整政策对我国乳业产业发展和乳品质量安全问题的影响；(2)分析乳业产业链上奶农、奶站和乳品加工企业的安全生产行为和影响因素、各环节存在的质量安全问题及对乳品质量安全的影响；(3)探讨消费者行为对我国乳业发展和产业链优化的影响,消费者的认知对其对高品质有机液态奶支付意愿的影响,消费者对国内外婴幼儿奶粉品牌的购买行为及其影响因素；(4)探讨我国乳品质量安全监管的现状、存在的问题及可能的优化方向；(5)分析总结新西兰、澳大利亚、美国和荷兰等乳业发达国家乳业发展和产业链优化的有益经验,为我国乳业产业链优化提供借鉴。
本文得出的主要结论：(1)我国乳业产业链正由分散松散向集中紧凑型过渡,乳业产业链向着更有利于乳品质量安全的方向发展；(2)奶农的安全生产行为显著影响着生鲜乳的质量安全,规模化养殖小区农户的安全生产行为优于散养,整体而言,奶牛养殖环节的质量安全问题依旧突出；(3)奶站数量大幅减少,奶站的硬件设施和检验、检测能力显著提升,产业链视角下,奶站独立的产业主体地位正日渐模糊；(4)虽然乳品加工企业不断强化对乳品的质量安全控制,但频发的乳品质量安全事件再次表明乳品加工企业的安全生产行为依然存在亟待解决的问题；(5)基于质量安全因素的考虑,绝大部分的消费者选择购买国外品牌的婴幼奶粉,质量安全对消费者行为选择的影响长远而深刻,而消费者认知水平的提高能够显著提升其对高品质有机液态奶的支付意愿。(6)我国乳品质量安全监管的法律、法规体系建设完善,但在“如何监管”上问题仍未得到解决；(7)集中紧凑的乳业产业链,完全或部分的纵向一体化,产业主体间合理的利益分配机制等发达国家乳业产业链优化的经验对我国乳业产业链的优化提供了有益的借鉴。
本文的特色和创新之处在于：(1)首次通过构建科学的指标体系描述农户的安全生产行为,并实证分析了农户安全生产行为对生鲜乳质量安全的影响；(2)从产业链的视角入手,分析各产业主体关键的安全生产行为及对乳品质量安全的影响,全产业链分析有助于准确把握我国乳品质量安全问题的成因；(3)首次将各产业主体间的组织模式、利益分配和信息流动等问题融入各环节的分析之中,并剖析了政府监管和消费者行为等外部因素对乳业产业链优化的影响。
With the development of Chinese economy and improvement of people's living life, dairy products have become a necessary food and an important source of protein in daily life. Driven by the huge market demand, the dairy industry has been growing rapidly. Meanwhile the the safety of dairy products has become an important issue, as a series of food safty scandals happened recently, like Sanlu melamine incident and Mengniu aflatoxin event, which make the safety of dairy products attracting the whole society's attention.
The safety of dairy product involves the whole industrial chain. In order to ensure the safety of dairy products, the most important move should be optimizing the supply chain. Through appropriate economic incentives and policy guidance, inducing the producers to ensure the safety of dairy products as their conscious act, after analyzing the characters' safety production behavior. In this paper, optimization of dairy industrial chain is studied, including:(1) The impact of policies, which involved the whole supply chain and were approved after Sanlu melamine incident in2008, on the development of dairy industry and the safety of dairy products.(2) Analyze farmers, milk stations and dairy processing enterprises'safety production behavior and the factors influencing their behavior, the existing safety problems with these characters and the impact on the safety of dairy products.(3) Explore the effect of consumers'consumption behavior on the development of dairy industry and optimization of supply chain. Including the impact of consumers'awareness on their willingness to pay for organic liquid milk, and consumers' preference between domestic and foreign brands of infant formula.(4) Investigate the status of food safety regulation and monitoring system, existing problems and possible optimization direction.(5) analyze and summarize Zealand, Australia, the United States and the Netherlands'experience about the development of dairy industry and optimization of supply chain, providing a reference for the optimization of Chinese dairy industrial chain.
The main conclusions of this paper:(1) Chinese dairy industrial chain is converting from a scattered and loose chain to a compact one, which is more favorable to the safty of dairy products.(2) Farmers' safety production behaviors influence the safety of raw milk significantly, and the scale farmers' safety production behavior is much better than small family farms. In sum, there are still a lot of safety problems in the farming section.(3) The number of milk station is decreasing, but the facilitieses and testing capabilities have significantly improved. Form the perspective of supply chain, the role of milk station is changing and increasingly blurred.(4) Frequent safety incidents of dairy products indicate that there are still a lot of severe safety problems in the processing section, although the processing enterprises are strengthing their safety control.(5) Most of consumers choose to buy foreign brands of infant formula, considering the safety of dairy products. The safety has a long and profound influence on consumers'consumption. Consumers'awareness can enhance their willingness to pay for high-quality organic liquid milk significantly.(6) Law and regulation system of the safey of dairy products is good, but "how to regulate"issue remains unresolved.(7) Compact supply chain, partial or full vertical integration, reasonable benefit distribution mechanisms in the supply chain can ensure the safety of dairy products, which are the great experices form developed countries, and providing useful reference for us.
Features and innovations of this paper:(1) Building the scientific index system of farmers' safety production behavior, then empirically analyze its' influence on the safety of raw milk.(2) Explore the producers' safety production behavior and its influence on the safety of dairy products from the perspective of industrial chain, which is very helpful to grasp the main reasons of safety issues.(2) Organization mode, distribution of benefits and flow of information, these issues were merged in different analysis sections. We also try to analyze the impact of consumers' consumption on the optimization of industrial chain.
引文
5 《连接食品安全与放心的桥梁》,食品卫生与健康栏目,《四川食品与发酵》2006年第42卷.总第129期,P37。
10 参阅整理自刘成果,《2011中国奶业年鉴.》,P358-359。
11 参阅整理自刘成果,《2011中国奶业年鉴》,P360-362。
12 参阅整理自刘成果,《2008中国奶业年鉴.》,P475-477。
13 参阅整理自刘成果,《2008中国奶业年鉴.》,P478-479。
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10 参阅整理自刘成果,《2011中国奶业年鉴.》,P358-359。
11 参阅整理自刘成果,《2011中国奶业年鉴》,P360-362。
12 参阅整理自刘成果,《2008中国奶业年鉴.》,P475-477。
13 参阅整理自刘成果,《2008中国奶业年鉴.》,P478-479。
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