职业流动视角下的收入决定研究
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摘要
改革开放30多年来,随着我国劳动力市场的不断发育与整合,职业流动已成为常见的现象。这从“下海潮”、“下岗、再就业”、“农民工候鸟式流动”、“跳槽”等一系列的流动事实中可见一斑。职业流动对劳动者的收入决定究竟有何影响?尚需进行深入研究。本文旨在从职业流动的视角分析收入决定问题,试图回答的问题是：职业流动是否对收入决定具有重要的影响作用?不同的劳动力市场条件下是否具有差异性?据此,本文运用劳动力市场分割理论和新古典理论,分别以城镇居民和农民工两大群体为研究对象,通过构建计量模型、统计描述和实证分析,以考察不同劳动力市场条件下职业流动对收入决定的影响作用。依据研究目的,本文着重进行以下典型研究：(1)职业流动与行业收入决定差异；(2)职业流动与农民工收入增长；(3)职业流动与性别工资收入差异。
通过研究,本文得到以下结论：职业流动对收入决定具有重要的影响作用,但在不同的劳动力市场条件下对收入决定的影响作用存在差异。行业分割使得职业流动对处于不同行业劳动者收入获得的影响作用受到显著扭曲；而竞争充分的市场条件会让职业流动优化劳动力资源配置的作用得以凸显。
具体可体现为以下两方面：
(1)以普遍关心的行业结构性差异来分析城镇居民的收入决定问题,我们发现行业之间的职业流动表现出不对称和受抑制的特征,国有垄断部门与其他部门间存在明显的体制性分割特征；垄断因素本身对行业收入决定的关键性作用需要借助所有制因素及其与经济政策相互渗透而产生的体制性流动障碍才得以发挥；职业流动无法起到很好的缩小行业间收入差距的应有作用。
(2)以农民工的流动问题研究其收入决定,我们发现农民工的职业流动具有流动频繁且以“迁移型职业流动”为主要形式的特征；农民工在其所处的城市次要劳动力市场内的职业流动行为及其经济后果吻合职业匹配模型与工作搜寻模型对于职业流动与收入增长关系的理论假说；“迁移型职业流动”是农民工规避职业内收入增长机制缺失而带来的人力资本回报在一个城市(地区)定格化的有效方式。但是由于户籍的人为限制,使得农民工的职业流动具有追求即期工资收入最大化的“短视化”色彩,且女性农民工通过主动职业流动并未获得与男性农民工相同的收入提升。
本文的政策启示是：(1)提高劳动者的收入水平,尤其是增加其工资性收入水平、消除居民间的收入差距,离不开职业流动对于劳动力资源优化配置作用的进一步发挥。因此,改变职业流动不平等的诱因很重要,而实现这一点必须制度先行。其中,缩小社会保障和福利待遇在不同群体之间的差距无疑是消除职业流动障碍的必走之路。(2)针对农民工逐步建立、完善长期有效的职业内收入增长机制,使其经验积累得到有效回报,努力实现同城待遇,提高农民工的就业质量并关注农民工平等的劳动权利将有助于缓解农民工频繁流动的现状,最终实现适度流动,稳定就业；(3)我们认为在关注职业流动对劳动者的收入决定作用时,不应忽视性别异质性问题。尤其是农民工的性别差异问题应该得到长期关注,以确保女性农民工免受城市融入和性别问题的双重歧视。
从研究的视角和分析论证的方法看,本文具有以下价值和贡献：首先,本研究从职业流动障碍角度而非单纯收入差异方面检验了行业的分割状况及特征,并在此基础上,重点比较分析了职业流动对各行业及行业内子市场收入决定的不同影响作用,与以往研究相比提供了新的分析视角。其次,区分“当地型职业流动”与“迁移型职业流动”,构建适宜的收入增长模型,对农民工职业流动行为及频繁流动的经济动因,从理论层面和实证层面给予了详实的解释。最后,依据职业流动背后的具体动机,对职业流动类型进行合理区分,并采用多层模型回归分析与比较,以保证不同性别、不同类型职业流动的收入效应得到更为准确的估算。
Along with more than30years of China reforming and opening-up, deepening of the continuous development and integration of the Labour market, job mobility has become a common phenomenon. There is lots of job mobility phenomena for evidence that is witnessed by the entire transformation process, which is from a spate of "going into business","laid-off, re-employment" to the current "secondary flow of migrant workers","quit" and so on. It still needs to conduct further study on the job mobility's income effect This article aims to deeply analyze the problem of earnings determination from the perspective of job mobility. The key research questions are:"does job mobility have an important influence on the earnings determination? And whether this effect is same under different labor market conditions and what is the answer for different groups? This paper will study the above questions from labor market segmentation theory and new classical theory by using urban residents and migrant workers groups as the analysis object respectively, constructing the corresponding econometric model and empirical analysis, and studying the following three different dimension questions:(1) Job mobility and the different earnings determination of different industries,(2) Job mobility and wage growth of migrant workers,(3) job mobility and gender wage gap.
Overall, the conclusions of this study can be summarized as:job mobility plays important role on the earnings determination on all types of labor market, but the function of job mobility is very different under different labor market conditions; the influence of job mobility to laborers' income becomes distorted due to segmetation. Meanwhile, the function of improving laborer's income gains of job mobility become more important for laborer because of competitive market condition.
Above conclusions Specifically Embodied in the following two points:(1) In the case of industry structural differences to analyze the problem of the earnings determination of urban residents that is widely concerned by researchers and relevant government departments, We observe that there are asymmetric job mobility between different industries and departments because of the Institutional factors, and we find that there have the characteristic of institutional segmentation between this industry and other sectors. Monopolistic factor, ownership factor and obstacles of job mobility together play the critical role of wage determination in State-owned monopolistic industry; job mobility cannot play the full role to optimize the allocation of labor resources, therefore cannot play the role of narrowing the income gap between competitive industries and State-owned monopolies very well.
(2) As for problem of earnings determination of migrant workers, we find that the "migratory job mobility" is the main form of migrant workers' job mobility, and also the job mobility has the characteristics of frequent; The behavior of Migrant workers' job mobility and highly accompanied urban mobility within the secondary labor market can be explained by theories of the job search model and the job matching model for the relationship of job mobility and wage growth. Migratory job mobility is an effective way to avoid the freeze of returns to human capital because of lacking within-job wage growth mechanism in a city; however, due to the artificial limitation of urban household registration, migrant workers have to just fight for maximization of current revenue levels, which have the characteristic of "short-sighted" and reflect their rationality but helplessness. Women migrant workers gain less income progress from voluntary job mobility compared with the men migrant workers.
Through above-mentioned research, we can learn the following policy implications:Firstly, in order to realize the target of improving the income level of workers, especially increasing their wage income level, and eliminating the income gap between residents, we must depend on job mobility's full role of optimizing the allocation of labor resources. From this perspective, it is important to break the inducement of job mobility inequality between different sub-labors markets, which means that the relevant system must be formed in advance. Among them, narrowing the difference of social security and welfare benefits between different markets is necessary for breaking the obstacle of job mobility. Secondly, gradually establishing and perfecting the Long-term effective within-job wage growth mechanism for migrant workers to let them benefits from experience accumulation and try to realize identical treatment with urban residents, and improve the quality of employment of migrant workers, and pay attention to equal labor rights of migrant workers will help migrant workers'job become stable in the city. Finally, when we study on the issue of the relationship of job mobility and earnings determination, we should not ignore the gender heterogeneity of workers, especially for migrant workers to ensure that women migrant workers get rid of the double discrimination.
From the perspective of research and the process of investigation and the results of analysis, this paper has the following contributions:Firstly, this paper study the role of job mobility on the income determination of different industries after exploring labor market segmentation of the monopolistic industries and the competitive industries by the perspective of job mobility together with the characteristic of income gap between these two industries, which provides new perspective to re-inspect industry segmentation, and the conclusion is more accurate than that of previous studies. Secondly, taking the particularity of migrant workers' job mobility into full consideration and distinguishing the Local job transformation from migration job trans formation, this paper builds the appropriate income growth model to analyze the factors that determine the income growth and investigate the additional income growth effect of urban mobility, and analyze the behavior of migrant workers' job mobility and the reasons of frequent mobility from the theoretical and empirical aspects accurately. Finally, this paper takes the deep reasons of job mobility into consideration and rationally distinguishes the type of job mobility when analyzing the sex heterogeneity of migrant workers' job mobility and the wage effect. Meanwhile, this paper applies regression analysis with multilevel model to ensure the estimates of different sex and different types of job mobility's wage effect more accurate and rational.
通过研究,本文得到以下结论：职业流动对收入决定具有重要的影响作用,但在不同的劳动力市场条件下对收入决定的影响作用存在差异。行业分割使得职业流动对处于不同行业劳动者收入获得的影响作用受到显著扭曲；而竞争充分的市场条件会让职业流动优化劳动力资源配置的作用得以凸显。
具体可体现为以下两方面：
(1)以普遍关心的行业结构性差异来分析城镇居民的收入决定问题,我们发现行业之间的职业流动表现出不对称和受抑制的特征,国有垄断部门与其他部门间存在明显的体制性分割特征；垄断因素本身对行业收入决定的关键性作用需要借助所有制因素及其与经济政策相互渗透而产生的体制性流动障碍才得以发挥；职业流动无法起到很好的缩小行业间收入差距的应有作用。
(2)以农民工的流动问题研究其收入决定,我们发现农民工的职业流动具有流动频繁且以“迁移型职业流动”为主要形式的特征；农民工在其所处的城市次要劳动力市场内的职业流动行为及其经济后果吻合职业匹配模型与工作搜寻模型对于职业流动与收入增长关系的理论假说；“迁移型职业流动”是农民工规避职业内收入增长机制缺失而带来的人力资本回报在一个城市(地区)定格化的有效方式。但是由于户籍的人为限制,使得农民工的职业流动具有追求即期工资收入最大化的“短视化”色彩,且女性农民工通过主动职业流动并未获得与男性农民工相同的收入提升。
本文的政策启示是：(1)提高劳动者的收入水平,尤其是增加其工资性收入水平、消除居民间的收入差距,离不开职业流动对于劳动力资源优化配置作用的进一步发挥。因此,改变职业流动不平等的诱因很重要,而实现这一点必须制度先行。其中,缩小社会保障和福利待遇在不同群体之间的差距无疑是消除职业流动障碍的必走之路。(2)针对农民工逐步建立、完善长期有效的职业内收入增长机制,使其经验积累得到有效回报,努力实现同城待遇,提高农民工的就业质量并关注农民工平等的劳动权利将有助于缓解农民工频繁流动的现状,最终实现适度流动,稳定就业；(3)我们认为在关注职业流动对劳动者的收入决定作用时,不应忽视性别异质性问题。尤其是农民工的性别差异问题应该得到长期关注,以确保女性农民工免受城市融入和性别问题的双重歧视。
从研究的视角和分析论证的方法看,本文具有以下价值和贡献：首先,本研究从职业流动障碍角度而非单纯收入差异方面检验了行业的分割状况及特征,并在此基础上,重点比较分析了职业流动对各行业及行业内子市场收入决定的不同影响作用,与以往研究相比提供了新的分析视角。其次,区分“当地型职业流动”与“迁移型职业流动”,构建适宜的收入增长模型,对农民工职业流动行为及频繁流动的经济动因,从理论层面和实证层面给予了详实的解释。最后,依据职业流动背后的具体动机,对职业流动类型进行合理区分,并采用多层模型回归分析与比较,以保证不同性别、不同类型职业流动的收入效应得到更为准确的估算。
Along with more than30years of China reforming and opening-up, deepening of the continuous development and integration of the Labour market, job mobility has become a common phenomenon. There is lots of job mobility phenomena for evidence that is witnessed by the entire transformation process, which is from a spate of "going into business","laid-off, re-employment" to the current "secondary flow of migrant workers","quit" and so on. It still needs to conduct further study on the job mobility's income effect This article aims to deeply analyze the problem of earnings determination from the perspective of job mobility. The key research questions are:"does job mobility have an important influence on the earnings determination? And whether this effect is same under different labor market conditions and what is the answer for different groups? This paper will study the above questions from labor market segmentation theory and new classical theory by using urban residents and migrant workers groups as the analysis object respectively, constructing the corresponding econometric model and empirical analysis, and studying the following three different dimension questions:(1) Job mobility and the different earnings determination of different industries,(2) Job mobility and wage growth of migrant workers,(3) job mobility and gender wage gap.
Overall, the conclusions of this study can be summarized as:job mobility plays important role on the earnings determination on all types of labor market, but the function of job mobility is very different under different labor market conditions; the influence of job mobility to laborers' income becomes distorted due to segmetation. Meanwhile, the function of improving laborer's income gains of job mobility become more important for laborer because of competitive market condition.
Above conclusions Specifically Embodied in the following two points:(1) In the case of industry structural differences to analyze the problem of the earnings determination of urban residents that is widely concerned by researchers and relevant government departments, We observe that there are asymmetric job mobility between different industries and departments because of the Institutional factors, and we find that there have the characteristic of institutional segmentation between this industry and other sectors. Monopolistic factor, ownership factor and obstacles of job mobility together play the critical role of wage determination in State-owned monopolistic industry; job mobility cannot play the full role to optimize the allocation of labor resources, therefore cannot play the role of narrowing the income gap between competitive industries and State-owned monopolies very well.
(2) As for problem of earnings determination of migrant workers, we find that the "migratory job mobility" is the main form of migrant workers' job mobility, and also the job mobility has the characteristics of frequent; The behavior of Migrant workers' job mobility and highly accompanied urban mobility within the secondary labor market can be explained by theories of the job search model and the job matching model for the relationship of job mobility and wage growth. Migratory job mobility is an effective way to avoid the freeze of returns to human capital because of lacking within-job wage growth mechanism in a city; however, due to the artificial limitation of urban household registration, migrant workers have to just fight for maximization of current revenue levels, which have the characteristic of "short-sighted" and reflect their rationality but helplessness. Women migrant workers gain less income progress from voluntary job mobility compared with the men migrant workers.
Through above-mentioned research, we can learn the following policy implications:Firstly, in order to realize the target of improving the income level of workers, especially increasing their wage income level, and eliminating the income gap between residents, we must depend on job mobility's full role of optimizing the allocation of labor resources. From this perspective, it is important to break the inducement of job mobility inequality between different sub-labors markets, which means that the relevant system must be formed in advance. Among them, narrowing the difference of social security and welfare benefits between different markets is necessary for breaking the obstacle of job mobility. Secondly, gradually establishing and perfecting the Long-term effective within-job wage growth mechanism for migrant workers to let them benefits from experience accumulation and try to realize identical treatment with urban residents, and improve the quality of employment of migrant workers, and pay attention to equal labor rights of migrant workers will help migrant workers'job become stable in the city. Finally, when we study on the issue of the relationship of job mobility and earnings determination, we should not ignore the gender heterogeneity of workers, especially for migrant workers to ensure that women migrant workers get rid of the double discrimination.
From the perspective of research and the process of investigation and the results of analysis, this paper has the following contributions:Firstly, this paper study the role of job mobility on the income determination of different industries after exploring labor market segmentation of the monopolistic industries and the competitive industries by the perspective of job mobility together with the characteristic of income gap between these two industries, which provides new perspective to re-inspect industry segmentation, and the conclusion is more accurate than that of previous studies. Secondly, taking the particularity of migrant workers' job mobility into full consideration and distinguishing the Local job transformation from migration job trans formation, this paper builds the appropriate income growth model to analyze the factors that determine the income growth and investigate the additional income growth effect of urban mobility, and analyze the behavior of migrant workers' job mobility and the reasons of frequent mobility from the theoretical and empirical aspects accurately. Finally, this paper takes the deep reasons of job mobility into consideration and rationally distinguishes the type of job mobility when analyzing the sex heterogeneity of migrant workers' job mobility and the wage effect. Meanwhile, this paper applies regression analysis with multilevel model to ensure the estimates of different sex and different types of job mobility's wage effect more accurate and rational.
引文
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