太行山猕猴肢骨及第二掌骨方向不对称性研究
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摘要
猕猴是否存在种群水平上的侧面化及像人类一样的利手现象存在较多争议。方向不对称（DA）是研究动物行为侧面化的重要手段之一。非人灵长类是否存在DA与人类利手现象的起源和大脑皮层不对称的演化过程有关。目前国内外对人类骨骼DA研究较多，非人灵长类研究较少，猕猴骨骼DA资料更少。本文对分布在中国华北地区的太行山猕猴骨骼（上肢、下肢和掌骨）DA模式进行研究，探讨猕猴不同肢体长骨DA模式之间的关系，分析了性别和年龄对肢骨DA模式的影响。选择猕猴肱骨56对、尺骨48对、桡骨51对、股骨58对、胫骨56对、腓骨49对和第二掌骨31对，线性测量肢骨长、骨中部横径、矢径等变量，计算出骨骼变量DA值。数据分析采用SPSS20.0统计软件，对数据进行描述性统计、正态分布检验、双变量相关分析、ANOVA分析和非参数Mann-Whitney检验。
主要结果如下：（1）猕猴上肢长骨（肱骨、尺骨、桡骨）整体上表现为左侧优势，许多变量的DA值检验有统计学意义（P<0.05）；第二掌骨表现出右侧较为粗壮，部分变量的DA值有统计学意义（P<0.05）；下肢长骨（股骨、胫骨和腓骨）作为对照组，与上肢长骨相比不对称程度较小。股骨大部分变量的DA值没有统计学意义（P>0.05），少数变量存在右偏趋势。推测猕猴可能存在行为上的侧面化，在长期的取食、抓握、攀缘和跑跳等行为活动中更多的使用右手，左上肢更多的是用来单边支持体重，下肢长骨主要是维持身体平衡，保证运动协调等功能，结果提示在各种长骨之间存在力量控制、运动协调和准确用手等方面的互补关系。（2）猕猴肢骨的方向不对称在性别组之间存在差异，提示猕猴性别组之间存在一定的偏侧行为差异，主要与猕猴群体中的社会分工有关。（3）猕猴肢骨的DA在年龄组之间存在差异，提示猕猴肢骨的DA更大程度受后天偏侧行为的影响，而不是基于很强的遗传控制。（4）猕猴同一肢骨变量的DA%间存在一定的相关性，大部分变量的DA%之间成正相关，说明大多数变量的DA具有相同的方向。（5）猕猴不同肢骨的DA存在一定的相关性，也主要为同侧对称。得到一些虽然难以解释但有趣并具有一定启发意义的结果。
There is much debate on the existence of population-level laterality andhandness as human being in macaca mulatta. The directional asymmetry is oneof the effective methods for functional laterality of animal’s behaviors.Thepresence or absence of functional laterality in nonhuman primates may shedlight on the origins of human handedness and on the evolution of cerebralasymmetry. There are many researches on the bones’ DA of human beings, butfew of them are on the nonhuman primates. And the data of macaca mulattabones are even rarer. This research investigates the bones’ DA patterns ofmacaca mulatta(the upper limbs, the lower limbs and the second metacarpal)which distribute in the Taihang mountain of north China and probe into therelationship of the DA patterns between the long bones of different limbs.Finally, we analyze the impact of gender and age to DA patterns. We select56pairs of humeri,48pairs of ulnas,51pairs of radius,58pairs of fenuri,56pairsof tibias,49pairs of fibulas and31pairs of the second metacarpal. We measurethe length, transverse diameter, tagittal diameter of each bone. According to thedata, we calculate the DA values of each pair of bones. We conduct all thestatistical analyses with the software of SPSS20.0. All the data have beenanalyzed with descriptive statistics, normal distribution tests, bivariatecorrelation analysis, ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney tests.
The main findings and analyses:(1) As a whole, there is left-side advantage in the long bones (humeri, ulnas, and radius) of macaca mulatta and the DAvalues of many variables show significant differences(P<0.05); the right side ofthe second metacarpal is more hairchested and the significant difference exitsamong some of the variables(P<0.05). For most variables of femui, the DAvalues show no significant difference（P>0.05）and few variables have thetendency of right-sidedness. We speculate that the macaca mulatta may havelaterality in behaviors. The macaca mulatta use the right hands more often incatching, holding, climbing and skipping etc. The left upper limb is used insupporting the whole body. And the long bones of lower limbs are used forkeeping balance and coordinating movements. It shows us that there is acomplementary relationship of controlling strength, coordinating movementsand using hands correctly among the long bones.(2) For the macaca mulatta’slimb bones, the difference of DA exits in the different genders. It reminders usthat there is difference between the male and female macaca mulatta lateralitybehaviors. It is related with the social division of labor in their groups.(3) Thedifference of limb bones’ DA also exits in the different ages of macaca mulatta.This point indicates that the asymmetry of macaca mulatta is affected by theirlaterality behaviors, rather than the inheritance controlling.(4) There is certaincorrelation between the same limb bone’s directional asymmetry and the directratio exits in the DAs of most variables. It accounts for that most variables havethe same direction.(5) There are some correlations among different limb bones’DAs of the macaca mulatta and most of them belong to the symmetry of same side. Therefore, we receive some results from the present research. Though someof them are hard to explain, they are interesting and enlightening.
主要结果如下：（1）猕猴上肢长骨（肱骨、尺骨、桡骨）整体上表现为左侧优势，许多变量的DA值检验有统计学意义（P<0.05）；第二掌骨表现出右侧较为粗壮，部分变量的DA值有统计学意义（P<0.05）；下肢长骨（股骨、胫骨和腓骨）作为对照组，与上肢长骨相比不对称程度较小。股骨大部分变量的DA值没有统计学意义（P>0.05），少数变量存在右偏趋势。推测猕猴可能存在行为上的侧面化，在长期的取食、抓握、攀缘和跑跳等行为活动中更多的使用右手，左上肢更多的是用来单边支持体重，下肢长骨主要是维持身体平衡，保证运动协调等功能，结果提示在各种长骨之间存在力量控制、运动协调和准确用手等方面的互补关系。（2）猕猴肢骨的方向不对称在性别组之间存在差异，提示猕猴性别组之间存在一定的偏侧行为差异，主要与猕猴群体中的社会分工有关。（3）猕猴肢骨的DA在年龄组之间存在差异，提示猕猴肢骨的DA更大程度受后天偏侧行为的影响，而不是基于很强的遗传控制。（4）猕猴同一肢骨变量的DA%间存在一定的相关性，大部分变量的DA%之间成正相关，说明大多数变量的DA具有相同的方向。（5）猕猴不同肢骨的DA存在一定的相关性，也主要为同侧对称。得到一些虽然难以解释但有趣并具有一定启发意义的结果。
There is much debate on the existence of population-level laterality andhandness as human being in macaca mulatta. The directional asymmetry is oneof the effective methods for functional laterality of animal’s behaviors.Thepresence or absence of functional laterality in nonhuman primates may shedlight on the origins of human handedness and on the evolution of cerebralasymmetry. There are many researches on the bones’ DA of human beings, butfew of them are on the nonhuman primates. And the data of macaca mulattabones are even rarer. This research investigates the bones’ DA patterns ofmacaca mulatta(the upper limbs, the lower limbs and the second metacarpal)which distribute in the Taihang mountain of north China and probe into therelationship of the DA patterns between the long bones of different limbs.Finally, we analyze the impact of gender and age to DA patterns. We select56pairs of humeri,48pairs of ulnas,51pairs of radius,58pairs of fenuri,56pairsof tibias,49pairs of fibulas and31pairs of the second metacarpal. We measurethe length, transverse diameter, tagittal diameter of each bone. According to thedata, we calculate the DA values of each pair of bones. We conduct all thestatistical analyses with the software of SPSS20.0. All the data have beenanalyzed with descriptive statistics, normal distribution tests, bivariatecorrelation analysis, ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney tests.
The main findings and analyses:(1) As a whole, there is left-side advantage in the long bones (humeri, ulnas, and radius) of macaca mulatta and the DAvalues of many variables show significant differences(P<0.05); the right side ofthe second metacarpal is more hairchested and the significant difference exitsamong some of the variables(P<0.05). For most variables of femui, the DAvalues show no significant difference（P>0.05）and few variables have thetendency of right-sidedness. We speculate that the macaca mulatta may havelaterality in behaviors. The macaca mulatta use the right hands more often incatching, holding, climbing and skipping etc. The left upper limb is used insupporting the whole body. And the long bones of lower limbs are used forkeeping balance and coordinating movements. It shows us that there is acomplementary relationship of controlling strength, coordinating movementsand using hands correctly among the long bones.(2) For the macaca mulatta’slimb bones, the difference of DA exits in the different genders. It reminders usthat there is difference between the male and female macaca mulatta lateralitybehaviors. It is related with the social division of labor in their groups.(3) Thedifference of limb bones’ DA also exits in the different ages of macaca mulatta.This point indicates that the asymmetry of macaca mulatta is affected by theirlaterality behaviors, rather than the inheritance controlling.(4) There is certaincorrelation between the same limb bone’s directional asymmetry and the directratio exits in the DAs of most variables. It accounts for that most variables havethe same direction.(5) There are some correlations among different limb bones’DAs of the macaca mulatta and most of them belong to the symmetry of same side. Therefore, we receive some results from the present research. Though someof them are hard to explain, they are interesting and enlightening.
引文
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